Cassava Effluent Research Articles

Bamboo (Bambusoideae) Leaf Application on the Detoxification of Cassava Wastewater for Potential Biogas Production

This work presents report of the detoxification of cassava wastewater using bamboo (Bambusoideae) leaf. The aim of the detoxification process is toreduce the poisonous cyanide content to a permissible level of using cassava effluent for biogas production. Fresh leaves of bamboo and cassava roots used for this experiment were obtained from Enugu, Nigeria. The effluent was obtained from the cassava roots through grinding and dewatering processes, while fine particles of the bamboo leaf were obtained through sun-drying, grinding and sieving processes. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy aided the determination of the functional groups characteristic to the substances which are present in bamboo leaf. Physicochemical properties of the cassava effluent (pH, BOD, COD and cyanide content) were evaluated. BOD tests were carried out by measuring the amount of dissolved oxygen present in the samples before and after incubation at 20°C for 5 days. Alkaline picrate method was used to determine the concentration of the cyanide. The cyanide content reduction was optimized using response surface methodology. It involved the use of central composite design of Design Expert software. The considered factors were particle size, mass/volume ratio, temperature and time while the response was cyanide content reduction. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and mathematical modelling of the percentage removal of cyanide content were carried out. From the analysis of the results, the major functional groups responsible for the cyanide content removal werefound to be: C–H deformation, C=O stretching, C–H stretching, C=C=C stretching and O–H stretching. The presence of bamboo leaf reduced the cyanide content to 0.12 mg/L, a permissible level that is harmless to enzymatic reaction of biogas production. Quadratic model adequately described the percentage removal of the cyanide content. Optimum cyanide content removal of 83.6% was obtained at particle size of 0.458 mm, mass/volume ratio of 0.042 g/mL, temperature of 331.4 K, and time of 11.1 h. The model was confirmed by various criteria; correlation coefficient R2 (0.9715), p value (<0.0001) and adequate precision (24.365).

Evaluation of Cassava Effluent as Organic Admixture in Concrete Production for Farm Structures

This paper evaluated the influence of cassava effluent on the compressive strength of concrete for farm structures. Three sets of concrete cubes were produced with a concrete mix ratio of 1:2:4 (C 15) and a water to cement ratio (w c-1) of 0.5. The 1st set was produced with 100% fresh water (tap water). The 2nd set was produced with 75% partial replacement of the fresh water with fresh cassava effluent, while the 3rd set was produced with 75% partial replacement of the fresh water with old cassava effluent. The density, water absorption rate and compressive strength of the concrete cubes was tested in accordance with ASTM International standards, at the end of 7, 14, 21, 28 and 56 curing days. The results revealed that, the cassava effluent slightly increased the cubes density; but reduced their water absorption rate. The study further showed that, concrete produced with fresh cassava effluent, developed the highest compressive strength (29.57 MPa) at the end of the 56th curing day. In contrast, concrete produced with old cassava effluent developed the lowest compressive strength (24.43 MPa) at day 56, which was lower than the compressive strength of 27.18 MPa developed by the concrete produced with fresh water (also at day 56). In addition, the cassava effluent retarded the initial rate of strength development, as such, increasing its prospect as an organic concrete admixture. This study will be helpful in mitigating the harmful effects of cassava effluent in the environment, since it can be utilized in concrete production.

Bioefficiency of Clarias gariepinus Liver Rhodanese and Physicochemical Parameters of Soil from Cassava Effluent Contaminated Odo-Oba River, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria

Cyanide contamination of Soil and aquatic environment has become a great concern in Nigeria because of increase in the number of cassava processing milling plants. The sample collection and the conduct of this experiment took place between September and October when the country is experiencing late rainfall. The levels of physicochemical parameters in soil and plant samples were obtained using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Soil and plant samples of Amaranthus spinosus were obtained from cassava processing site (site X) and other samples 100m to the cassava mills (site Y) as control. The concentration of metals in soil samples in mg/kg at site ‘X’ recorded were Cr(39.0mg/kg), Mn(3.5mg/kg), Cu(33.0mg/kg), Fe(4.3mg/kg), Pb(2.5mg/kg), and Zn(52.5mg/kg) while that of site ‘Y’ were Cr(16.5mg/kg), Mn(1.3mg/kg), Cu(13.0mg/kg), Fe(1.9mg/kg), Pb(0.3mg/kg), and Zn(17.0mg/kg). The concentration values for AS, Cd and Nickel in the environment were below detection limit for all soil and plant samples. The concentrations of metals in A. spinosus root and shoot in mg/kg from sites ‘X’ were Cr(6.00mg/kg - 8.50mg/kg), Fe(0.55mg/kg - 0.80mg/kg), Cu(4.00mg/kg - 5.50mg/kg), Pb(0.05mg/kg - 0.08mg/kg), Zn(6.00mg/kg - 8.00mg/kg), Mn(0.35mg/kg - 0.5mg/kg) while that of site ‘Y’ were Cr(5.50mg/kg - 8.00mg/kg), Fe(0.545mg/kg - 1.00mg/kg), Cu(4.00mg/kg - 6.50mg/kg), Pb(0.03mg/kg - 0.08mg/kg), Zn(7.50mg/kg - 9.50mg/kg), Mn(0.30mg/kg - 0.60mg/kg). The values of some metals analyzed were above the recommended values by WHO and FEPA. The analysis of effluents and surface water samples resulted in higher figures for most of the parameters and acidic pH in cassava effluent than the surface water sample. The mode of phytoremediation was also investigated. Data obtained suggested the plants could be used for phyto-extraction of these metals. Rhodanese, enzyme that detoxify cyanide was extracted and characterized from the liver of Clarias gariepinus of cassava effluents contaminated Odo-Oba River. The results show specific activities of 0.0526RUmg-1. The optimal temperature and pH of 30˚C and 7.0 were recorded for the enzyme respectively. The Vmax of 9.62RU/Ml and 6.33RU/Ml were obtained for the KCN and Na2S2O3 substrates while for the Km, higher figures of 49.4mM and 28.5mM were recorded respectively. However, the Km values of the fish liver Rhodanese of Clarias gariepinus indicated higher affinity for thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) than for potassium cyanide (KCN) as a substrate, although maximum activity was observed for KCN substrate. Inhibition studies on the enzyme with a number of chloride salts showed that the activity of the enzyme was not affected by Mg2+,, Mn2+,Ca2+ while Ba2+,Hg2+ and Cu2+ inhibited the enzyme considerably.

Effect of cultural conditions on the growth and linamarase production by a local species of Lactobacillus fermentum isolated from cassava effluent

BackgroundThis study was designed to investigate the effect of cultural conditions on growth and production of linamarase by a local species of Lactobacillus fermentum isolated from cassava effluent. Isolation and identification of bacteria from cassava effluent were carried out using the culture-dependent method and polyphasic taxonomy, respectively, while screening for cyanide degradation, and the effects of cultural conditions on the growth and linamarase activity of L. fermentum were investigated based on standard procedures.ResultsA total of twenty-one bacterial isolates were obtained from cassava effluent, and isolate MA 9 had the highest growth of 2.8 × 1010 cfu/ml in minimum medium, confirmed as safe, identified as Lactobacillus fermentum and selected for further study. The highest growth of 2.498 OD and linamarase activity of 2.49 U/ml were observed at inoculums volume of 0.10 ml at 48-h incubation period, while optimum growth of 1.926 OD and linamarase activity of 1.66 U/ml occurred at pH 5.5. At 37 °C, the optimum growth of 0.34 OD was recorded with the highest linamarase activity of 0.81 U/ml at 30 °C.However, the incubation period of 48 h stimulated an optimum growth of 3.091 OD with corresponding linamarase activity of 1.81 U/ml, while the substrate concentration of 400 ppm favours a maximum growth of 2.783 OD with linamarase activity of 1.86 U/ml at 48 h of incubation. The supplemented of 10 mM calcium ions stimulated optimum linamarase activity of 2.65 U/ml.ConclusionLactobacillus fermentum could be used as starter culture in cassava fermentation for the production cassava-based product with reduced cyanide content.

Effects of rice husk and cassava mill effluent compost on upland rice cultivation in Delta State, Nigeria

Low rice yields in Nigeria are attributed to poor soil fertility. Inorganic fertilizers used to improve soil fertility are expensive and not readily available. This work aimed at evaluating the nutrient potential of rice husk and cassava effluent compost for production of rice in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria. Four formulations were made with rice husk (RH) and cow dung in ratio 7:3 by weight using water and cassava effluent [RH with water (RH), RH + cow dung with water (RHCd), RH with cassava effluent (RHC), RH + cow dung with cassava effluent (RHCdC)] and were applied at 2.5, 5 and 10 t/ha with control. Rice seeds were sown for two years in a randomized complete block design. Residual effects were monitored in the third year. Plant height (PH), leaf area (LA), dry matter (DM) and rice grain yield (GY) were measured as well as soil samples were taken for post-cropping analysis. Data were analyzed with ANOVA at α0.05. The results revealed that treatment RHCd at 10 t/ha had highest PH and LA while RHCdC at 10 t/ha produced the highest DM and GY in both years and in residual study. Treatment RHCdC at 10 t/ha had the highest soil pH value, organic carbon and RHCd at 10 t/ha had the highest total nitrogen at harvest in second year. Both treatments increased soil nutrients at harvest than other treatments and improved soil fertility. Keywords: Soil amendment, cow dung, organic fertilizer, rice yield, Abraka.

The effect of cassava effluent and empty oil palm fruit bunch on remediation of petroleum polluted soil and crop production in the tropics: A review

Purpose There is an increased demand for proper utilization of wastes to benefit humans especially as it relates to generation of economic gains. Although the agro-based industry and the petroleum industry contribute to high levels of waste generation, it is possible that the wastes from the agro industry could be used for management of petroleum hazards and pollution. This review focuses on the identification of potential benefits of two highly ignored agro wastes: cassava effluent and empty oil palm bunch, which contribute to the emission of greenhouse gases and increasing the disease causing potentials of these wastes for people living where they are disposed. Methods In this review, we utilized available literature to reveal the importance of agro wastes as well as their different beneficial applications especially as they concern the remediation of crude oil pollution. Results Evidence from previous research indicates that cassava effluent contains some beneficial nutrient components that negatively affect soil chemistry and plant growth. The use of empty oil palm bunch, on the other hand, has been reported to contribute to the improvement of soil nutrient properties and crop production. Conclusion We postulate that the chemical constituent of these two agricultural wastes may significantly complement their ability to improve crop production when combined, as well as mediate cleanup of soils exposed to crude oil pollution over time.

The impact of cassava wastewater from wet fufu paste processors on surrounding soils: a case study of Ayetoro, Ogun State, Nigeria

Cassava effluent has become a subject of growing environmental concern in developing countries largely due to ineffective disposal methods. In this study, the impact of land disposal technique by processors in Ayetoro, Ogun State Nigeria was investigated. Soil samples were collected from three disposal sites scattered across the study area at depths of 0 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm and 45 cm. Results were compared with samples obtained from control sites at a distance of 5 m from the disposal sites. The physicochemical parameters determined includes soil pH, silt, sand, clay, organic carbon, exchangeability acid, pH, total nitrogen, average phosphorous, zinc, lead, iron, sodium, copper, calcium, potassium, magnesium and manganese. The result show that the pH varies significantly across the sites. The highest concentration was recorded for phosphorous while the lowest concentration was obtained for total nitrogen. The highest concentrations were recorded at the soil surface while the lowest were recorded at 45 cm depth. Idagba recorded the highest pollutant concentration and while the lowest were obtained at kano. The activities and discharge techniques of processors had negatively impacted the soil quality which may also affect the ground water quality. There is a need to take proactive measures to protect the environment through adequate sensitization and enforcement of environmental laws.

Temperature-Dependent Electrical Characteristics of Disc-Shaped Compacts Fabricated using Calcined Eggshell Nano Powder and Dry Cassava Starch

Abstract Disc-shaped compacts were fabricated from two mix proportions of calcined eggshell nanopowder and dry cassava starch and then used as test samples. The electrical resistance (R), thermal sensitivity index (β) and electronic activation energy (Ea) of the samples measured over a temperature range from 35 to 75oC were found to decrease non-linearly in values with increasing temperature. It was also observed that the results obtained (R = 3.691E6 Ω – 6.210E7 Ω, β = 3812K – 5316K and Ea = 0.33 eV – 0.46 eV) fulfill market requirements by comparing very well with the established values for NTC thermistors. Hence, from manufacturing viewpoint, recycling of chicken eggshell wastes and cassava effluents can avail electronic industry with promising and alternative materials for fabrication of temperature sensing / monitoring / control devices suitable for engineering applications. This will also help to reduce environmental pollution.

Fertility Index and Microbial Population of Acid Sand Receiving Cassava Mill Effluent in of Uyo, Nigeria

A study was conducted to examine the changes in fertility and microbial indices of acid sand, under cassava effluent discharge at varying periods. Three cassava mill sites at Uyo discharging cassava effluent within three periods: less than 5 years discharge, 10 years discharge and 15 years discharges were used. Adjacent plots to each of the sites served as control. Soil samples were collected on the surface along the discharge strides in the morning, afternoon and evening. Measured soil nutrients were fitted into fertility index to determine the fertility status while total bacterial count, total fungal count for mold were the parameters used to assed the microbial count as influenced by cassava mill effluent discharge. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance at 5% probability level. Soil fertility index was greater in discharge site of 15 years (25) compared to 10 years (10), less than 5 years (7) and control (12). Total bacterial count was significantly high in site with 15 years discharge period (6.36cfug-1) compared to 10 years (2.88cfug-1), less than 5 years (2.72cfug-1) and control (3.83cfug-1). Total fungal count for mold was significantly high in site with 15 years discharge period (4.32cfug-1) compared to 10 years (3.27cfug-1), less than 5 years (2.18cfug-1) and control (3.77cfug-1). Calcium was significantly highest at noon (4.7cmol.kg-1) under less than 5 years period and in the morning (5.1cmol.kg-1) at site with 10 years period of discharge whereas Ca was highest in the evening (6.00 cmol.kg-1) in location that received effluent for 15 years. High soil fertility due to increase in population of microbes status was seen in the site receiving effluent for 15 years compared to other periods.

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English

Integrated geophysical investigation techniques for mapping cassava effluent leachate contamination plume, at a dumpsite in Ilero, southwestern Nigeria

The subsurface illuminating strength of integrating Electrical Resistivity (ER) and Frequency Domain Electromagnetic (FDEM) geophysical investigation techniques to evaluate the level of subsurface leachate contamination plume generated by indiscriminate dumping of cassava product processing effluents and wastes around a dumpsite near cassava processing mill at Ilero southwestern Nigeria, has been demonstrated in this study. The lateral spread as well as depth extent of the cassava waste effluent leachate plume was determined from the subsurface resistivity and conductivity models generated from combined ER and FDEM geophysical surveys carried out through eight (8) Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), eight (8) FDEM and (2) Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) measurement profiles and stations purposively established across the dumpsite.Quality checked, inverted and depth matched ER and FDEM data generated 1D, 2D, and 3D resistivity and conductivity distribution in the form of subsurface logs, sections, constant depth maps and earth model employed to characterize the study area. Electrical resistivity result presents resistivity distribution that range in value between 21 Ωm to 213 Ωm from the topsoil to depths beyond 7.5 m. The FDEM sections and depth maps show conductivity distribution range between 4 mS/m – 286 mS/m across the dump site and provided information up to a depth of 60 m. The VES results generally delineate three (3) georesistivity layers, which include topsoil, weathered and fractured basement layers, occurring at depth between 0.4 – 10.0 m with characteristic resistivity values from 33.5 Ωm – 37.9 Ωm. The 3D resistivity and conductivity models generated by integrating the various results indicate anomalously low resistivity and relatively high conductivity (21 – 30 Ωm; 11 mS/m – 40 mS/m) zone which defines contamination plume in the central part of the cassava effluents and waste dumpsite.This study has through integrated electrical resistivity and frequency domain electromagnetic geophysical methods of investigation highlighted the subsurface contaminating potential of indiscriminating dumping of agricultural processing effluent and wastes, especially of cassava effluent, which has toxic cyanogenicglucosides constituent that is deleterious to the environment.

Evaluation of vermifiltration of cassava effluent using earthworm

The objective of this study was to evaluate the vermifiltration of different cassava effluent concentrations using of earthworms by applying standard methods. Results for physiochemical parameters before treatment ranges from 3. 91 to 5.94, 28.6to 28.7(μS/cm), 12480 to 13999 (mg/l), 7900 to 9511(mg/l), 168 to 207(mg/l), 8068 to 9718(mg/l), 225 to 284(mg/l), 114 to 132(mg/l), 1040 to 1680(mg/l), 400 to 540(mg/l), 52 to 72(mg/l), 24 to 40(mg/l), 20 to 30(mg/l), 33 to 65(mg/l) for pH, Temperature, EC, TDS, TSS, TS, COD, BOD, Hardness, chlorine, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium, respectively, while after treatment ranges from 6.45 to 10.1, 28.6 to 29, 12021 to 12621(μS/cm), 8100 to 9846(mg/l), 199 to 211(mg/l), 8299 to 10057(mg/l), 260 to 291(mg/l), 140 to 120(mg/l), 760 to 1160(mg/l), 260 to 440(mg/l), 48 to 62(mg/l), 22 to 39(mg/l), 19 to 28(mg/l), 31 to 60(mg/l) for pH, Temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), TDS, TSS, TS, COD, BOD, Hardness, Chlorine, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium, respectively, across the different concentrations (100%, 75%, 50% and 25%) of cassava effluent. It was therefore, observed that the use of earthworm in the treatment of cassava effluent was effective, though, it could not treat the cassava effluent to the acceptable World Health Organization (WHO) Standards for irrigation use. Keywords: physiochemical characteristics, cassava, effluent concentrations, vermifiltration

Screening for rhodanese producing Bacterium in freshly pressed Cassava effluents of a Cassava processing industry channeled to Odo-Oba Stream in Ogbomoso-Nigeria

Rhodanese is a key enzyme that plays an important role in cyanide detoxification. The enzyme was extracted, purified and physico-chemically characterised from Bacillus licheniformis which demonstrated the highest efficacy compared to the seven isolates of bacteria of the cassava processing industry effluent morpholologically and biochemically characterised. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and values were considered significant at p&lt;0.05. This study showed that the optimum growth temperature was 350C at a pH 9.0. The highest duration time for the synthesis of rhodanese was at 40 hours. Potassium cyanide (KCN) and casein were the best carbon and nitrogen sources. The enzyme has a specific activity of 10.99 RU/mg, with a purification fold of 4.38, a percentage yield of 15.96%. The apparent Km for KCN and Sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) were determined to be 30.24mM and 24.93mM respectively while their Vmax were 5.40 RU /ml/min and 5.07 RU /ml/min respectively. The optimum pH and temperature were 8.0 and 50 0C respectively. The enzyme showed a high stability at 500C. The enzyme showed specificity at 6.78 RU/ml/min for Na2S2O3 while it was inhibited by other sulphur containing substrates namely 2-mercaptoethanol, ammonium persulphate, and sodium metabisulphite The enzyme activity was not inhibited by metal ions such as (K+, Mg2+, Ba2+, Ni2+, Sn2+ and Na+) at 1mM and 10mM and was not significant (p&gt;0.05). Therefore, B. licheniformis have the potentials of reducing cyanide pollution thereby enhancing effective management of cassava mill effluent before eventual discharge into the environment and this may be developed into a more effective tool for bioremediation.

Exploration of green integrated approach for effluent treatment through mass culture and biofuel production from unicellular alga, Acutodesmus obliquus RDS01

This study deals with the open pond (OP) pilot scale treatment of cassava effluent and enhancement of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) enzyme through CO2 utilization by the microalga, Acutodesmus obliquus RDS01. The cassava effluent treatment (ET) revealed maximum reduction of ammonia (96.8%), calcium (94.6%), chloride (95.2%), chlorine (98.5%), inorganic phosphate (94.6%), magnesium (96.8%), nitrate (96.89%), organic carbon (95.9%), organic phosphorus (96.3%), potassium (97.9%), sodium (97.1%), and sulfate (95.4%) on 15th day using A. obliquus. The microalga produced highest RuBisCO enzyme activity (90%), CO2 utilization efficiency (95%), biomass (8.9 gL−1), lipid (176.65 mg mL−1), carbohydrate (96.78 mg mL−1), biodiesel (4.1 mL g−1), and bioethanol (3.7 mL g−1) during OP treatment. The isolated RuBisCO gene (rbcL) was used to construct the protein model by homology modeling. The microalgal-lipid content was analyzed through thin layer chromatography, the biodiesel produced was analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). The bioethanol production was confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography and GCMS analyses. A. obliquus produced of 98.75% biodiesel and 96.83% bioethanol in the OP pilot scale treatment A. obliquus. Overall, the microalga A. obliquus could act as an effective CO2 capturing and bioremediation agent in the cassava ET, and also for the biodiesel and bioethanol can be produced.

Remediation of Cassava Effluent Contaminated Soil Using Organic Soap Solution: Case Study of Soil Physical Properties and Plant Growth Performance

Remediation of Cassava Effluent Contaminated Soil Using Organic Soap Solution: Case Study of Soil Physical Properties and Plant Growth Performance

Toxicity evaluation of waste effluent from cassava-processing factory in lagos state, nigeria using the &lt;i&gt;Allium cepa&lt;/i&gt; assay

Mutagenic and genotoxic effects of cassava wastewater (CWW) were investigated by assay of Allium cepa root meristematic cells. The physicochemical parameters of the wastewater samples were also determined. In Allium root growth inhibition test, experimental onion bulbs were cultivated in various concentrations of the CWW and distilled water was used as a negative control. After 72 h, the root tips from the treated bulb were processed for cytological studies by orcein squash technique. The mean lengths of root bundles were obtained and effective concentration (EC) values calculated. The cytotoxic effects on the onion root tips showed strong growth retardation at high concentrations of the effluent with EC value of 5.67%. The mitotic index (MI) 50 rapidly decreased with increasing effluent concentration compared to control. There was significant increase in frequency of chromosome aberrations (stickiness, c-mitosis, vagrant, bridged fragment, binuclei, multipolar anaphase, attached chromosome and laggard chromosome) in root tip meristem cells of Allium cepa at all tested concentrations. At lower concentrations (0.005%), binuclei, (0.5%), vagrant chromosome and (1.0%), bridged fragment were the most common aberrations observed while at higher concentrations, (100 %), c-mitosis, vagrant and bridged fragment were the typical aberrations observed. The results indicate that the effluent samples collected were highly mutagenic. The results of physicochemical analysis revealed that the concentrations of some parameters (turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), conductivity, total dissolved solid (TDS), total suspended solid (TSS), sulphate, nitrate, phosphate and metals-copper, cobalt, chromium, iron, manganese, magnesium, nickel, cadmium, lead, sodium, potassium and calcium) were above the maximum permissible limit set by world health organization (WHO) and could partly be correlated with the toxicity of wastewater. The findings indicate that the substances contained in the cassava effluents may be toxic to living organisms and may pollute the environment if untreated. Keywords : Mutagenicity, genotoxicity, cassava wastewater, chromosomal aberration, mitotic index, cyanide, Allium cepa.

Evaluation of Physicochemical Characteristics of Water and Soil Samples from Cassava Processing Mill in Parts of Edo North, Edo State, Nigeria

The problem of contaminated water sources and soil pollution has persisted in the study area emanating from cassava effluents from the processing of cassava in the study area. Physicochemical analysis was carried out in water and soil samples obtained in and around cassava processing mill in the Environment where cassava is been process to determine areas prone to contamination by taking soil and water samples in the various study location at a depth of 1.2 m for soil samples and 10 m for water samples in a hand dug well. The result from the physicochemical analysis of the Soil and water samples shows traces of heavy metals when compared with the standard set by World Health Organization (WHO). It is evident that in some sites investigated, the water and soil has been polluted by the discharge from the cassava effluent. The research thus point out the need for environmental Education and proper management/location of cassava processing sites in the study area by relevant Agencies.

2D and 3D subsurface geo-electrical resistivity imaging of contaminant plume from cassava processing mill in Uzebba Area of Edo North, Edo State, Nigeria

Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) was used to map and detect the subsurface contaminant plumes from the cassava effluents in the various cassavas processing mill in the study area. The result from the 3D resistivity images showed clearly the distribution of the plumes from all the profile lines in the surveyed area. From the results it is evident that at a depth of 2.5m-21.9m with resistivity values between 6.2Ωm-13.1Ωm the plumes were observed. The results thus point out the need for environmental Education and proper management/location of cassava processing mill by the relevant agencies of Government.Keywords: Geo-electrical, Contaminant Plume, Cassava effluent, Imaging, Mill

3-D subsurface geoelectrical resistivity imaging of contaminant plume from cassava processing mill in Ozalla Area of Edo North, Nigeria

Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) was used to map and detect the subsurface contaminant plumes from the cassava effluents in the various cassavas processing mill in Ozalla Area of Edo North, Edo State, Nigeria. The result from the 3D resistivity images shows clearly the distribution of the plumes from all the profile lines in the surveyed area. From the results it is evident that at a depth of 2.5 m - 21.9 m with resistivity values between 6.2 Ωm -13.1 Ωm the plumes were observed. The results thus point out the need for environmental Education and proper management/ location of cassava processing sites by the relevant agencies of Government.Keywords: Geoelectrical, Mill, Contaminant Plume, Cassava effluent, Imaging

Integrated geophysical and hydrochemical investigations of subsoil and groundwater pollution around three cassava processing factories at Ireti-Ayo community, Ilesha, Southwestern Nigeria

Integrated geophysical and hydrochemical investigations were carried out within the vicinity of three cassava processing factory sites at Ireti-Ayo Community in Ilesha, Southwestern Nigeria. This was with a view to assessing the impact of the cassava effluent on the soil/subsoil and the groundwater quality within the study area. Fourteen Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) data were acquired using the Schlumberger array while 2-D Dipole-Dipole data were acquired along six traverses. Hydrochemical analysis was also carried out on the cassava effluent and well water samples for cyanide, pH, TDS, electrical conductivity, acidity, alkalinity, cations and anions concentrations. The VES data were quantitatively interpreted using the partial curve matching and 1-D computer assisted forward modeling while the 2-D Dipole-Dipole data were inverted into 2-D resistivity structures. The elemental concentrations were compared with the WHO (2006) standard for potable water. The VES derived geoelectric sections identified four lithological layers which comprised the topsoil (8 – 638 Ωm), laterite (278 – 2468 Ωm), weathered basement (32 – 1004 Ωm) and fresh basement (536 – 20883 Ωm). The thin topsoil was underlain by a relatively thick lateritic layer (up to 12.2 m). The sampled cassava effluent resistivity was6.5 Ωm. The topsoil and part of the underlying laterite at and around the vicinity of the three cassava processing factory sites had relatively low resistivity values (6 - 112 Ωm) diagnostic of cassava effluent impacted zones. The pollution plumes depth extents were estimated to range from 2.5 to 5 m with a migration rate of about 0.24 m/year. The migration of the pollution plume may have been inhibited by the relatively thick column of laterite underlying the topsoil. Cyanide was detected (0.8 mg/L) in the cassava effluent, but not in the analysed well water samples. For both the upstream and downstream well water samples respectively, the physicochemical parameters were all within the WHO permissible levels. The study concluded that the groundwater in the vicinity of the factory sites investigated had not been polluted by the cassava effluent. However, the subsoils within the sites have been polluted to depth of up to 5 m.Keywords: Geophysical Investigation, Hydrochemical Analysis, Cassava Effluents, Groundwater Quality.