Inclusion Of Cassava Research Articles

Utilização da raiz de mandioca sobre a digestibilidade e comportamento ingestivo de cabras Saanen em lactação

It was studied the effects of inclusion of cassava in substitution of corn on nutrient digestibility and ingestive behavior of dairy goats of Saanen breed fed diets based on cane sugar. It was used five lactating goats with average production of 2 kg of milk per day allotted to 5 x 5 Latin square design with five levels of inclusion of cassava (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) replacing corn. The apparent digestibility of DM, CP, OM, TC was not affected by the replacement levels of ground corn for cassava. The apparent digestibility of the NDF fraction decreased linearly with the increase of cassava in diets. The apparent digestibility of NFC increased linearly with the increase of cassava in the diets. Feed behavior in all studied variables did not influence the inclusion of cassava in place of corn. The replacement of cracked corn by cassava did not affect the digestibility, and chewing behavior of lactation goats.

Serological and pathological assessment of lymphoid organs in chicks fed with graded levels of fermented and unfermented cassava diets

Despite the myriad of investigations in literature on cassava utilization in domestic chickens, its effects on the avian specific humoral immune system still remains elusive. This study investigated the effects of graded levels of fermented (F) and unfermented (UF) cassava diets on the lymphoid organs and its subsequent humoral immunological response in domestic chicks. One hundred day-old Yaffa White cockerels were randomly divided into five groups (A to E) of twenty birds each. The replacement of maize with 0%, 20%, 30%, fermented or unfermented cassava root meal was on a quantitative basis in each group fed for 5 weeks. All other ingredients remained constant. The mean body weight in different cassava treated groups (CTGs) showed no significant difference (P>0.05) compared with the control. The bursa and thymic weights showed both decrease and increase significant difference (P<0.05). There was significant decrease in the IBD antibody titers of CTGs compared with the control at week 5. Macroscopically, mild to moderate enlargement and atrophy of bursa of Fabricius, with petechiation of cortical surfaces of the thymus were observed. Microscopically, lesions such as interfollicular edema, interfollicular fibrosis, follicular atrophy, lymphofollicular hypoplasia, dystrophic epithelium, thickened splenic capsule, splenic lymphoid hypoplasia, thymic lymphoid hypoplasia, diffuse medullary thymic haemorrhages and Myoid cells proliferation were the consistent histopathological changes in all the CTGs. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that cassava inclusion feeds could cause subtle sublethal effects to the lymphoid organs of domestic chickens, and consequently lead to vaccine failure when it is administered for a long period of time. Keywords : Lymphoid organs, fermented and unfermented cassava, serology, pathology

Reflects of graded levels of cassava peel-based diets on performance carcass quality and physio-pathology of broilers in the humid topics.

Eight diets were produced to contain 0, 7.5, 15.0 and 22.5% processed cassava peel at 24 and 20% crude protein levels respectively. The diets were made isocaloric and isonitrogenous and fed to cobb broilers for ten weeks. Results obtain indicated that up to 15.0% cassava peel could be incorporated in broiler diets without adverse effects on the final weight, feed consumption efficiency, and dressed weight (P&gt; 0.05). Slight increases (P&gt; 0.05) were recorded in the giblet weights, calorific value of edible meat. The abdominal fat pad increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) with cassava inclusion. Mortality value increased slightly (P&gt; 0.05) with higher levels of peel inclusion, probably due to higher morbidity encountered with increasing crude fibre and HCN contents of cassava peel based diets. Serum thiocynanate values were higher (P &lt; 0.05) at 22.5% level of inclusion and at lower protein diets. Cyanide intake was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) correlated with daily weight gain, serum protein, urea, thiocynanate and Nitrogen retention values. There were no gross histological lesions in the tissues of the test animal.Journal of Applied Chemistry and Agricultural Research Vol. 1 (1) 1994: pp. 19-24

Effects of Replacing Ground Corn with Cassava Chip in Concentrate on Feed Intake, Nutrient Utilization, Rumen Fermentation Characteristics and Microbial Populations in Goats

Ten male crossbred (Thai Nubian) goats with average live weight of kg were randomly assigned according to a replicated Latin square design to receive five diets, = concentrate with 0% cassava chip (CC), = 25% CC, = 50% CC, = 75% CC and = 100% CC. Fresh elephant grass (FEG) was offered ad libitum as the roughage. A metabolism trial lasted for 21 days during which liveweight changes and feed intakes were measured. Based on this experiment, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) among treatment groups regarding DM intake and digestion coefficients of nutrients (DM, OM, NDF and ADF), except for (100% CC) which was lowest (p and . Rumen parameters (ruminal pH, -N and volatile fatty acids), blood urea nitrogen, blood glucose and packed cell volume were similar among treatments. Moreover, rumen microorganism populations were not affected (p>0.05) by cassava inclusion. The amount of N absorption and retention were similar among treatments, except for which tended to be slightly lower. Based on this experiment, it could be concluded that the optimal level of cassava inclusion to replace corn in goat diets was in the range of 25-75% of CC when fed with FEG and it was a good approach in exploiting the use of local feed resources for goat production.

Ileal apparent digestibility of amino acids in growing pigs given a cassava root meal diet with inclusion of cassava leaves, leucaena leaves and groundnut foliage

AbstractIleal apparent digestibility of amino acids (AA) in a cassava root meal and soya-bean meal diet without and with an inclusion (150 g/kg) of sun-dried cassava leaves, ensiled cassava leaves, leucaena leaves and groundnut foliage was studied in a change-over experiment (5 ✕ 5) with post-valve T-caecum cannulated growing pigs.The ileal apparent digestibility of dietary crude protein (CP) and AA were unaffected by the inclusion of groundnut foliage (P&gt; 0·05). In contrast, when sun-dried and ensiled cassava leaves, and leucaena leaves were included in the diet the ileal apparent digestibility of dietary CP and AA were significantly reduced (P&lt; 0·05).The estimated ileal apparent digestibilities of essential and non-essential AA in groundnut foliage were higher (P&lt; 0·05) than those of the other leaf products and there were no differences among cassava leaves and leucaena leaves (P&gt; 0·05). On average ileal apparent digestibility of essential AA was 0·71 in groundnut meal and 0·56 in cassava and leucaena leaves.It was concluded that, under tropical conditions, groundnut foliage has the potential to improve the dietary protein and AA supply and to replace partially soya-bean meal, in low fibre diets for growing pigs. Further, when conventional protein-rich foods are not available, cassava and leucaena leaves may also have the potential to improve the protein and AA supply for pigs.

Ileal and total tract digestibility in growing pigs given cassava root meal diets with inclusion of cassava leaves, leucaena leaves and groundnut foliage

AbstractGrowing pigs fitted with post-valve T-caecum cannulas were used in a change-over design experiment (5✕5) to determine the ileal and total tract apparent digestibility and hindgut disappearance of dietary components and energy in a cassava root and soya-bean meal-based diet with an inclusion rate at 0·15 of the dry matter (DM) of either cassava leaf meal, ensiled cassava leaves, groundnut foliage, or leucaena leaves.The ileal and total tract apparent digestibilities of organic matter (OM), crude protein, nitrogen-free extractives and energy of the diets were significantly reduced with inclusion of the foliages (P&lt; 0·05). The digestibility of neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and crude fibre was improved when groundnut foliage was included in the diet (P&lt; 0·05).The dietary content of NDF was a better predictor of the total tract digestibility of OM (R2= 0·87) and energy (R2= 0·90) than the content of crude fibre (R2= 0·68 for OM digestibility and R2= 0·72 for energy digestibility).The disappearance of OM and energy in the hindgut of the foliage diets was 0·36 (s.d. 0·02) and 0·31 (s.d. 0·02), respectively, which was significantly lower (P&lt; 0·05) than on the control diet (0·48 and 0·46, respectively).Ileal as well as total tract digestibilities of OM in groundnut foliage were higher than for the other leaf products (ileal, 0·55 and 0·42; and total tract, 0·64 and 0·55, respectively). For foliage products of cassava and leucaena an average digestible energy value of 11·4 MJ/kg DM was calculated, whereas for groundnut foliage the corresponding value was 10·9 MJ/kg DM.It was concluded that, inclusion of foliages in pig diets will reduce the dietary energy content, due to a high fibre content. However, under tropical conditions foliage at low levels of inclusion may be useful in low fibre diets for growing pigs to improve the dietary protein supply.

Effect of replacing soybean protein with cassava leaf protein in cassava root meal based diets for growing pigs on digestibility and N retention

The nutrient and HCN contents of cassava leaves from six varieties of cassava growing in south Viet Nam were analysed and three balance experiments were performed with growing pigs to evaluate the digestibility and nitrogen utilisation of cassava root meal based diets with increasing levels of replacement of the protein from soybean meal (SBM) by the protein of cassava leaves. In Experiment 1 cassava leaf meal (CLM) replaced SBM in the proportions 0, 0.35, 0.70 and 1.00 of the crude protein (CP); in Experiment 2 ensiled cassava leaves (ECL) replaced SBM in the proportions 0, 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 of CP and in Experiment 3 CLM replaced SBM in the proportions 0, 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 of the CP. The CP contents of the cassava leaves ranged from 240 to 350 g/kg, and the crude fibre (CF) contents from 100 to 150 g/kg on a dry matter (DM) basis. The HCN content was markedly reduced by both sun-drying and ensiling, with the reduction being higher after sun-drying. The apparent digestibilities of organic matter (OM), CP, ether extract and CF decreased linearly ( P<0.001) with increasing levels of inclusion of cassava leaves in the diet. The amount (g/day) of total nitrogen retained and the proportion of nitrogen utilised (proportion of N digested) decreased ( P<0.001) with increasing levels of inclusion of cassava leaves in the diet. The digestibility coefficients of OM, CP and CF were calculated to be 0.49, 0.51 and 0.44 and 0.52, 0.51 and 0.59 in CLM and ECL, respectively.

Effects of different rates of drying cassava root on its toxicity to broiler chicks.

1. The effects of drying cassava root at different rates on its composition and toxicity to broiler chicks were examined. Unpeeled roots from a high-cyanide cultivar of cassava were chipped and dried at 25 degrees C to a moisture content of below 100 g/kg over 24 h for fast-dried meal (FD) or 72 h for slow-dried meal (SD). The meals were incorporated at 250 and 500 g/kg into semi-synthetic diets which were fed to day-old broiler chicks as mash or pellets in separate experiments. 2. The two drying rates produced meals with similar concentrations of polyphenols, but different concentrations of cyanogens, the latter being 38 and 482 mg total cyanide/kg for SD and FD, respectively. The linamarin, acetonecyanohydrin or total cyanide content measurements of pelleted diets were highly correlated. 3. Growth rates of chicks fed on SD-based diets were significantly higher than those of chicks fed on FD-based diets. Compared with a control diet, weight gain of chicks fed on the 500 g FD/kg diet (containing 258 mg total cyanide/kg) was 77% lower, although performance also appeared to be reduced at 142 mg total cyanide/kg. 4. The ratio of water:food intake of chicks was higher in FD than in SD groups, and this was reflected in the high water content of excreta. There was increased bile excretion, the chloretic effect increasing with the cyanogen content of diet. Pancreas weights were lower in FD than in SD groups in experiment 1 (mash diets), but not in experiment 2 (pelleted diets), while there was a significant interaction between drying method and cassava inclusion rate on liver weight in experiment 2, but not in experiment 1. There were no effects on the mortality rate. 5. Pelleting of diets generated high temperatures, but did not significantly alter the cyanogen concentration or the growth of the chicks. 6. Thus, slower rates of drying cassava roots produce meals with lower cyanogen concentration that are, consequently, less toxic to broiler chicks. Cassava root meal of less than 40 mg total cyanide/kg can be fed to broiler chicks at 500 g/kg without any adverse effects.

The nutritional value of cassava root meal in laying hen diets.

AbstractTwo hundred and eighty‐eight laying hens (144 Hisex white, 144 Hisex brown) were randomly allocated to one of twelve dietary treatments and fed ad libitum for ten 28 day periods. The diets, fed either as mash or pelleted, were a control diet and five other diets with increasing levels of added cassava root meal (100, 200, 300, 400, 500 g kg−1 diet). At the end of the experiment, four Hisex white birds from each treatment were taken for the measurement of water intake. The AME content of the diets was measured by the total collection method. The inclusion of high levels of cassava root meal had no detrimental effect on egg production or food intake. However, as the level of cassava increased, there was a tendency towards a decrease in food consumption in the meal‐fed birds. Water consumption was significantly greater in the birds given pelleted feed than in those given mash. Also, at the higher levels of cassava inclusion in the meal‐fed birds, water consumption was greater. The AME content of the cassava root meal was 14.1 MJ kg−1 dry matter.

INFLUENCE OF DIETARY FABA BEANS AND CASSAVA ON PERFORMANCE, ENERGY AND NITROGEN DIGESTIBILITY AND THYROID ACTIVITY OF GROWING PIGS

Nutritional value of ground unprocessed faba beans (FB) was studied with 120 growing pigs from 4 wk of age to market weight of 84 kg. Fifteen diets were fed utilizing FB as a partial or total replacement for soybean meal (SBM) in a barley-based diet containing 0, 20 and 40% cassava during the first 9-wk starting phase. During this phase, average daily feed intake (ADF), average daily gain (ADG) and efficiency of feed conversion (EFC) were not significantly altered by partial replacement of SBM by FB (up to 21% of the diet). Supplementation of these diets with L-lysine and DL-methionine did not significantly improve performance. Total replacement of SBM by FB, even when supplemented with lysine and methionine produced significantly lower (P &lt; 0.01) ADF, ADG and EFC although amino acid supplementation significantly improved these diets. Cassava inclusion at up to 40% of the diet did not significantly reduce ADF, ADG or EFC and had no significant effects on blood thyroxine or triiodothyronine levels. Digestibility of energy and nitrogen tended to be reduced as FB levels increased, but the lowered digestibilities could account for only a small proportion of reduced performance. During the finishing phase, partial or total replacement of SBM by FB had no significant effects on EFC. FB diets produced significantly (P &lt; 0.01) lower ADF and ADG. The results suggest that FB supplemented with adequate lysine and methionine may be fed as partial replacement (up to 21% of the diet) for SBM to weanling pigs from 6 kg liveweight.