Cassava Starch Industry Research Articles

Innovation in Cassava Bagasse Valorization: Efficiency of Convective Drying Enhanced with Ultrasound and Pulsed Electric Fields.

This research proposes an efficient alternative for dehydrating cassava bagasse to address the inherent challenges in the handling, transportation, storage, and preservation of this agro-industrial residue generated in cassava starch production plants. This residue is characterized by high moisture retention, considerable volume, and hydrophilic nature, complicating conventional drying methods. This study evaluates the impact of emerging ultrasound (US) and pulsed electric field (PEF) technologies prior to convective drying to enhance the dehydration efficiency of cassava bagasse, aiming at its valorization and contributing to the sustainability of the cassava starch industry. The findings reveal that pretreatment with ultrasound (US) and pulsed electric fields (PEF) significantly reduces the drying time of cassava bagasse compared to convective drying alone. With probe ultrasound at 26 kHz for 30 min, the drying time is reduced by 72% (3.83 h vs. 14.0 h); with bath ultrasound at 37 kHz for 30 min, it is reduced by 56.0% (6.16 h vs. 14.0 h); and with PEF at 7.5 kV/cm for 30 min, it is reduced by 52.4% (6.66 h vs. 14.0 h). These emerging technologies increased the effective diffusivity and modified the molecular structure of the bagasse, thereby improving mass transfer and drying process efficiency. These results are particularly useful for developing more efficient and sustainable strategies for drying agricultural by-products, with direct implications for the post-industrial treatment of agro-industrial residues with high water content.

The role of specific energy consumption in a heat recovery system for cassava starch production using an integrated agro-industrial system

BackgroundReducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions is a crucial issue in the cassava starch processing industry. In this study, the integrated system combining livestock, cassava cultivation and cassava production in the same area leads to both a zero emission goal and economic efficiency, a typical example of an effective agro-industrial symbiosis. A heat exchange/recovery system was applied including the economizer, heat exchanger tank, biogas tank, and boiler. The economizer attached to the boiler’s chimney transfers heat from exhaust gases for pre-heating feed water entering the boiler. The biogas tank recovers energy from the wastewater of starch production and livestock, and the generated biogas was used as fuel for the boiler.ResultsThe energy and exergy efficiency, energy losses, and exergy destruction for the heat recovery system were analyzed. The specific energy consumption was used to evaluate the overall energy efficiency for a cassava starch factory with a capacity of 20 tons/day. The results show that there is a high potential to recycle waste into energy in the cassava starch industry. The total energy saving and reduced greenhouse gas emissions per year of the cassava starch factory were 0.054%/year and 123,564 kgCO2/per year, respectively.ConclusionsCassava starch factories can save energy and reduce emissions when applying a heat recovery system in the integrated agro-industrial system. Excess heat from the production was used for evaporating (removal of) NH3 in wastewater flow from the biogas tank, and for heating the biogas system to enhance the efficiency of methane production. A biochar filter was attached to the economizer for adsorption of released ammonium, and the biochar after adsorption was combined with sludge from the biogas tank to produce a solid biofertilizer.

Green hydrothermal synthesis of multifunctional carbon dots from cassava pulps for metal sensing, antioxidant, and mercury detoxification in plants

Carbon dots (CDs) have been attracted to nanocarbon materials for metal ion sensing, biological activity, and plant phytotoxicity due to their excellent photophysical properties, such as low cytotoxicity, high quantum yield, tunable fluorescence emission, and biocompatibility. Cassava pulp, which consists mainly of starch, has been identified as a low-cost biomass waste from the cassava starch industry. Therefore, this research developed CDs and nitrogen-doped CDs (NCDs) from cassava pulp using a one-step hydrothermal process in deionized water at 200 °C. The effects of the synthesis conditions, including reaction time (6–24 h) and the nitrogen doping derivatives, were also investigated. CDs and ethylenediamine doped-NCDs exhibited tunable fluorescence emission, strong quantum yield, high photostability, and tolerance to photobleaching. Furthermore, the potential applications of CDs-12 h were demonstrated such as fluorescent sensors for metal ion sensing, antioxidant activity, and mercury detoxification in plants. Fluorescence quenching of the CDs-12 h via both static and dynamic quenching mechanisms was observed in the presence of several metal ions such as Hg2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+ with the detection limit in micromolar levels and further applied to real water samples with good recovery and acceptable relative standard derivation. The paper test strip coated with CDs-12 h could also detect these metal ions under UV light. CDs and NCDs-EDA also showed potential DPPH radical scavenging activity and alleviated mercury toxicity in the Chinese cabbage seedlings with the incubation of CDs-12 h and NCDs-EDA-12 h (30 mg/L).

Polyhydroxybutyrate accumulation of \(\textit{ Bacillus}\) sp. strains using water hyacinth hydrolysate as a carbon source

The microbial cells can store energy in the form of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) while the nutrient sources are exhausted but have an excess of carbon sources. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) was known as one of the most common PHA. Currently, PHB is assessed as a potential alternative to petroleum-based plastics such as HDPE, PP. In addition, PHB can be obtained from different microbes through the fermentation of renewable and sustainable materials such as waste from food or cassava starch industry, and other agricultural by-products. Although the spread of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is becoming a problem in many provinces, it still is considered an opulent biomass source. Besides the application in the removal of heavy metals from wastewater, or making animal feed and fertilizer, water hyacinth can be converted into a carbon source used in microbial fermentation. This paper indicates the PHA synthesis ability of 28 bacterial strains which were isolated from soybean-growing soil samples and the Cau Dien Waste-treatment Plant’s mud samples. Based on their PHA accumulation capability while using C5 and C6 sugars as carbon sources, Bacillus sp. AI 10 and Bacillus sp. CRCXL 2.2 were chosen to synthesize PHA using the water hyacinth hydrolysate as a carbon source. Pretreated water hyacinth biomass using Ca(OH)2 was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with a suitable ratio of Cellic→CTec2 and Cellic→HTec2, which resulted in a 409.5 mg total reducing sugars/g pretreated biomass. After 48 hours of fermentation, the dry biomass and accumulated PHA amount from Bacillus sp. AI 10 and Bacillus sp. CRCXL 2.2 were 4.79 g/L, 51.2% and 3.84 g/L, 34.7%, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of both strains’ PHA structure showed that they can accumulate the homopolymer of PHB. From these results, it is possible to produce PHB by microorganisms from water hyacinth biomass, and participate in the circular bio-economic chain.

Production of Bacteriocins by Leuconostoc mesenteroides Using Wastewater from the Cassava Starch Industry as a Growing Medium

Production of Bacteriocins by <i>Leuconostoc mesenteroides</i> Using Wastewater from the Cassava Starch Industry as a Growing Medium

Cassava Frogskin Disease: Current Knowledge on a Re-Emerging Disease in the Americas.

Cassava frogskin disease (CFSD) is a graft-transmissible disease of cassava reported for the first time in the 1970s, in Colombia. The disease is characterized by the formation of longitudinal lip-like fissures on the peel of the cassava storage roots and a progressive reduction in fresh weight and starch content. Since its first report, different pathogens have been identified in CFSD-affected plants and improved sequencing technologies have unraveled complex mixed infections building up in plants with severe root symptoms. The re-emergence of the disease in Colombia during 2019–2020 is again threatening the food security of low-income farmers and the growing local cassava starch industry. Here, we review some results obtained over several years of CFSD pathology research at CIAT, and provide insights on the biology of the disease coming from works on symptoms’ characterization, associated pathogens, means of transmission, carbohydrate accumulation, and management. We expect this work will contribute to a better understanding of the disease, which will reflect on lowering its impact in the Americas and minimize the risk of its spread elsewhere.

Comparative Study of Biogas Production from Cassava Pulp in a Sequencing Batch Reactor and a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor

Thai cassava starch industry generates solid waste or pulp approximately of 9.5 Mt/y (with a moisture content of 70–80%). Biogas production technology has been introduced for several decades in Thailand. However, the implementation of biogas production using cassava pulp as a feedstock is still limited due to the complex lignocellulosic structure, which diminishes hydrolysis. This work investigated biogas production from cassava pulp in a 50-m3 pilot-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). Both reactors were fed with cassava pulp, under the organic loading rate (OLR) of 8 kg-COD/m3-d and the average hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 7 d. Under the batch operation, more than 60% of the starch content was utilized within the first three days. The SBR achieved methane production of 1.87 m3-CH4/ton-pulpfresh-d and acids production of 2.19 kg-TVA/ton-pulpfresh-d while the CSTR had methane production of 0.22 m3-CH4/ton-pulpfresh-d and acids production of 7.07 kg-TVA/ton-pulpfresh-d. The methane production was higher in the SBR because the settling process helped microorganisms remain in the system. In CSTR, acids rather than methane were produced due to the washout of methanogenic microorganisms. This work revealed that the SBR yielded higher biogas production, while the CSTR produced intermediate acids, which could be supplied to the biochemical industry.

Profile of sulfur oxidizing bacteria in full-scale Biotrickling filter to remove H2S in biogas from in cassava starch industry

The success of Next generation sequencing (NGS) technology over the past decades has led to a better understanding of complex microbial communities in such environment. Here, we employed NGS to monitor sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) community from cassava starch industry (BPT), which can oxidize H2S into sulfate or elemental sulfur under aerobic conditions. Microbial sludge was collected from two sampling points comprising starting sludge (BPT1) and recirculating sludge (BPT2) of the biotrickling filter. gDNA was extracted from BPT1 and BPT2 samples and removed other contaminations by using the GenepHarM Gel/PCR Kit (Geneaid). DNA concentrations and DNA purity were analyzed by using gel electrophoresis and NanoDrop™ 1000 Spectrophotometer, respectively. Analysis of SOB species using NGS technique was based on the hypervariable regions V4 on the 16S rRNA gene. The comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) microarray probes for detection and identification of SOB species-strain that high expression of soxAXBYZ and fccAB genes in the cassava starch industry. For the recirculating sludge (BPT2), the bacterial communities were dominated by Sulfurimonas (13.7%) followed by Synechococcus (9.4%), Hydrogenophaga (6.5%), Methanosaeta (2.4%), and Acidithiobacillus (2.1%), the same dominant genera were also found in the starting sludge (BPT1), but with slightly different abundancy. The heatmap revealed that Acidithiobacillus caldus species (33.9%–49.9%) could play a vital role in eliminating H2S in biogas from the cassava starch industry. The CGH microarray indicated that Thiothrix, Paracoccus, Sulfurimonas, Hydrogenophaga, Magnetospirillum, Rhodoplanes, Syntrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Sulfuricurvum, and Arcobacter were dominant genus, that has a high expression of sulfur oxidation genes in biotrickling filter.

Implementing circular economy concept by converting cassava pulp and wastewater to biogas for sustainable production in starch industry

Adoption of the circular economy concept to utilize wastes and by-products from the cassava starch industry for biogas production has been considered a viable option. The annual generation of wastewater and cassava pulp in Thailand is reported to be approximately 21 million m3 and 9.5 Mt, respectively. This research therefore aimed to analyze the key drivers and challenges in implementing the circular economy concept in the cassava starch industry in order to generate higher demand for biogas systems, increase the energy security and resource efficiency, and combat the environmental problems associated with cassava wastes. The following three scenarios were analyzed in this study: (1) a factory without integrated biogas system, (2) a factory with integrated biogas installation using wastewater as a raw material, and (3) a factory with biogas system using both wastewater and cassava pulp as raw materials. The assessment of economic feasibility, resource efficiency, water recovery, land use, and global warming potential was performed to compare different scenarios. This study found that Scenario 3 generated the highest net present value and the shortest payback period of 6.14 million USD and 4.37 yr, respectively, for the 10-yr operational period. Moreover, Scenario 3 had the highest resource efficiency and water recovery with the lowest land use (1.89 × 105 m2 at 5 × 105 kg of starch d− 1) and the lowest global warming potential (0.14 kg CO2eq kg− 1 of starch).

Assessment of Advanced Oxidation Processes Using Zebrafish in a Non-Forced Exposure System: A Proof of Concept

Water bodies and aquatic ecosystems are threatened by discharges of industrial waters. Ecotoxicological effects of components occurring in untreated and treated wastewaters are often not considered. The use of a linear, multi-compartmented, non-forced, static system constructed with PET bottles is proposed for the quality assessment of treated waters, to deal with such limitations. Two synthetic waters, one simulating wastewater from the textile industry and the other one simulating wastewater from the cassava starch industry, were prepared and treated by homogeneous Fenton process and heterogeneous photocatalysis, respectively. Untreated and treated synthetic waters and their dilutions were placed into compartments of the non-forced exposure system, in which zebrafish (Danio rerio), the indicator organism, could select the environment of its preference. Basic physical–chemical and chemical parameters of untreated and treated synthetic waters were measured. The preference and avoidance responses allowed verification of whether or not the quality of the water was improved due to the treatment. The results of these assays can be a complement to conventional parameters of water quality.

Industrial - agricultural symbiosis model for cassava starch production factory in Tay Ninh province

This study aims to propose an industrial-agricultural symbiosis model that applies the closed sloop eco-technical solutions for cassava starch production towards sustainable development. This study applies the AHP method to analyze nine alternatives and determines the best one based on 17 specific criteria for the typical cassava starch production plant in Tay Ninh province. The chosen model has 12 losed sloop solutions and can save about 40% groundwater, hundreds of cubic metre of water for irrigation in agriculture (to meet hundreds of hectares of crops), limit the lack of water in the dry season and water regulation from the Dau Tieng lake and reduce from 19-73% emissions from traffic,... Wastewater after Biogas is diluted in proportion for cassava is 28l wastewater/49l of clean water and the rubber tree is 8,5l of wastewater/7l of clean water and sugar-apple is 20l wastewater/20l of clean water wasto spray as a natural leaf fertilizer, limiting the use of NPK chemical fertilizers. Some indicators of wastewater after treatment show that it is suitable for use as fertilizer but suitable for nutrient development in the soil and increase nitrogen for plant development, reducing the cost of using stimulating fertilizers. In addition, production wastewater with high cyanide levels is also considered to dilute according to certain proportions as natural insecticidal drugs. These results show that industrial-agricultural symbiosis model bring great enviromental benifits for cassava starch industry and can be replicated in the future.

Comparative sustainability assessments for integrated cassava starch wastes biorefineries

Abstract Sustainable development in cassava starch industries is hampered by high cost and environmental burdens associated with the business-as-usual (BAU) waste management strategies. In BAU, starch wastewater & bagasse wastes are anaerobically digested to produce biogas for starch drying with the digestate getting disposed into watercourses while the cassava stalks are burnt. Converting the wastes into high-value bio-products in an integrated cassava wastes biorefinery (CWB) could enhance the economic exploitation while reducing the environmental burdens of the wastes. Five simulated CWBs and the BAUhave been assessed and compared using simulations in SimaPro and a percentage sustainability index (PSI) estimation tool to identify product integration schemes that support the development of sustainable CWBs. The CWB scenarios included (I) combined heat & power, with (II) hexose-bioethanol, (III) pentose & hexose-bioethanol, (IV) pentose-bioethanol + glucose syrup, and (V) pentose-bioethanol + succinic acid. The environmental impacts generally increased with the number of product integrations within the biorefinery gate boundaries. However, accounting for avoided emissions from the corresponding fossil-products, the CWBs show higher emission savings than the BAU. The PSIs for the CWBs show that scenarios (I)-(II) favour the economic dimension over the environment dimension and vice versa for scenarios (III)-(V) and the BAU. Based on the substantial net power (∼148–363 kW h/1 t feedstock) and fossil emission reduction potentials, implementation of green power tariffs could enhance the economic dimension for near-term applications of the CWBs. Thus, the CWBs should be explored for their potential to enhance sustainable industrial developments in cassava starch industries.

Commercial viability of integrated waste treatment in cassava starch industries for targeted resource recoveries

The commercial viability of an integrated waste treatment process for converting wastewater and bagasse from a 200 t/d cassava starch facility, together with the associated cassava stalks, into bioenergy products and biofertilizer coupled with recovery of water for reuse, was assessed using Aspen Plus® simulations. The wastewater and bagasse are anaerobically digested for producing biogas that is combusted for thermal energy (Case I), or augmented with CS for combined heat and power production via steam boiler and turbo-generator while recovering biofertilizer in liquid or solid form (Cases II and III). In Case I, the biogas produced meets the thermal energy needs for starch drying in the cassava starch facility. Case II demonstrates energy self-sufficiency for the combined heat and power process and generates 28.53 MW as surplus power that is adequate for meeting power demands from the starch facility (∼2.17 MW) whereas, Case III generates only 56.5% of the biorefinery’s total power demands. In addition, liquid biofertilizer is recovered in Cases I and II while Case III allows for recovery of solid biofertilizer as well as water for reuse in the combined heat and power production, thus reducing the demand for freshwater by 66%. All three cases present potential profitable commercial investment with Net Present Values between US$ 83.4 million and 130 million, depending mainly on wastewater treatment costs and bioelectricity prices, and minimally on biofertilizer and thermal energy prices. Thus, the integration of water recovery and cassava stalks conversion into cassava waste treatment results in both economic and environmental benefits for the cassava starch industries.

Use of Agro-Industrial Wastes for the Production of a Wild Yeast Enzyme with Disintegration Activity on Plant Tissues

The objective of the present study was to develop a cost-effective medium, using agro-industrial wastes for the production of a polygalacturonase by Wickerhanomyces anomalus of interest in cassava starch industries. The effect of several raw agro-industrial wastes and others nutrients on polygalacturonase production by W. anomalus, were evaluated, in a reference fermentation medium, using statistical designs, by batch culture. The ability of the cell-free supernatant to extract cassava starch was evaluated. Lemon peel was the best inducer for the production of PGase. Statistical analysis of the data showed that lemon peel, Mg+2 and PO4HK2 had significant effect on PGase production, and the others variables (yeast extract, Ca+2, Fe+2, amino acid and trace element solution) were no significant. PGase synthesis reached ~31 EUmL-1, in the OFM (glucose, lemon peel, urea, vitamins, KH2PO4 and MgSO4), after 12 h of culture, at a lab scale bioreactor. PGase of W. anomalus, was able to disintegrate cassava tuber tissue, and the starch granules contained within the cells were released into the reaction medium. Lemon peel can be used as inducer for PGase production by W. anomalus, in a low cost culture medium, appropriate for the production of the enzyme at large scale.

Feasibility of commercial waste biorefineries for cassava starch industries: Techno-economic assessment

Cassava waste is a potential bioresource for integrated biorefineries to co-produce bioproducts [succinic acid (SA), glucose syrup (GS), bioethanol] and combined heat and power (CHP). Techno-economic assessments of five biorefinery scenarios for integration in cassava starch plant (200 Mg/d), co-processing 377.83 Mg/h wastewater (CWW), 7.29 Mg/h bagasse (CB) and 450.89 Mg/h stalks (CS), were done using Aspen Plus® to ascertain their potential commercial viability. Scenarios (I) & (II) co-process CB + CWW for biogas and bioethanol production, respectively, and CS for CHP. Scenario (III)-(V) co-process CB + CWW + 10% CS for bioethanol (III), co-producing either GS (IV) or SA (V) and 90% CS for CHP. All scenarios meet CHP demands for biorefinery and starch processing. However, only Scenario (V) products had their minimum selling prices equal to market prices. Thus, integration of SA production (6.9 Mg/h) in a biorefinery co-producing bioethanol and CHP is a potential viable cassava waste biorefinery with economic and environmental benefits.

Production of n-butanol from cassava bagasse hydrolysate by engineered Clostridium tyrobutyricum overexpressing adhE2: Kinetics and cost analysis

The production of biofuels such as butanol is usually limited by the availability of inexpensive raw materials and high substrate cost. Using food crops as feedstock in the biorefinery industry has been criticized for its competition with food supply, causing food shortage and increased food prices. In this study, cassava bagasse as an abundant, renewable, and inexpensive byproduct from the cassava starch industry was used for n-butanol production. Cassava bagasse hydrolysate containing mainly glucose was obtained after treatments with dilute acid and enzymes (glucoamylases and cellulases) and then supplemented with corn steep liquor for use as substrate in repeated-batch fermentation with engineered Clostridium tyrobutyricum CtΔack-adhE2 in a fibrous-bed bioreactor. Stable butanol production with high titer (>15.0 g/L), yield (>0.30 g/g), and productivity (~0.3 g/L∙h) was achieved, demonstrating the feasibility of an economically competitive process for n-butanol production from cassava bagasse for industrial application.

Cassava Bagasse as a Substrate to Produce Cyclodextrins

Cassava bagasse (CB) is an agro‐industry residue usually discarded by starch industries. In this study, CB is used as a substrate to produce cyclodextrins (CDs), due to the high carbohydrate content (62%). The influence of CB concentration (2–4%) and temperature (60–70 °C) on the production of α, β, and γ‐CD was verified by means of the CGTase Toruzyme enzyme. Higher CD production (8.61 mM) is observed for 4% CB at 70 °C. The CB performed similar or better in the CD production and conversion rates when compared to cassava dextrin (CM), the main substrate used for CD production. The addition of 10% ethanol to the reaction medium containing CB doubled the conversion rate to 48.5%. Therefore, CD production with CB can solve the problem of discarding this residue, allowing the production of CDs with lower costs, and can generate additional income for the cassava starch industry.

Good Housekeeping Implementation for Improving Efficiency in Cassava Starch Industry (Case Study : Margoyoso District, Pati Regency)

Cassava starch industry is one of the leading small-medium enterprises (SMEs) in Pati Regency. Cassava starch industry released waste that reduces the quantity of final product and potentially contamined the environment. This study was conducted to observe the feasibility of good housekeeping implementation to reduce waste and at the same time improve efficiency of production process. Good housekeeping opportunities are consideration by three aspect, technical, economy and environmental. Good housekeeping opportunities involved water conservation and waste reduction. These included reuse of water in washing process, improving workers awareness in drying section and packaging section. Implementation of these opportunities can reduce water consumption, reduce wastewater and solid waste generation also increased quantity of final product.

Extraction and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Cassava Bagasse

The objective of this study was to produce highly crystalline nanocellulose from cassava bagasse, which is a by-product from the cassava starch industry that contains 15 to 50 wt% cellulose fibers. For this purpose, the lignocellulosic fiber that was isolated from cassava bagasse was bleached with sodium chlorite and hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid. The obtained suspension was spray-dried and the resulting microparticles were characterized by X-ray diffractometry to determine the crystallinity index. Microcrystalline cellulose was subjected to the same processing conditions and considered as a reference. The crystallinity index of the nanocellulose extracted from the cassava bagasse was higher than the crystallinity index of the nanocellulose extracted from the microcrystalline cellulose; 84.1 and 78.7%, respectively. No other studies have reported cellulose nanocrystals from cassava bagasse with a high crystallinity index. The nanocrystalline cellulose produced in this study is very promising for use in innovative industrial applications.

Effect of Dried Cassava Bagasse on the Baking Properties of Composite Wheat Bread

AbstractThe present research was undertaken to explore the influence of dried cassava bagasse (F), carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) and tara gum on the quality characteristics of composite wheat bread. F was used to replace wheat flour at 5 and 10% substitution levels. Dried cassava bagasse‐enriched wheat breads with CMC and CMC/tara gum binary blend (50:50 w/w) were analyzed to determine the specific volume of the breads, the crumb color, firmness and hardness. The addition of F decreased the specific volume of the breads. As the F concentration increased, the bread lightness decreased and the crumb redness, yellowness, firmness and hardness increased. The CMC was suitable for controlling the staling of the dried cassava bagasse‐enriched wheat bread. Samples containing the CMC and F at a 5% wheat flour replacement level had high acceptability by the consumers at the end of storage and resulted in higher crumb moisture content and lower crumb firmness during the storage.Practical ApplicationCassava bagasse (CB) is the main solid residue produced by the cassava starch industry and is made up of fibrous root material. The high moisture content prevents the use of CB by the starch industry because there is a strong possibility of microbial contamination. In this sense, drying that is simultaneous with production is essential for the effective utilization of CB. However, alternative uses for this product are necessary in order for the drying process to be economically interesting. One alternative is to use dried cassava bagasse (F) in breadmaking. The addition of F to bread has not been investigated. Hence, more studies are necessary for a better understanding of the effect of a partial substitution of wheat with F to obtain fiber‐wheat composite bread. Moreover, it is also necessary to increase dietary fiber intake, taking into account the fact that customers demand healthier foods.