Cassava Starch Research Articles

Effect of Concentration and Hydrocolloids Formation on Rheological Properties of Gelatinized Cassava Starch and Jackfruit Seeds Starch Dispersions

Effect of Concentration and Hydrocolloids Formation on Rheological Properties of Gelatinized Cassava Starch and Jackfruit Seeds Starch Dispersions

Improving resistant starch content of cassava starch by pulsed electric field-assisted esterification

This study aims to investigate the effect of pulsed electric field (PEF) assisted OSA esterification treatment on the multi-scale structure and digestive properties of cassava starch and structure-digestion relationships. The degree of substitution (DS) of starch dually modified at 1.5–4.5 kV/cm was 37.6–55.3 % higher than that of starch modified by the conventional method. Compared with native starch, the resistant starch (RS) content of esterified starch treated with 3 kV/cm significantly increased by 17.13 %, whereas that of starch produced by the conventional method increased by only 5.91 %. Furthermore, assisted esterification at low electric fields (1.5–3 kV/cm) promotes ester carbonyl grafting on the surface of starch granules, increases steric hindrance and promotes the rearrangement of the amorphous regions of starch, which increases the density of the double-helical structure. These structural changes slow down starch digestion and increase the RS content. Therefore, this study presents a potential method for increasing the RS content of starch products using PEF to achieve the desired digestibility.

Blood Coagulation Efficacy of Enzyme‐Modified Cassava Starch by α‐Amylase, Glucoamylase, and Their Combination

Blood Coagulation Efficacy of Enzyme‐Modified Cassava Starch by α‐Amylase, Glucoamylase, and Their Combination

Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Cassava Starch/Coconut Fibre Composites: Effect of Fibre Size

This research aims to study the thermal and mechanical properties of biodegradable thermoplastic cassava starch (TPCS) reinforced with various sizes of coconut husk fibre (CHF). The range of fibre sizes used was 125, 200, and 300 μm. These CHFs were integrated into a thermoplastic cassava starch matrix to make bio-composites. After integrating all components, the bio-composites were hot-pressed at 155°C for 60 minutes to produce thermoplastic sheets. Tensile and flexural tests were carried out to examine the mechanical characteristics of TPCS/CHF composites. The samples were also characterised using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The findings demonstrated that a smaller 125 μm CHF improved the mechanical properties higher than other fibre sizes. Fibre with 300 μm showed more voids, which led to lower material strength. TGA results showed that 300 μm fibres enhanced the crystallinity and thermal stability of the material. FTIR and TGA showed that CHF incorporation increased intermolecular interactions and thermal stability. Overall, a smaller fibre size of 125 μm showed a better reinforcement effect than the larger fibre sizes, which enhanced the materials’ tensile and flexural properties. This study demonstrated that modified TPCS/CHF has shown enhanced functionality than neat TPCS.

Physicochemical and microbiological quality of a fermented soybean beverage: effect of modified cassava starches

Physicochemical and microbiological quality of a fermented soybean beverage: effect of modified cassava starches

Sustainable innovations in postharvest conservation of passion fruit

The study aimed to evaluate the post-harvest quality of sour passion fruit using carnauba wax, cassava starch, and avocado seed extract coatings. The experiments were conducted in randomized blocks with five replications and two fruits per experimental unit. Two coatings associated with biofungicide were used. The carnauba wax treatment consisted of Control: fruits coated with pure carnauba wax, Wax and Extract 1:1, Wax and Extract 1:3, and fruits coated with avocado seed extract solution. The cassava starch treatment consisted of Control: fruits coated with avocado seed extract solution, fruits coated with pure cassava starch, Starch and Extract 1:1, Starch and Extract 1:3, and subplots consisting of six periods: 00, 03, 06, 09, 12, 15 conservation days, for both experiments. Fresh matter mass loss, peel color, longitudinal and transversal diameter, fruit mass, peel mass, pulp mass, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, ratio, and pH were evaluated. Coatings, individually or in combination, influenced physicochemical attributes, presenting more adequate values for peel thickness and citric acid percentage acid in the juice. The results highlight the influence of storage time on fruit characteristics, emphasizing the need to assess specific approaches to optimize post-harvest conservation.

Mechanical and surface properties of standard writing and printing papers coated with alternating layers of Amazonian Paricá nanofibrils and cassava starch

Mechanical and surface properties of standard writing and printing papers coated with alternating layers of Amazonian Paricá nanofibrils and cassava starch

Pemanfaatan Campuran Pati Singkong Dan Pati Ubi Jalar Sebagai Bahan Baku Pembuatan Plastik Biodegradasi

Plastic waste is already polluting the environment both land and oceans, as plastic consumption continues to increase. Biodegradable plastics are an effort to reduce environmental pollution, biodegradation plastics are plastics made from natural materials usually biodegradable plastics made from natural starch. Cassava starch is the most widely used type of starch and is developed for the manufacture of biodegradable plastics, and sweet potatoes are tubers whose starch content is quite numerous even though it has not been widely developed into plastic material. This research aims to produce natural plastics that can replace conventional plastics and reduce environmental pollution due to plastic waste. The study was conducted with variations in the composition of starch mixtures (50:0 gr, 35:15 gr, 25:25 gr, 15:35 gr, 0:50 gr) and variations in drying temperatures (40°C, 50°C, 60°C).In this study carried out organoleptic test, thickness value test, water absorption value test and degradation test. The results of this study showed biodegradable plastics that have the best characteristics are in the variation of the composition of the mixture 50:0 gr at a drying temperature of 60°C, with a thickness value of 0.11 mm and a water absorption value of 36.5%, but the rate of degradation in this variation is very slow

Combined effect of oregano essential oil and glycerol on physicochemical properties of antimicrobial films based on chitosan and acetylated cassava starch

The effect of levels of glycerol (GLY) and oregano essential oil (OEO) in casted films based on acetylated cassava starch (AAc) was evaluated using a Response Surface Methodology. It was possible to select the optimal levels of GLY (0.46% w/w) and OEO (0.7% v/w) to produce more resistant (stress at break 25 ± 2 MPa) and less soluble (20 ± 1 %) films. In addition, the effect of OEO addition or the biopolymer type used on film properties was studied. It was observed that AAc and chitosan (CH) contributed to the reinforcement and stretchability of the selected matrix, respectively, while the addition of an optimal level of OEO generated a more resistant film probably as a result of changes in the microstructure and interactions among components according to microscopy, thermal analysis and FTIR results. The water vapor permeability was improved in films based only on AAc. A trend towards higher degradation temperatures for the AAc, AAc/CH and AAc/CH/OEO systems, concerning the CH films, was observed. On the other hand, AAc promoted the hydrophobicity of the surface, CH increased the brown color and OEO improved the solubility in water and introduced an effective antimicrobial barrier action against external food contamination by E. coli and L. innocua. Therefore, the modification of starch and OEO incorporation allowed improvements in the properties of the developed films, making them attractive to be proposed as an active food packaging material.

Biodegradable Foam from Cassava Starch Blended with Water Hyacinth Fiber: Effects of Polyvinyl Alcohol Content

Abstract Our previous investigation revealed that the addition of water hyacinth fiber (WHF) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) enhanced the mechanical properties of cassava starch-based foam. However, the effect of PVA concentration on the mechanical properties of starch foam is still unclear. Therefore, this study examined the effects of various concentrations of PVA on the foam’s quality and production process. Four levels of PVA (0, 1, 2, and 3% w/w) were tested on the mixed dough of cassava starch and 15% of WHF. The foam was made by baking the dough on a thermopressing machine at a temperature of 190 °C for 3 min. The quality level of foams was determined by their physical and mechanical (compressibility, water adsorption, density, color appearance, and biodegradability) properties as well as the practicality of the dough preparation and baking processes. As a result, the addition of PVA significantly affects the mechanical properties and ease of making dough. A higher concentration of PVA contributed to a better mixture of the dough, resulting in a smoother mixing process that led to foams with stronger mechanical properties. Nevertheless, the application of 2% and 3% PVA did not make a significant difference in the mechanical and physical properties. Foam with 2% PVA showed 32 N/mm2 of compressibility, 10% water absorptivity, 12% water content, and good biodegradability, with 87% of the material lost during 30 days of burial in the soil.

Exploration the Influence of Ag+ Ion Solution Concentration Variations Coated on Biofoam Based on Cassava Starch and Corn Fiber on Crystallinity, Density, and Porosity

The bio-foam in this study was made from biopolymers in the form of cassava starch, cellulose from corn stalks, and a binder polymer in the form of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The bio-foam was molded using the thermo pressing method at T = 150 °C and pressed for t = 3 minutes. Ag+ ions were added as an initial review of the physics properties of the bio-foam to serve as a reference for future antibacterial bio-foam manufacturing. Ag+ ions were produced using the electrolysis method from AgBr rods with an electric voltage of 15 volts. Then, the electrolyzed solution containing Ag+ ions was varied in concentration (12 ppm, 17 ppm, 22 ppm, 27 ppm). The ions were then coated on the bio-foam using the dip coating method and dried at room temperature. Along with the increase in the concentration of the Ag+ ion solution coated on the bio-foam, there was an increase in the bio-foam crystallinity with test values of 34.4%, 40.8%, 41.2%, and 42.6%, respectively. Based on these data, the crystallinity value of the bio-foam does not change significantly. It also aligns with the density test values, which tend to be constant with an average test value of 0.322 g/cm³. Furthermore, the concentration of the solution containing Ag+ ions did not influence the bio-foam's porosity properties, where the four samples tended to remain with an average value of 5.9%.

Characterization of Acid Hydrolyzed Taro Boloso-I (Colocasia esculenta Cultivar) Starch as a Diluent in Direct Compression of Tablets.

Corn, wheat, rice, potato, and cassava starches have been widely used as pharmaceutical excipients. However, the search for cost-effective local starch alternatives is necessary due to the availability and usage constraints. In Ethiopia, various plant species, including Taro Boloso-I, have been explored as potential sources of pharmaceutical starch. It is a variety of Colocasia esculenta with a high tuber yield and high starch content. However, the native starch requires modifications to enhance its functionality. Therefore, this study aimed to improve the native starch through acid modification and evaluate its performance as a direct compressible tablet excipient. The native starch was treated with a 6% w/v HCl solution for 192 hours, resulting in acid-modified Taro Boloso-I starch, which was then evaluated for suitability for direct compression. XRD patterns of both the native and modified starch showed characteristic A-type crystals, with significantly higher relative crystallinity observed in the latter. Additionally, the acid-modified starch exhibited a lower moisture content and improved flow properties. The compaction study also demonstrated its improved compactibility (tensile strength: 16.82 kg/cm2), surpassing both the native starch (13.17) and Starch 1500® (11.2). The modified starch also showed a lower lubricant sensitivity compared to the native starch and Starch 1500®. Furthermore, paracetamol tablets made with the modified starch exhibited higher mechanical strength and lower friability in all paracetamol concentrations. It incorporated up to 40% paracetamol while maintaining acceptable tablet characteristics, whereas the native starch and Starch 1500® were limited to 30% (w/w). Based on these findings, the modified starch showed promise as an alternative direct compressible excipient in tablet manufacturing.

Production of Seedlings of Corymbia citriodora Inoculated with Endophytic Bacteria

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of inoculants of endophytic bacteria producing indoleacetic acid (IAA) on the physiological quality of seeds and the production of seedlings of Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) KD Hill & LAS Johnson. In the physiological quality test of the seeds, the treatments used were individual inoculation with Priestia megaterium, Exiguobacterium sibiricum, Pantoea vagans strain 45URP4-1, and Bacillus sp.; joint effect of the four strains (mix); inoculation only with the carrier (cassava starch and activated charcoal); carrier with 1.0 μg mL−1 of IAA; and non-inoculated control without IAA and without a carrier. In the production of seedlings in a greenhouse, the treatments were the same, except for the mix, which was replaced by P. vagans strain 7URP1-6 (Pvs7), as inoculation with the mix increased the number of abnormal seedlings. In the physiological quality test of seeds, seeds inoculated with the bacteria individually did not have the physiological quality impaired and the carrier created a microenvironment around the seeds, benefiting germination percentage, germination speed index, average germination time, and average germination speed. In the greenhouse, seedlings inoculated with Pvs7, P. megaterium and E. sibiricum were taller, with a larger stem diameter and dry mass of shoot, roots, and total. Seeds inoculated with E. sibiricum had higher averages for height, chlorophyll b content, and shoot and total dry mass, as well as a greater ability to colonize the rhizosphere and roots of C. citriodora, resulting in the production of higher-quality seedlings. Inoculation of seeds of C. citriodora with endophytic bacteria proved to be a promising alternative for plant development.

Key fuel characteristics and techno-economic aspects of torrefied rubberwood biomass pellets produced by incorporating various cassava-based binders at varied doses.

Improving energy content and hydrophobic nature of woody biomass can be pursued through torrefaction. This gives torrefied biomass with a low bulk density, potentially increasing storage and transport costs. To overcome this issue, densifying the torrefied biomass is necessary. However, poor binding of particles makes densification challenging without using a binder. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and techno-economic aspects of torrefied rubberwood biomass (TRWB) when pelletized using various cassava-based binders at different blending ratios. The selected binders included cassava starch (CS), cassava pulp (CP), and cassava chip (CC). Each binder at 5%, 10%, or 15% (wt.) was mixed with TRWB and water before pelletizing using a flat die machine. The results revealed that pelletizing TRWB with different cassava-based binders at various blending ratios influenced the physicochemical characteristics of the TRWB pellets, particularly dimensions, bulk density, fuel and atomic ratios, and energy content. The TRWB pellets demonstrated energy densities in the range of 7.95-11.39 GJ/m3, and their mechanical durability and fine content fell within acceptable ranges. The TRWB pellets maintained their shape during 120min of water soaking, with water absorption levels varying by binder dose. The pelletizing ability, material, and energy costs of TRWB pellets depend on binder type and dose. CP can be applied as a binder for pelletizing torrefied rubberwood biomass. However, the mechanical durability of the product needs to be above the user requirement or standard.

Development of a Biodegradable Cassava Starch Biofilm based on a Combination of Plasticizers with Bio‐SiO2 Extracted from Sugarcane Leaves

AbstractThis study prepares biodegradable biofilms for packaging applications from biomass to help reduce plastic waste while also adding value to biomass. Furthermore, the effects of plasticization with 30 wt% plasticizer (relative to the mass of cassava starch) by glycerol (G), sorbitol (S), and a mixture of glycerol and sorbitol (GS) plasticizers are investigated, and the effects of bio‐SiO2 particles extracted from sugarcane leave via the sol–gel method are evaluated in terms of the mechanical and biodegradability properties of the cassava starch‐based biofilms. Biofilms used for packing applications must be insoluble and exhibit good elongation properties. In this context, the results indicate that the GS mixture produces a biofilm that exhibits these desirable properties. Thus, cassava starch‐based biofilms are prepared using GS and varying concentrations of the bio‐SiO2 particles (i.e., 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 wt%). The films containing bio‐SiO2 exhibit significantly lower water solubilities and moisture contents than the corresponding bio‐SiO2‐free films. Additionally, the inclusion of bio‐SiO2 particles increases the water resistance properties of the biofilms. Overall, the results suggest that cassava starch films prepared using a mixture of plasticizers and reinforced with bio‐SiO2 particles can be considered a safe material for application in biodegradable food packaging.

Physicochemical, functional and pasting properties of cassava starch: Potential of developing flexible packaging film

Physicochemical, functional and pasting properties of cassava starch: Potential of developing flexible packaging film

Incorporating Graphene Nanofiller for the Improvement of Hydrophobic Properties of Cassava Peel Starch Bioplastic

Cassava starch bioplastics have been known well as an alternative plastic replacing conventional petrochemical plastics, which have difficulty degrading rapidly in the environment. Cassava peels as waste is a potential eco-friendly starch source for biodegradable plastic. This study investigated the effect of graphene as a nanofiller on the hydrophobic properties of cassava peel starch film. Bioplastic was synthesized using the melt blending method by adding graphene in various amounts, which were 3 wt%, 5 wt%, and 7 wt%. Graphene was found to be able to increase the contact angle of the films up to 93° with the addition of 5 wt%. Graphene also affects water absorption properties. These results indicate that the hydrophobic properties of cassava peel starch films could be modified by adding graphene nanofiller.

Synthesis of Green Brucite [NixMg1−x(OH)2] by Incorporation of Nickel Ions in the Periclase Phase (MgO) Applied as Pigments

Magnesium oxide is typically white and can be colorized with transition metal insertion by doping. We present the preparation of a green-colored hydroxide by the exchange of Mg2+ on the crystalline lattice with Ni2+ in MgO, using three nickel salts. MgOst was prepared by the colloidal starch suspension method, using cassava starch. The oxides and hydroxides, before and after, were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and show that a phase change occurs: a transition from periclase (MgO) to brucite (Mg(OH)2) due to the incorporation of nickel ions from different salts (acetate, chloride, and nitrate), resulting in the solid solution [NixMg1−x(OH)2]. The FTIR spectrum corroborates the crystallographic structure identified through XRD patterns, confirming the formation of a crystal structure resembling brucite. The new samples present a green color, indicative of the incorporation of the Ni2+ ions. The antimicrobial activity of products resulting from the doping of magnesium oxide with nickel and the precursor MgOst was assessed through the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. The evaluation included three bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella gallinarum (ATCC 9184), and a yeast strain, Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). The obtained results were promising; the tested samples exhibited antimicrobial activity, with a MIC ranging from 0.312 to 0.625 μg.μL−1. The nickel compound, derived from the precursor chloride salt, demonstrated superior MIC activity. Notably, all tested samples displayed bactericidal activity against the S. aureus strain and exhibited a broad spectrum of inhibition, encompassing both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Only the nickel compounds derived from precursors with acetate and nitrate anions demonstrated antimicrobial activity against C. albicans, exhibiting a fungistatic behavior. Based on the conducted studies, [NixMg1−x(OH)2] has emerged as a promising antimicrobial agent, suitable for applications requiring the delay or inhibition of bacterial growth.

Evaluation of the rheological properties of stirred yogurt thickened with modified cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) and taro (Colocasia sp.) starch

This study aimed to assess the impact of modified cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and taro (Colocasia sp.) starches on the rheological properties of homemade yogurt. Five treatments were tested: yogurt thickened with 0.5% (AM 0.5%) and 1% (AM 1%) cassava starch, yogurt thickened with 0.5% (AI 0.5%) and 1% (AI 1%) taro starch, and a control (yogurt without any thickener). The starches were subjected to physical modification and were incorporated into the yogurt, and then evaluated for rheological properties, apparent viscosity, texture, water retention capacity and syneresis. The result showed that the apparent viscosity was higher in yogurts produced with starches at all analysis speeds, however, the control treatment only showed significant differences with AM 0.5% and AI 0.5% (p<0.05). In the evaluation of firmness, syneresis, consistency coefficient (k), and flow index (n), yogurts made with starch exhibited the highest values, showing significant differences (p<0.05) compared to the control treatment. The water retention capacity (WHC) values ​​indicated significant differences between the control yogurt and the yogurt produced with thickeners, except AI 1% (p<0.05). For adhesiveness, no significant differences (p>0.05) were observed between starch and control treatments. The study concluded that modified cassava and taro starch improves the rheological properties of homemade yogurt, specifically in apparent viscosity, consistency, and firmness, and reduces the occurrence of syneresis.

Study of Biocomposite Films Based on Cassava Starch and Microcrystalline Cellulose Derived from Cassava Pulp for Potential Medical Packaging Applications

This study aimed to develop biocomposite films based on cassava starch and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) derived from cassava pulp for potential medical packaging applications. MCC was extracted from cassava pulp, and its structure and chemical composition, crystallinity, and thermal properties were characterized. The MCC showed a yield of 14.92% and crystallinity of 46.91%. Different MCC contents (1%, 3%, and 5% w/w of starch) were incorporated into cassava starch films. The effects of MCC contents on film properties, including morphology, thickness, mechanical strength, chemical interactions, moisture content, surface wettability, and water activity index, were studied. The effects of UV-C sterilization on the disinfection of starch/MCC on film properties were determined. Results showed that all starch/MCC films exhibited good transparency and thickness ranging from 127 to 144 µm. As MCC content increased from 1 to 5%, Young’s modulus and tensile strength of the films improved significantly from 112.12 to 488.89 MPa and 3.21 to 11.18 MPa, respectively, while elongation at break decreased from 44.74 to 4.15%. Incorporating MCC also reduced film surface wettability, with the water contact angle increasing from 69.17° to 102.82°. The starch/3%MCC holds promise as a biocomposite film for medical packaging applications, offering advantages in terms of good transparency, mechanical properties, and surface hydrophobicity. Furthermore, the absence of microbial growth in the sterilized gauze pad with sealing in the sterilized starch/3%MCC film confirms that the UV-C sterilization, 30 min for each side at 254 nm effectively eliminated any microorganisms present on the starch/3%MCC film without damaging the film properties. This finding highlights a reliable approach to ensuring the sterility of starch/MCC films for medical packaging applications.