Cash Accounting Research Articles

Accrual accounting and access to external funds: Evidence from small businesses

This study explores how the use of accrual accounting, as opposed to cash accounting, is related to small businesses' access to external funds and the type of borrowing relationships they have. The findings show that the use of accrual accounting is associated with better access to lines of credit and trade credit, which are important sources of external financing for small businesses. The use of accrual accounting is also positively associated with larger borrowing amounts, more favorable borrowing terms, the establishment of more credit relationships, and with more distant financial institutions. Likewise, accrual accounting is associated with shorter borrowing relationships and less reliance on personal contact with financial institutions. Overall, this study demonstrates a significant association between the use of accrual accounting and improved access to external finance for small businesses, suggesting that the informational limitations of cash accounting may be related to greater constraints in accessing external funding.

Dynamic clearing and contagion in financial networks

In this paper we introduce a generalized extension of the Eisenberg–Noe model of financial contagion to allow for time dynamics of the interbank liabilities, including a dynamic examination of default risk. This framework separates the cash account and long-term capital account to more accurately model the health of a financial institution. In doing so, such a system allows us to distinguish between delinquency and default as well as between defaults resulting from either insolvency or illiquidity.

Portfolio optimization with feedback strategies based on artificial neural networks

Dynamic portfolio optimization has significantly benefited from a wider adoption of deep learning (DL). While existing research has focused on how DL can applied to solving the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation, some very recent developments propose to forego the derivation of HJB in favor of empirical utility maximization over dynamic allocation strategies expressed through artificial neural networks. In addition to simplicity and transparency, this approach is universally applicable, as it is essentially agnostic about market dynamics. We apply it to optimal portfolio allocation between cash account and risky asset following Heston model. The results appear on par with theoretical ones.

THE MODIFIED MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION INTEGER LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODEL FOR GLOBAL PORTFOLIO ASSET ALLOCATION

This study develops a practical yet robust Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model for a global investment portfolio tailored to the constraints faced by Malaysian retail investors, such as transactional fees and foreign currency exchange spreads, to provide more accurate estimations of portfolio returns. The MAD ILP model is modified to address these factors, aiming to enhance utility and efficiency. The study utilizes a Maybank 12-month fixed deposit cash account and ten selected Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) from iShares, Vanguard, and State Street Global Advisors for global portfolio construction. Forecasting techniques were utilized to generate expected returns for the ETFs and foreign currency exchange spreads. Based on the MAD model proposed by Konno and Wijayanayake (2001), the study introduces three modifications: incorporating transaction cost elements specific to Malaysian investors, including foreign currency exchange spreads in return calculations, and transforming the model from mixed-integer to pure integer model to accommodate minimum transaction lot constraint. Verification and validation exercises demonstrate the model’s ability to replicate real-world portfolio construction and reliable simulations. The model offers a practical tool for self-ascribed investors aiming to optimize global investment portfolios while considering unique constraints and transaction costs.

Analisis Sistem Akuntansi Kas Kecil Pt Cli Kantor Cabang Surabaya

PT Combi Logistics Indonesia (CLI) Surabaya branch office is engaged in export-import transportation services. Implementing a petty cash accounting system helps the company run conductively. Thus there are no conditions in the company's financial management. The research aims to determine the company's petty cash accounting system analysis. The qualitative research type used is observation, interview, and data documentation data collection procedures. Data analysis techniques are data reduction, presentation, and conclusion. The research results show that the petty cash accounting system function is not running well because the cash function, accounting function, and operational function (users of petty cash funds) are one. So there are problems: duplicate work, accountability summary, and authorization. The subsequent research result forms related to the petty cash accounting system have been implemented. However, there has been no evaluation regarding their effectiveness. The next research result was that the company had carried out journal reporting for 2 years because it was only a branch office, and subsequent reporting was carried out by the central finance department.

Features of organizing trade processes of a small enterprise on the case of a grocery store

This article describes the features of organizing trade processes of a small enterprise using the case of a grocery store. The issues of choosing a store location, forming an assortment of products, working with suppliers, organizing customer service, working with a cash register and accounting, as well as constant range updating and organizing the delivery and storage of fresh products are considered. Methods of combating competition from supermarkets and attracting customers through loyalty programs and promotions are described. The advantages and disadvantages of organizing trade processes in a grocery store are analyzed. This article will be useful for beginner entrepreneurs who want to open their own store and receive practical advice on organizing trade processes.

Accounting for Acquiring Transactions: Practical Aspect

Introduction. The introduction of automated tools and digital resources into practical accounting activities, on the one hand, helps to reduce the workload on employees and reduce the number of errors, on the other hand, leads to a number of organizational and methodological problems that require a high-quality solution. One of the most rapidly changing areas is cash accounting, the current agenda for the study of which can be considered the reflection of acquiring transactions in an automated accounting system. The resulting time gaps violate the methodological integrity of accounting records, but can be eliminated by organizational actions. Purpose of the study is to identify problematic aspects of accounting for acquiring transactions and formulate ways to solve the identified problems. Methods. The work uses general scientific research method, such as induction and comparison, as well as elements of the accounting method - accounts and double entry. Literature was analyzed in the RSCI bibliographic database for the period 2019-2024. Results. The key results of the study are the presented characteristics of time gaps in the accounting of acquiring transactions, illustrated with examples of corresponding records, as well as organizational, technical and accounting solutions to this problem. Conclusions. The discovered problems in the automated accounting of acquiring transactions and the developed ways to solve them can serve as the basis for further research on the digitalization of accounting processes.

Accounting for complementary currency transactions (the case for France)

The purpose of the study was to analyze the complementary currencies projects (СС-projects) implemented in France during the last decades. The active promotion of those projects in various countries has highlighted the problem of accounting and tax accounting for transactions of the currencies supplementing the national ones as a means of payment. There were questions about how to reflect and record such payments in invoices; whether it is necessary to purchase additional software for the cash register, etc. The author of the article proved that the use of complementary currencies does not significantly affect the billing and cash accounting, as well as the collection of commercial taxes, since the sales are always recorded in the national currency and in the same currency are transferred to accounting for further documentation (in this case, in euros). The tax reporting within the CC-projects is identical to the standard formalized one, however, the payment terms contained in it include an additional payment method. the methodological basis of the study was a system- functional approach and comparativistics. the results of the work have revealed the specifics and key problems of forming a legislative framework for innovative projects aimed at introducing new effective payment instruments into the sphere of commodity- money relations at the regional and local levels, and may be of interest to economists and representatives or specialists of taxation and financial services of Russia.

The Path toward Accrual Accounting in the Public Sector from the Perspective of Italian Municipalities

The goal for the coming years set by the European Union to harmonize public sector accounting is to implement a single accrual-based accounting system for all public administrations. Italy is moving towards full adoption of this accounting system for all local authorities by 2026 and can be seen as an example of a country in transition from a modified cash accounting system to a full accrual accounting one. This research makes use of semi-structured interviews with key actors in the accounting departments of municipalities in Emilia-Romagna, one of the most economically developed regions in Italy, to assess whether the current public accounting system is ready to move to full accrual accounting and whether the transition would be considered beneficial for Italian municipalities. The results show that municipalities are still far from the full implementation of accrual accounting, both in terms of the maturity of the system and the usefulness of the information. The research contributes to understanding the level of accountingmaturity in the public sector and helps to identify the main critical issues for the full adoption of accrual accounting, finding new paths to be followed to make its implementation effective. At the international level, this work may be useful for all countries that are changing their accounting systems to understand what measures need to be taken to facilitate the transition to full accrual accounting in the public sector.

Evaluation of Petty Cash Accounting: A Case Study at a Job Training Institution

This research aims to evaluate the petty cash recording process at the SCK job training institution. Researchers used qualitative methods, namely interviews, observation, and analysis of the petty cash accounting system. The implementation of petty cash has been carried out by procedures and the recording has been carried out according to the flow established by the institution. However, several things are inaccurate and not by the accounting information system that should be implemented by petty cash users using the imprest fund method. In order not to experience a shortage of petty cash funds, companies should use an imprest system that meets standards. Companies must pay attention to the principles of internal control so that the institution’s operational activities run according to the expected goals and avoid misappropriation of petty cash funds.
 Keywords: Petty cash recording, imprest fund system, accounting system information

BANK SETTLEMENTS OF TRADE ENTERPRISES

In the course of our research, theoretical and practical recommendations regarding the organization of accounting and cash analysis at retail enterprises were substantiated. The economic content of funds, as well as the organization of accounting and analysis of funds at enterprises, were analyzed. We also analyzed the activities of retail trade enterprises. The task was formulated and the role of the accounting and cash analysis system at retail enterprises was defined. Considered the process of accounting for cash at retail trade enterprises and offered practical recommendations he the organization of accounting and analysis of cash at retail trade enterprises. In the process of carrying out trade activities, an integral attribute and component of the entire industrial and economic complex is a set of settlement operations that accelerate the circulation of working capital, ensure the implementation of economic relations and play an important role in the process of extended reproduction. The implementation of contractual relations and the fulfillment of relevant duties and obligations takes place with the help of calculations. The analysis of general and special literature shows that there is no unambiguous interpretation of the term «calculations» today. The study of settlement relations in a historical aspect and from the perspective of the positions of various authors makes it possible that get as close as possible that their economic essence and that single out specific proposals regarding the choice of optimal forms and methods of settlements with business partners, improvement of their accounting. We also substantiated the system of cash analysis at retail enterprises. It is substantiated that the proper organization of accounting and analysis of funds is an essential aspect of financial management of the enterprise. The effective organization of cash accounting helps that ensure the accuracy and reliability of financial reporting, and control helps that ensure the reliability and correctness of accounting records and technical calculations he the accounts of retail enterprises.

Analisis Arus Kas Operasi Dan Laba Akuntansi Serta Pengaruh Terhadap Return Saham (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan LQ-45 Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2019-2021)

This study aims to determine the effect of operating cash flow and accounting profit on the stock returns of LQ-45 companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2019-2021. The independent variable on research are operating cash flow and accounting profit, while dependent variable is the stock returns. This study includes a sample of 60 observations using purposive sampling method. Technical data analysis in this study using the SPSS 25 computer program. The result of this study showed that the variable operating cash flow and variable accounting profit has a positive significant effect on the stock returns. In addition, based on the coefficient of determination test, operating cash flow and accounting profit are able to explain their effect on the stock returns of 65,2%.
 Keyword: Operating Cash Flow, Accounting Profit, Stock Returns

ANALISIS SISTEM AKUNTANSI PENERIMAAN KAS: STUDI KASUS PT. KAI DIVRE I SUMATERA UTARA

The money receipt system is one of the trusted accounting systems that every business must have for accounting needs. Due to its availability, cash is one of the assets that significantly drives business growth. The purpose of this study is to provide an in-depth analysis of the revenue and cash accounting system of PT. KAI Divre I North Sumatra. North Sumatra cash receipt accounting system, operated by PT. KAI Regional Division I, is the subject of research. The findings revealed problems with the recognition of accounting information systems, delays in understanding that would also delay revenue recognition, inadequate placement of wrong people in proper jobs, lack of training for staff who could not use accounting information systems, and other problems.

The behavior heuristics responsible for formation and liquidation of tax holding accounts

This article proposes the tax liquidation hypothesis, a predictable pattern of behavior regarding individuals’ decisions to create and subsequently to liquidate “Cash Holding” accounts when facing tax liabilities. Previous research on tax related trading has focused on minimizing the individual tax burden by holding winners and selling losers. This behavior, described as “optimal tax trading” suggests that individuals should sell stocks that have lost value in the short-term while holding onto stocks that have gained value until the stocks can be sold at the preferential long-term capital gains rate. This article proposes the tax liquidation hypothesis based on investor behavioral biases and the current tax environment. Individual investors will hold “cash” accounts that are consistent with their preferences for risk and return. The cash account holdings may differ across individuals, but the pattern and hypotheses regarding formation and liquidation of these accounts for tax reasons should be consistent with the model proposed by this article.

Stock-flow adjustments, public debt management and interest costs

Data on government debt and deficits are not mutually consistent because they are obtained from cash and accrual accounting, respectively. Such aggregates are reconciled through accounting items known as stock-flow adjustments. In spite of the evidence from several studies that they are dependent on macroeconomic indicators, empirical analyses of debt sustainability disregard stock-flow adjustments. We study thirty-two economies over the period 1999–2019, finding that stock-flow adjustments are a hidden component of interest costs, largely produced by governments’ debt management activities. An alternative, stock-flow consistent variable measuring interest costs is larger, more volatile and sensitive to macroeconomic indicators than standard interest costs, featuring dynamics strongly influenced by US interest rates. This broader measure of interest costs rises with debt levels in high-debt countries, while standard interest costs do not. Hence, when ignoring the non-linear responses captured by stock-flow adjustments we underestimate the acceleration in debt costs caused by higher debt.

CASH FLOW STATEMENT AS AN IMPORTANT OBJECT OF ACCOUNTING

This article discusses the basic principles of accounting and reporting of the company's funds. The relevance is determined by the importance of competent and correct accounting of funds and reporting according to international standards. The stability of the enterprise in the market is achieved with sufficient and coordinated control of cash accounting.

Assessing the Impact of International Cash Accounting Standards on Financial Statements of Enterprises

The adoption of international cash accounting standards by enterprises has become an important topic in the accounting and finance literature. This study assesses the impact of these standards on the financial statements of a sample of enterprises, including their net income, total working capital, and cash flows. The study finds that the adoption of international cash accounting standards leads to improvements in financial reporting quality, including increases in net income, total working capital, and cash flows from operating activities. The study also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of adopting these standards and provides recommendations for improving cash accounting in enterprises based on international standards. Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of the impact of international cash accounting standards on enterprises and provides valuable insights for practitioners, policymakers, and researchers.

The Effect of Working Capital on Liquidity at PT. Indofood CBP Sukses Makmur Tbk on the Indonesia Stock Exchange

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of working capital on liquidity at PT. Indofood CBP Sukses Makmur Tbk on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The variables used in this study consist of independent variables consisting of Cash Turnover and Inventory Turnover, while the dependent variable is profitability as measured by Quick Ratio, with units of percent. the population in this study is the financial statements of PT Indofood CBP Sukses Makmur Tbk. Those listed on the IDX (2015 Quarter IV to 2022 Quarter III), while the sample used in this research is Quarterly Financial Reports and Quarterly Profit / Loss starting from 2015 Quarter IV to 2022 Quarter III. At PT Indofood CBP Sukses Makmur Tbk which is listed on the IDX. Data collection using documentation techniques. The method used in this study is the Multiple Linear Regression Method with a probability of 0.05. The results of the study show that: partially working capital (Cash Turnover) has a significant effect on Liquidity with a significance level of 0.008 and the Receivables Turnover variable has no significant effect on Liquidity with a significance level of 0.120. Simultaneously working capital as measured by Cash Turnover and Accounts Receivable Turnover has a significant effect on Liquidity with a significance level of 0.013 at PT. Indofood CBP Sukses Makmur Tbk on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. From the two independent variables Cash Turnover and Accounts Receivable Turnover it can be concluded that what has the dominant influence on Liquidity is the Cash Turnover variable with a significance level of 0.008

Pengaruh Arus Kas Operasi, Arus Kas Investasi, Arus Kas Pendanaan Dan Laba Akuntansi Terhadap Return Saham (Studi Kasus Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Sektor Industri Barang Konsumsi Sub Sektor Makanan Dan Minuman Periode 2015-2019)

This Study aims to test partially and simultaneously the effect of operating cash flow, investments cash flow, financing cash flow, and accounting profit on stock returns in the food and beverage sub-sector consumer goods industry companies 2015-2019. The type of data used in this research is secondary data. The sampling technique in this research is purposive sampling.while the data analysis used is descriptive statistics and multiple regression with the help of the SPSS 16 for windows program.Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that operating cash flow and investment cash flow have no effect on stock returns which are partially tested (t test). Funding cash flow and accounting profit affect stock returns which are partially tested (t test). While the simultaneous testing (jointly) concludes that there is a joint (simultaneous) influence between operating cash flow, investment cash flow, financing cash flow and accounting profit on stock returns. Test of the coefficient of determination (adjusted r square) of 0,309, it means that 30,9 % of the independent variables consist of operating cash flow, investment cash flow, financing cash flow and accounting profit to the dependent variable, namely stock returns. While 69,10 % is influenced by other variables which are not included in this study.

보험산업의 분기손익 조정에 관한 연구

This paper analyzed how the unique accounting method and accounting environment of insurer different from non-financial companies affect earnings pattern of quarterly earnings by focusing on the settling-up effect using data from the past 34 quarters of domestic insurers. And the analysis was conducted by testing whether 4th quarter's degree of response between sales and expenses differs from other quarters. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the settling-up effect occurred in the insurance industry and these effect tended to be differentiated in the 4th quarter compared to interim quarters, and this differentiation was intensifying in the non-life insurance industry. These results are interpreted to be due to the difference between in interim and annual statements and the use of cash and accrual base accounting. In addition, this is interpreted to be more pronounced in the non-life insurance industry, where the complexity of payment process and the probability of earnings managements related to the loss reserves are high. The results are significant in that it compares and analyzed the characteristics of insurance accounting information in the transitional stage of converting to full accrual basis with the adoption of IFRS 17 and predicts changes in insurance accounting information.