Cassava Leaf Meal Research Articles

The dry season pregnancy and cost-benefit of West African dwarf goats fed cassava leaf meal- based diets

The successful delivery of pregnant West African Dwarf (WAD) goats is closely tied to the quality of available feed, particularly during the dry season. Investigating appropriate dry season feeding for optimal performance becomes imperative. This experiment aimed to assess the cost-benefit ratio and reproductive efficiency of West African Dwarf does when fed concentrate diets incorporating cassava leaf meal during the dry season. Twenty WAD does were utilized and categorized into four groups based on weight ranges. Each animal received a feed at a rate of 3.5 percent of their body weight throughout the 19-week experiment. Daily feed consumption was recorded, and weights were measured every two weeks. Maximum feed intake was observed in the late stages of pregnancy (895.25g), with consistently higher feed intake across all pregnancy stages, although no significant difference was noted among treatments (P>0.05). Growth parameters of pregnant West African Dwarf Does showed no significant differences when fed a diet containing concentrated cassava leaf meal. Optimal weight gain in animals was achieved by feeding 10% cassava leaf meal. These findings indicate that supplementing concentrates with cassava leaf meal at inclusion levels of 10%, 20%, and 30% enhances feed intake during each pregnancy phase, with 10% inclusion demonstrating the most cost-effective weight gain. It is recommended to feed late-pregnancy West African Dwarf Does with a 10% inclusion level of cassava leaf meal. La réussite de la mise bas de chèvres West African Dwarf (WAD) gestantes est étroitement liée à la qualité de l'alimentation disponible, en particulier pendant la saison sèche. Il devient impératif d'étudier une alimentation appropriée en saison sèche pour des performances optimales. Cette expérience visait à évaluer le rapport coût-bénéfice et l'efficacité de reproduction des chèvres West African Dwarf lorsqu'elles sont nourries avec des régimes concentrés incorporant de la farine de feuilles de manioc pendant la saison sèche. Vingt femelles WAD ont été utilisées et classées en quatre groupes en fonction de tranches de poids. Chaque animal a reçu une nourriture à raison de 3,5 pour cent de son poids corporel tout au long de l'expérience de 19 semaines. La consommation quotidienne d'aliments a été enregistrée et les poids ont été mesurés toutes les deux semaines. La consommation alimentaire maximale a été observée aux derniers stades de la grossesse (895,25 g), avec une consommation alimentaire constamment plus élevée à tous les stades de la grossesse, bien qu'aucune différence significative n'ait été observée entre les traitements (P > 0,05). Les paramètres de croissance des femelles West African Dwarf gravides n'ont montré aucune différence significative lorsqu'elles ont été nourries avec un régime contenant de la farine concentrée de feuilles de manioc. Un gain de poids optimal chez les animaux a été obtenu en leur donnant 10 % de farine de feuilles de manioc. Ces résultats indiquent que la supplémentation en concentrés avec de la farine de feuilles de manioc à des niveaux d'inclusion de 10 %, 20 % et 30 % améliore la prise alimentaire au cours de chaque phase de gestation, une inclusion de 10 % démontrant le gain de poids le plus rentable. Il est recommandé de nourrir les femelles West African Dwarf en fin de gestation avec un niveau d'inclusion de 10 % de farine de feuilles de manioc.

Utilization of Minerals in Pregnant West African Dwarf Goats Fed Cassava Peel and Leaf Meal as a replacement for wheat offal and Palmkernel cake in a Guinea Grass Based Diet

Utilization of Minerals in Pregnant West African Dwarf Goats Fed Cassava Peel and Leaf Meal as a replacement for wheat offal and Palmkernel cake in a Guinea Grass Based Diet

Effect of vitaliquid multivitamin addition and cassava leaf flour to feed on the growth and survival of saline tilapia fry (Oreochromis niloticus)

Saline tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a fish that is relatively easy to maintain in fresh or brackish water conditions. Adding cassava leaf meal and multivitamin vitaliquid to the feed can increase the high appetite of fish and accelerate the growth of saline tilapia. This research was implemented to find the effectiveness of multivitamin vitaliquid on the growth and survival rate of saline tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The rule used is an experiment with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), four treatments and six replications. Data showed that the largest absolute weight growth was achieved by P4 of 4.98 ± 3.14 grams, while the smallest result was at P1 which was 2.78 ± 0.21 grams. The greatest absolute length growth was achieved at P3 resulting in a length of 2.3 ± 0.86 cm, while the smallest result was at P1 which was 1.3 ± 0.41. The highest specific growth rate was achieved at P3 11.35 ± 0.57%, while the lowest was at P2 of 9.53 ± 1.58%. The highest survival rate of saline tilapia was found in P1 at 95%, while the lowest was found in P3 and P4 which had no different results, 81.7%. The effectiveness of multivitamin vitaliquid in commercial feed given cassava leaf flour in terms of absolute weight growth, absolute length growth, specific growth rate and survival of saline tilapia fry is very effective compared to just being given pellet feed.

Impact of Cassava Leaf Meal as a Rice Bran Substitute and Enzyme Supplementation on Lymphoid Organ Weight and Digestibility in Broiler Chickens

Cassava leaves are a potential alternative feed ingredient due to their high levels of crude protein and energy. However, their utilization in poultry feed is constrained by factors such as cyanic acid, fiber content, and nutrient digestibility. This study aimed to investigate the impact of including cassava leaf meal (CLM) as a rice bran substitute and enzyme supplementation on lymphoid organ development and metabolizable energy parameters in broiler chickens. A 2x3 completely randomized factorial design was conducted using 48 Cobb-strain broilers unsexing at 35 days old. The treatments included different levels of CLM and enzyme (NSP and protease) supplementation at a dose of 250 g/ton of feed. The treatments consisted of R0E0: 0% CLM without enzyme, R0E1: 0% CLM with enzyme, R1E0: 1.5% CLM without enzyme, R1E1: 1.5% CLM with enzyme, R2E0: 3% CLM without enzyme, and R2E1: 3% CLM with enzyme. The variables assessed were lymphoid organ development (thymus, bursa Fabricius, and spleen) and metabolizable energy parameters (Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AME), True Metabolizable Energy (TME), Apparent Metabolizable Energy Corrected to Nitrogen (AMEn), and True Metabolizable Energy Corrected to Nitrogen (TMEn)). The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc tests conducted for significant differences. Results indicated no interaction between CLM and enzymes in lymphoid organ development and energy metabolizable. The inclusion of CLM led to a reduction in AME and TME (p<0.05). However, enzyme supplementation significantly increased the relative weight of lymphoid organs (thymus, bursa Fabricius, spleen) and metabolizable energy parameters (AME, TME, AMEn, and TMEn) (p<0.05). Importantly, the inclusion of CLM up to a level of 3.0% did not negatively impact the health of broiler chickens. Furthermore, the addition of enzymes effectively mitigated the negative effects associated with CLM inclusion in the feed, suggesting their potential as a strategy to improve feed utilization in broiler production systems.

The Potential Profitability of Poultry Farm: A Case of Mini Poultry Farm Feasibility of Tawi-Tawi Regional Agricultural College: Tarawakan Campus

It was a school-based research project examining the viability of a farm producing Mini-Poultry broilers on the Tawi-Tawi Regional Agricultural College Tarawakan campus. As input costs and point-of-sale prices changed, potential profitability was assessed using sensitivity analysis. This was decided based on the growth rate, survival, and return on investment of the grown chicken. Running down the data using Statistics for Applied Science (SAS) produced a P-value of 0.131927, showing a linear trend with a minor deviation. As the number of chicks rises, profitability generally rises as well, or it stays the same if the quantity is maintained. This practical study boosts the output and incomes of locals who sell live chicken meat. It also continuously contributes to improving local bird production as it creates supplemental feed at its own feed mill using increasingly inventive techniques and primarily local products. As an alternative to expensive feed sold by feed millers, which has a lower "nutrient density" balanced for all nutrients but low energy due to the inclusion of low-energy ingredients like cassava leaf meal, acacia fruit meal, and swam cabbage mixed with commercial broiler diets, the small flocks of poultry are fed on "Domestic but improvised Feed." Due to the increased demand for meat with very small starting flocks that are then sold for growth under the traditional extensive system achieved by better health care, backyard village poultry flock producers are now transitioning into relatively small-scale or mini poultry chicken producers

Addition of Fermented Cassava Leaf Flour in Rations to Percentages of Native Chicken Carcass and Non-Carcass 10 Weeks Olds

AbstractSuper free-range chicken, which is currently a very lucrative new business opportunity because the demand for free-range chicken meat has increased significantly due to high consumer demand. The type of agricultural waste that can be used as ration material is cassava leaves. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using fermented cassava leaf flour in the ration on the percentage of carcass and non-carcass chicken super aged 10 weeks, to find out what percentage level of use of fermented cassava leaf flour in the ration is able to provide the best results on the percentage of carcass and non 10 weeks old free-range chicken carcass. The research design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) which consisted of 5 treatments namely: L0 (without the addition of cassava leaf flour), L1 (ration containing 2.5% fermented cassava leaf flour), L2 (ration containing 5% starch) fermented cassava leaf), L3 (ration containing 7.5% fermented cassava leaf flour), L4 (ration containing 10% fermented cassava leaf flour). Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The use of cassava leaf meal in the ration had no significant effect (P>0.05) on carcass weight, non-carcass weight, carcass percentage and non-carcass percentage. The use of cassava leaf flour in the ration tends to be higher at the level of use of flour containing 5% fermented cassava leaf flour, but does not have a significant effect.

Utilisation of cassava as energy and protein feed resource in broiler chicken and laying hen diets.

A detailed understanding of the nutrient contents of cassava products is crucial to fully maximise their utilisation in animal feed. This study aimed to review published data on the nutritional quality of cassava products and their use as a source of energy and protein in broiler chicken and laying hen diets. Cassava is a tuber crop that grows abundantly in tropical countries, and its products are classified as energy or protein feed resources based on their protein and energy levels. Cassava starch residue (CSR), cassava root meal (CRM), cassava peel meal (CPM), ensiled cassava peel meal (ECPM), fermented cassava peel meal (FCPM), cassava pulp, and cassava root sievate meal (CRSM) were classified as an energy source in chicken feed, whereas cassava leaf meal (CLM) is classified as a protein source. Nutritional analysis indicates that cassava leaves are high in protein, fibre, minerals, vitamins (B1, B2, and C), and carotenoids, while CRM is rich in energy but low in crude protein (CP). Additionally, cassava contains cyanogenic glycosides, especially linamarin, and lotaustralin, which release toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) upon tissue disruption. The utilisation of cassava as an energy or protein feed resource in the chicken diet is limited by its high fibre, presence of HCN, nutrient imbalance, and dusty nature of its dried meals. Efforts have been made to enhance the nutrient quality of cassava and increase their utilisation in chicken feed using different processing techniques with some success. Available information on the nutrient contents of differently processed cassava and its effect on chicken performance is vast and dispersed, making it hard to use such information in the decision-making process. Therefore, this review aimed to aggregate published articles on the nutrient contents of cassava products and their impacts on the health and productive indices of broiler chickens and laying hens into a single document for ease of comparison and decision-making.

Utilization of valorized cassava leaf meal as an alternative feedstuff to defatted soybean meal in feed for rohu, Labeo rohita fingerlings

Growth and physiological responses of rohu to substitution of defatted soybean meal (DSBM) by cassava leaf protein concentrate (CLPC) was studied. Three clusters of rohu fingerlings (average weight, 1.90 ± 0.05 g) were fed similar diets (300.00 ± 2.70 g/kg crude protein and 17.54 ± 0.06 kJ/g gross energy) in which 300 g/kg DSBM was replaced by 0, 33, 66 and 100 % CLPC for 60 days. Growth was not influenced by treatment; however, feed conversion increased linearly (P = 0.038). Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I gene expression was not altered by treatment whereas its binding protein (IGFBP-I) tended towards linear up-regulation (P = 0.052). Liver catalase and superoxide dismutase activities increased remarkably (P < 0.05) consequent of dietary CLPC. Hepatic and muscle malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases of the fish showed no distinctive variation (P > 0.05). Based on observed results, we concluded that 66 % dietary DSBM can be substituted by CLPC without impairing growth, feed utilization and intermediary metabolism of rohu.

Pelletized cassava (Manihot esculenta) leaf meal based diets on the performance of New Zealand white rabbits

Pelletized cassava (Manihot esculenta) leaf meal based diets on the performance of New Zealand white rabbits

Performance of Lactating West African Dwarf Goats Fed Guinea Grass Basal Diet and Cassava Peel and Leaf Meal Based Concentrate

Performance of Lactating West African Dwarf Goats Fed Guinea Grass Basal Diet and Cassava Peel and Leaf Meal Based Concentrate

Commercial Feed Diluted with Different Fiber Sources and Enzyme Product for Broilers: Growth Performance, Carcass and Gut Health

The dilution of commercial broiler feed with copra meal (CM), palm kernel meal (PKM) and cassava leaf meal (CLM) and enzyme supplementation was investigated. Two hundred and eighty 7-day old Cobb 500 broilers were fed commercial feed alone or diluted with the test ingredients with and without enzyme. There were no interaction effects (p>0.05) on feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG). Poorer (p<0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed on the diet diluted diets from 22-42 d, but this was restored (p>0.05) by enzyme supplementation. There was no interaction effect on final body weight (FBW). Diet dilution depressed FBW (p<0.05) but enzyme supplementation restored (p>0.05) this weight depression. Abdominal fat was lighter (p<0.05) on CLM compared to CM. There were no interaction effects (p>0.05) on the weight of gut segments and E. coli count. Heavier (p<0.05) liver, gizzard and intestine were observed on the test diets. Commercial feed dilution with CM, CLM and PKM at 100 g/kg for starter and 200 g/kg for finisher would be a viable option for smallholder broiler production. More research is needed into dilution levels and enzyme concentrations.

LIPID METABOLISM OF PAJAJARAN DUCKS FED POMACEA CANALICULATA AND MANIHOT ESCULENTA CRANZT LEAF MEAL IN RATIONS CONTAINING SARDINELLA OIL LEMURU

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of utilizing local feed ingredients, namely Golden Snail (Pomacea Canaliculata) as a source of protein and Cassava Leaf Meal (Manihot Esculenta Cranzt) in rations containing Lemuru Fish Oil (Sardinella Lemuru) against cholesterol reduction and lipid metabolic profile in Pajajaran ducks. This study uses 28-week Pajajaran ducks with an average body weight (bw) of 1648 grams as many as 180 ducks. The diet contains cassava leaf meal and lemuru fish oil with protein 14.26-18.53 energy level 3905-4172 kcal kg-1. The study design used was Factorial 3x2 completely randomized design, with the first factor being the use of cassava leaf meal (0%, 5% 10%) and the second factor being the use of golden snail (0%, 5%).&#x0D; The results showed that the administration of 10% (D10K0) cassava leaf meal was significant (P&lt;0.05) increasing feed consumption by 5.78%, the use of 5% golden snail increased the ration palatability by 5.17%. There was a significant interaction (P&lt;0.05) between cassava leaf and golden snail meal to meat fat and cholesterol consumption, the treatment was able to reduce meat cholesterol level (27.98%). The treatment had no significant effect on blood lipid and egg profiles. The use of 5% golden snail can reduce egg MDA 37.03%, the use of 5% cassava meal decreases MDA eggs by 47.98% while at 10% use cassava leaf meal reduces egg MDA levels by 57.60% and egg fat 2.43%.

The effectiveness of cassava leaf meal (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in feed with enzymes supplementation on Broiler digestive organs

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of cassava leaf meal with enzyme supplementation in feed on the digestive organs of the broiler. The research used a completely randomized factorial design on 48 Cobb-strain broilers distributed into two observation factors and four replications (consisting of 2 samples). The observation factor is factor 1 is the addition of cassava leaf meal (0%; 1.5%; and 3.0%), and the second factor is the addition of non-starch polysaccharides and protease enzymes with each dose of 250 g/ton feed (with and without enzymes). The variables analyzed were the relative weight of the digestive organs, the relative weight of the parts of the small intestine, and the relative length of the parts of the small intestine. The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), and if the results indicated significantly different, then the posthoc test was conducted. The results showed that the addition of cassava leaf meal could increase the relative weight of the gizzard significantly (p&lt;0.05). The addition of enzymes can significantly decrease the relative weight of the gizzard, small intestine, pancreas, ileum, and the relative length of the duodenum and ileum (p&lt;0.05). The use of cassava leaf meal in the feed up to 3.0% does not interfere with digestive organs. There was no interaction between cassava leaf meal and enzymes on size response of digestibility broiler organ. The addition of enzymes can offset the detrimental effects caused by the use of cassava leaf meals in feed.

Evaluation of the efficacy of cassava leaves in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in pigs

The creation of pigs is an activity practiced in the country however, one of the biggest difficulties has been in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes that consequently lead to economic expenses, low productivity and indiscriminate use of anthelmintic drugs. In this context, it becomes necessary to search for easily accessible and low-cost forms of treatment such as cassava leaves that have condensed tannins which is the active principle with anti-helminthic effect. In this context, the efficacy of the use of cassava leaves (FM) in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in pigs was evaluated. The trial was conducted in the district of Chòkwé in the production unit of the Civic Services of Mozambique (SCM), in the period from April to June 2019. Eighteen piglets from Large white and landim cross breed aged between 1.5 and 2 months were used carrying natural infection by gastrointestinal nematodes, verified by counting the number of eggs per gram of feces (OPG). The piglets were divided into 3 treatments: T0 (control, not dewormed); T1 (dewormed with FFM-Manioc Leaf Meal); T2 (dewormed with Albendazole), in a completely causalized design (DCC) with 6 randomly chosen animals where the data obtained were analyzed in the statistical package Mintab18. The calculation of efficacy was based on the percentage of reduction through the RESO statistical package. As a result, it was observed that FFM had a better reduction capacity with an efficacy of (82% and 90%) compared to Albendazole which obtained (64% and 73%) efficacy at 60 and 75 days respectively. Estrongylideos sp., were the group most sensitive to the effect of cassava leaf meal. FFM also stood out with the highest return (25.47 meticais) in the economic feasibility analysis compared to Albendazole (2.72 meticais). It can be concluded that FFM has anti-helminthic efficacy in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes and is also feasible in reducing costs of constant reacquisition of conventional dewormers and can be an alternative for use in family pig farms.

Response of sheep fed urea-treated corncob and supplemented with cassava leaf meal

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding untreated or urea-treated ground corncob and supplementing with cassava leaf meal (CLM) in a total mixed ration on growth, feed intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen (N) utilization and rumen fermentation of sheep. Five diet treatments with five replications consisted of untreated corncob + concentrate (CC); urea-treated corncob + concentrate (UCC); and CC and UCC supplemented with CLM and designated as CC+CLM and UCC+CLM, respectively. A diet formulated with a mixture of elephant grass and concentrate was used as control (EG). There were no significant differences in dry matter intake (DMI) between treatments. The average DMI was 4.17% bodyweight. Average daily gain (ADG) of sheep fed the treatment diets was between 146.3 and 176.2 g/h/day, and was higher than EG (89.1 g/head/day). Thus, the treatments improved feed conversion ratio (FCR). Nitrogen retention was lowest for EG and highest for UCC and UCC+CLM. The addition of CLM had no effect on growth, feed intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization and rumen fermentation characteristics. It was concluded that corncob could be used as a replacement for elephant grass in postweaning diets for sheep.

Evaluation of cassava leaf meal (Manihot esculentaCrantz) in feed with enzymes supplementation on broiler performances

The research aimed to evaluate the effect of cassava leaf meal with enzymes supplementation in the feed on the performance of broiler. The research used factorial completly randomized design 2x3 on 240 Cobb-strain broilers. There were 6 treatments with 2 factors is used cassava leaf meal (CLM) and enzymes (non-starch polysaccharides and protease) with each dose 250 g/ton feed, i.e. P1: basal ration, P2: basal ration with enzymes, P3: ration with 1.5% CLM, P4: ration with 1.5% CLM and enzymes, P5: ration with 3.0% CLM, P6: ration with 3.0% CLM and enzymes. The variables analyzed were body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and mortality. The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and if the results indicated significantly different, then the post-hoc test conducted. The results showed that there was an interaction between CLM and enzymes on the feed conversion ratio (P&lt; 0.05). The addition enzymes can decrease feed conversion ratio (from 1.91 to 1.74) siginificantly (P&lt; 0.05). Addition CLM to a level of 3.0% did not interfere with performance. Enzymes can offset the detrimental effect caused by the use cassava leaf meal in the feed.

Utilization of Valorized Cassava Leaf Meal as an Alternative Feedstuff to Defatted Soybean Meal in Feed for Rohu, Labeo Rohita Fingerlings

Utilization of Valorized Cassava Leaf Meal as an Alternative Feedstuff to Defatted Soybean Meal in Feed for Rohu, Labeo Rohita Fingerlings

A Study on growth performance and proximate composition of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed diets containing varying levels of vitamin A fortified cassava leaf meal

A Study on growth performance and proximate composition of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed diets containing varying levels of vitamin A fortified cassava leaf meal

Evaluation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens UG7 in improving cassava leaf meal as a raw material for fish feed

Cellulolytic bacteria can be used to improve the quality of cassava leaf meal by reducing fiber and simplifying other nutrients such as protein and carbohydrate. The use of this cellulolytic bacteria will have an impact on increasing the digestibility of the material so that its utilization as feed raw material can be increased. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of cellulolytic bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens UG7 in improving the quality of cassava leaf meal as raw material for fish feed. The study was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment was cassava leaf meal fermented using B. amyloliquefaciens UG7 that isolated from Turbinaria with four doses of inoculum, namely 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%. Cassava leaf meal incubation was carried out at 28°C (room temperature) for 3 days. The parameters observed were reducing sugar, water-soluble protein, crude fiber, digestibility. The results showed that the use of these bacteria can increase reducing sugars, water-soluble proteins and reduce the crude fiber content of cassava leaf meal. A dose of 15% bacteria yields the highest value for water-soluble protein and reducing sugar and produces the lowest value for crude fiber content. However, the fermentation process of cassava leaf meal with B. amyloliquefaciens did not significantly influence the total digestibility of material.

Effect of cyanide-degrading bacteria inoculation on performance, rumen fermentation characteristics of sheep fed bitter cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaf meal

This study aimed to evaluate the performance and fermentation characteristics in the rumen of Garut grade sheep fed bitter cassava (M. esculenta Crantz) leaf meal (BCL) supplemented with cyanide-degrading bacteria (CDB). Fifteen sheep (12 mo with average weight of 18.8 ± 1.02 kg) were placed in individual cages provided experimental diets and free access to water. A completely randomized design applying five treatments and three replicates was used. The treatments were T1 [40% Napier grass:60% concentrate (Con)], T2 [40% Napier grass:45% concentrate: 15% BCL (BCL15)], T3 (BCL15 + CDB), T4 [40% Napier grass:30% concentrate:30% BCL (BCL30)], and T5 (BCL30 + CDB). The data were subjected to analysis of variance and significant differences among treatments were further analyzed using Tukey test. The data of different levels of BCL and CDB inoculation were contrasted using orthogonal contrast test. Feeding BCL 15% and 30% to substitute concentrate ration did not affect feed intake and nutrient digestibility but decreased (P < 0.05) the total volatile fatty acid (VFA), concentration of NH3, feed efficiency and body weight gain of sheep. Inoculation of CDB to the sheep fed 15% and 30% BCL did not affect total VFA and NH3 concentration, but it increased (P < 0.05) body weight and feed efficiency. The methane estimation were similar among treatments. In conclusion, CDB inoculation could detoxify cyanide in BCL and enhanced rumen fermentation profile when BCL 15% and 30%.