Suction Case Research Articles

Computational study of magnetohydrodynamic squeeze flow between infinite parallel disks

This paper explores the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) squeeze flow of an electrically conducting fluid between two infinite parallel disks with a perpendicular magnetic field. The study focuses on the case where the upper disk moves towards a stationary lower disk. By employing similarity variables, we reduce the MHD momentum and continuity equations into a fourth-order linear boundary value problem, solved using a modified operational matrix method. The numerical approach is validated through L2-truncation error analysis, boundary condition comparisons, and by comparing results with other methods like HAM, HPM, and bvp4c that produce analytical and numerical solutions. Graphical analyses reveal the effects of the squeeze number, Hartman number, and the boundary parameter on velocity and flow profile. Results indicate that the Hartman number significantly affects the velocity due to the Lorentz force, while the squeeze number and boundary parameter influence the velocity and flow profile differently in suction and injection cases. The numerical solution demonstrates high accuracy and convergence compared to previous methods in terms of absolute error.

Comparative study for heat transfer characteristics of many graphene hybrid nanofluids flow over a shrinking sheet

In this work, steady two-dimensional boundary layer flow of an electrically conductive hybrid nanofluids past a shrinking sheet, along with magnetic field, thermal radiation, suction/injection, heat source/sink and velocity slip model, has been investigated. Particularly, eight mixed hybrid graphene nanofluids of copper, silver, aluminium oxide and titanium dioxide were studied and compared with the classical graphene–water nanofluid. Appropriate similarity transformations have been used to convert the governing PDEs into a set of non-linear ODEs, then, we deduced exact solutions of the flow and temperature. In addition, possibility of obtaining no, unique and dual solutions for these functions were introduced as critical values and regions via graphs. Moreover, validation of the present solutions with those in the literature has been tabulated. Furthermore, asymptotic expression and local extremum for the most important equation were studied.On comparing with those results in the literature at some special values of the included parameters, excellent agreements were gotten. It was mentioned that two conditions have to be simultaneously applied to result the temperature dual solution with restrictions on choosing values of specific parameters. Further, in the injection case, the temperature distributions are larger by about 66.7% on comparing with those in the suction case, for all almost the investigated parameters. To get the highest temperature, it was deduced that the copper is to be firstly added to the water and then mixed with the graphene to produce the hybrid nanofluid. Graphene–copper/water employs as a heater on increasing the Eckert number, shrinking parameter and second velocity slip (for N<0). Furthermore, it acts as cooler with an increase of magnetic field, |heat source/sink parameter|, suction/injection parameter, solid volume fraction, first velocity slip and second velocity slip (for N>0).

Hybrid Nanofluid Flow over a Shrinking Rotating Disk: Response Surface Methodology

For efficient heating and cooling applications, minimum wall shear stress and maximum heat transfer rate are desired. The current study optimized the local skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number in Al2O3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid flow over a permeable shrinking rotating disk. First, the governing equations and boundary conditions are solved numerically using the bvp4c solver in MATLAB. Von Kármán’s transformations are used to reduce the partial differential equations into solvable non-linear ordinary differential equations. The augmentation of the mass transfer parameter is found to reduce the local skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number. Higher values of these physical quantities of interest are observed in the injection case than in the suction case. Meanwhile, the increase in the magnitude of the shrinking parameter improved and reduced the local skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number, respectively. Then, response surface methodology (RSM) is conducted to understand the interactive impacts of the controlling parameters in optimizing the physical quantities of interest. With a desirability of 66%, the local skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number are optimized at 1.528780016 and 0.888353037 when the shrinking parameter (λ) and mass transfer parameter (S) are −0.8 and −0.6, respectively.

Transpiration effect on magneto-flow of ternary hybrid nanofluid above an exponentially elongating sheet

Nanotechnological research advancements have introduced ternary hybrid nanofluids (THNFs), new technological fluids with augmented thermal properties that give better results than regular nanofluids. This work addresses THNF flow and thermal transmission features induced by an exponentially extending surface with an uneven heat source and viscid dissipation effects. The prime aim of this research is to examine the augmented energy transfer mechanism of Cu + Ag + F e 3 O 4 THNF with suction and injection situations. The transformed ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and edge limitations are exercised by employing bvp5c MATLAB package. The computational outcomes of the flow and energy fields were illustrated thru graphical and numerical trends. The energy transfer ability is developed in the suction case as equated with the injection case. The uneven heat rise factor tends to augment the rate of heat transfer and thermal fields of the THNF.

PARAMETRIC STUDY OF SUCTION OR BLOWINGEFFECTS ON TURBULENT FLOW OVER A FLATPLATE

The two-dimensional, incompressible, and turbulent boundary layer flow over a flat plate with suction or blowing from a spanwise slot is examined numerically. The mathematical modeling involves the derivation of the governing partial differential equations of the problems. These are the continuity, the momentum, the energy and the (K-ε) turbulence model. Besides, the perfect gas law is also used. A numerical solution of the governing equations is approximated by using a finite volume method, with staggered grid and modified SIMPLE algorithm. A computer program in FORTRAN 90 is built to perform the numerical solution.The developed computational algorithm is tested for the flow over a flat plate (4m) long with uniform suction or blowing velocity ratios of (V/U∞ =± 0.0185, ± 0.0463 and ±0.0925 m/s) are imposed on the slot for Reynolds number of (1.36 x 107 ), based on the plate length. The position of the slot change in the range of (X/L=1/4, 1/2 and 3/4) from leading edge and also, change width of slot in the value equal (0.12, 0.2 and 0.28m).The plate temperature is (70 °C), with the free stream velocity and temperature are (8.6m/s) and (25 °C) respectively. In addition, the effects of pitch angles on the flow field are investigated in the range of (30о   150о).The numerical results show that, for a uniform blowing, location of slot equal (X/L=1/4) from leading edge, a significant reduction of skin friction coefficient, wall shear stress and boundary layer thickness [displacement and momentum] to occur. While, an increase in boundary layer shape factor. Reynolds stress (uv) is more decreased than [(uu) and (vv)], mean velocity profiles in wall coordinates and dimensionless distance (U+, y+) decreases. When slot location is moved downstream to locations (X/L=1/2 or 3/4) a similar behavior can be said and most effective slot is obtained as (slot at X/L= 3m) from leading edge. While width of slot equal (0.28m) is better than values equal (0.12m and 0.2m). An opposite observations for the case of suction. The numerical results are compared with available numerical results and experimental data and a satisfactory results are obtained.

Performance improvement of a double-suction centrifugal pump for water supply system based on energy loss analysis and cavitation behaviour prediction

ABSTRACT To gain a comprehensive understanding of the energy dissipation of a double-suction pump, analysing the energy loss of its various components is necessary. However, the liquid temperature in the double-suction pump remains almost constant, using the entropy production or dissipation method to evaluate energy loss is difficult. The traditional analysis method based on pressure drop cannot quantify the internal energy changes in each component. To solve this problem, a pressure energy loss evaluation approach is developed on the basis of the pressure drop theoretical analysis and numerical prediction, and the effects of cavitation on the energy loss are investigated. The structure of the volute casing is improved to enhance the performance based on energy loss analysis and cavitation behaviour prediction. The results show that the energy loss efficiencies for the suction casing, impeller, and volute casing are 0.55, 4.6, and 5%, respectively, at the design flow rate. The proportion of energy loss in the impeller and volute casing increased with a decrease in NPSHa. The RNG k–ε and k–ω turbulence models are chosen for the numerical simulation, and the numerically predicted results are verified experimentally.

Viscoelastic effect on the triple diffusive oscillatory flow in a fluid-saturated porous layer

The combined heat and mass transfer, the so-called thermosolutal convective problem, has become an attractive field of research in many diversified areas. In this paper, for the first time, oscillatory flow analysis has been carried out for triple diffusive viscoelastic fluid flow in a porous medium. A comprehensive model is developed for the modified Darcy–Brinkman–Oldroyd-B fluid, porous medium, Boussinesq approximation, heat and mass transfer across a finite temperature and concentration difference in the chemical potential of two salts. Triple diffusive viscoelastic fluid flows through porous media have grown significantly as this situation occurs in more than a few applications such as improved oil recovery filtration, liquid complex molding, solidification of liquid crystals, cooling of metallic plate in a bath, exotic lubricants and colloidal solutions, polymer processing, chemical and bioengineering industries, among others. The governing coupled nonlinear partial differential equations with boundary constraints represent the modeled flow problem. In addition, these equations are converted into non-dimensional form by employing suitable non-dimensionalizing quantities. The impacts of the pertinent parameters and related dimensionless numbers on the dimensionless velocity, temperature, concentrations, shear stress, heat and mass transfer are examined for both suction and injection cases. It has been found that when the injection level on the heated plate is increased, the shear rate increases for each channel plate. Furthermore, we recognized that the viscoelastic parameters exhibit an opposite kind of behavior on the velocity, temperature, and concentrations fields.

Study on Unsteady Flow Characteristics of Cooling Water Pump for Nuclear Power Plant Equipment under Low Flow Rate Conditions

During the operation of cooling water pumps, it is necessary to operate them under conditions of low flow rate. In order to improve the unstable performance of the cooling water pump under low flow rate conditions. Taking the cooling water pump as the research object, the internal flow and pressure pulsation characteristics of the cooling water pump under 0.4Q to 0.6Q conditions were investigated, and the influence of different operating conditions on the performance and vibration of the cooling water pump was analyzed. The ANSYS CFX 2022 software and the SST k-ω turbulence model were used to perform a three-dimensional numerical simulation of the cooling water pump. After analyzing the simulation results, the velocity and pressure cloud and streamline diagram within the semi-spiral suction casing and impeller were obtained. The internal flow state of the cooling water pump was then analyzed in detail under low flow rate conditions. At the same time, a series of monitoring points were set up within the impeller, and the pressure pulsation within the impeller was analyzed using the frequency domain diagram and the radial force polar coordinate diagram. The results show that at flow rates between 0.4Q and 0.6Q, a certain amount of vortex has been generated in the suction casing, which affects the flow state when entering the impeller. Furthermore, significant vortices have been generated in the middle and back part of the blade and mainly concentrated in the pump cover of the mid-open pump. At the same time, when in low flow rate conditions, the primary frequency of pressure pulsation is mainly the axial frequency, with three times the axial frequency and blade frequency following. The amplitude of the pressure surface (PS) of the blade is greater than that of the suction surface (SS) and increases as the flow rate decreases. The internal radial force corresponds with the result of pressure pulsation and exhibits a certain pattern. This study outlines the coolant pump’s internal flow and pressure pulsation characteristics under low-flow conditions. It proposes a solution to stabilize the cooling water pump at low flow rates and provides theoretical guidance for optimizing its design.

Sensitivity analysis of various factors on the micropolar hybrid nanofluid flow with optimized heat transfer rate using response surface methodology: A statistical approach

The current investigation is based on the impact of the nanoparticle shape on the micropolar hybrid nanofluid flow in a vertical plate. Furthermore, the aim of this investigation is to optimize the skin friction as well as the Nusselt number using a statistical approach known as “Response Surface Methodology” (RSM). The micropolar hybrid nanofluid is considered due to its enhanced thermal properties likely the Hamilton–Crosser thermal conductivity, Gharesim model viscosity, etc. A suitable similarity rule is adopted for the transformation of the designed model into ordinary and then solved numerically utilizing the shooting-based Runge–Kutta fourth-order technique. The simulated results of diversified parameters are presented through graphs. Furthermore, RSM is employed to design and develop a mathematical model to get an optimized hear transfer rate along with the rate of shear stress. The required components are carefully selected, and the corresponding responses are recorded. The collected data is subsequently employed in constructing a response surface through regression analysis. This process allows for the determination of optimal conditions to enhance heat transfer, which is then confirmed through analysis of variance testing. However, the major outcomes of the study are; for the case of suction with increasing particle concentrations, the shear rate, hear transfer rate, and couple stress coefficients are enhanced significantly. Furthermore, the non-Newtonian parameter and the magnetic parameter also favor in enhancing the rate coefficients.

Significance of Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion and induced magnetic field on Maxwell ternary nanofluid flow with magnetic response boundary

The present study delves into the significance of Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion and the induced magnetic field (IMF) on a stagnation-point flow of Maxwell ternary nanofluids. A new boundary condition with the magnetic response is designed to study superior heat and mass transfer of Maxwell ternary nanofluid combined with double diffusion and IMF. The governing equations are formulated by mathematically modeling of the current flow in a Cartesian coordinate system and solved using an improved shooting method and the Runge-Kutta method. Through the application of similarity transformations, the governing equations are transformed into a system of initial boundary value ordinary differential equations. These equations are further transformed into linear equations with initial value problems using the shooting method and subsequently solved using the Runge-Kutta method and Newton's iterative techniques. The numerical results and correlation analysis vividly demonstrate the profound influence of double diffusion and IMF on thermal and concentration patterns via graphical representations. It is found that the double diffusion and the induced magnetic field always helps to achieve lower temperature and concentration. The magnetic response boundary leads to higher heat and mass transfer efficiency for the suction case. The magnetically responsive boundary is verified to be effective for regulating the heat and mass transfer of ternary nanofluid.

Analysis of an aligned magnetic nano-Casson fluid flow along with bio-convection based on Stefan's blowing

This theoretical study illustrates the effect of an inclined stretching sheet with bio-mixed convection, aligned magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), porous medium, Joule heating, viscous dissipation, the Buongiorno nanofluid model, and chemical reaction effects. Stefan blowing (SB) and partial slips, as well as our presumptions and laws, like the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy, must all be taken into consideration when solving our partial differential equations (PDEs). Similarity transformations are used in the context of a gyro-tactic motile microorganism flowing through an inclined stretched surface to produce ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The BVP4C method generates numerical results for different parameters through MATLAB programming. Additionally, a numerical and graphical exploration of the effects of numerous developing variables on the velocity, temperature, concentration, and density of motile bacteria is done. To verify the accuracy of the numerical model, the findings of the numerical research are compared to experimental data. Microbial distribution decreases with both negative and positive SB (suction and injection) attitudes, as indicated by the Peclet number and microbe movement coefficient. The mobility of microorganisms increases with higher values of the Lewis number, which governs their motility. The Lewis number and chemical reaction parameters affect the volume fraction transfer during the flow of the nano-Casson fluid in both the suction and injection cases of the SB effect, leading to increased concentration transfer.

An exact solution for two-dimensional laminar boundary layer flows in porous media under stretching/shrinking boundary with power-law velocity

BackgroundThe boundary layer flow past stretching/shrinking sheet is widely discussed due to their significance in chemical and engineering applications. A class of laminar boundary layer flows driven by a permeable stretching/shrinking boundary with power-law velocities is under investigation as well as in the presence of mass transpiration and Darcy-Brinkman porous media. Problem sectionThe fluid flow modelled into coupled highly non-linear partial differential equations and these are mapped into nonlinear ordinary differential equations via similarity transformations, which as a consequence are analytically solved. Significant findingsThe domain of solution so derived is a function of mass transpiration, stretching/shrinking boundary, Brinkman viscosity ratio and power-law index. The associated nonlinear equations exhibit lower- and upper-branch solutions that reveal very interesting axial and transverse profiles for various physical parameters under different cases of power-law indices. The boundary-layer effect of various power-law indices over the moving surface is thoroughly revisited in the present study to include the influence of mass transpiration and porous media. In the mass suction case, velocity is a monotonically decreasing function and highest velocity happens at the wall. In the mass injection case, the highest velocity does happen in the fluid region.

Numerical investigation of the magnetohydrodynamic hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching surface with mixed convection: A case of strong suction

The present work explores the physical aspects of the alumina and silver nanoparticles on the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of mixed convection micropolar hybrid nanofluid with ethylene glycol + water [Formula: see text] base fluid via stretching surface embedded in a porous medium. A strong magnetic field is employed normally in the flow direction. The behavior of the suction on the presented flow analysis is discussed strongly. Heat transport phenomena are analyzed. The current model’s mathematical modeling is based on higher-order nonlinear partial differential equations, which are then translated into higher-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations using appropriate similarity transformations. The modeled higher-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations are solved using NDSolve technique. The physical significance of the different flow parameters on the velocity, microrotation, and temperature profiles of the hybrid nanofluid are described in a graphical form. In a tabular form, the skin friction coefficients for nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid against various flow parameters are calculated. Some important results from this investigation are demonstrated that the velocity of the hybrid nanofluid is higher for the stretching ratio parameter and it is detected that the suction parameter enhanced the microrotation profile of the hybrid nanofluid. From the comparison, it is noted that the velocity, microrotation, and temperature of the hybrid nanofluid are higher as compared to the velocity, microrotation, and temperature of the alumina nanofluid and silver-nanofluid.

Hydatidiform Mole Types and Age Demographics in Sindh Province, Pakistan

Hydatidiform mole can be classified as partial and complete depending on the clinical and histopathological features. There is regional variation in incidence of hydatidiform mole with more cases seen in Asia, Africa and other developing countries. This cross-sectional descriptive study was done at the department of histopathology in Diagnostic and research laboratory Hyderabad Sindh. A total of 261 cases were added in the study including 251 cases of suction and evacuation and 10 cases of hysterectomy. The mean age was 27.16±6.66 with age range of 17-60 years. In our study out of 260 samples, 155(59.6%) were of complete mole while 105(40.4%) were of partial mole. The incidence of mole was highest in the age group 26-30 years. The prevalence of hydatidiform mole was notably higher in comparison to numerous other studies. In conclusion, it is recommended that all abortion specimens undergo evaluation to prevent misdiagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease and to ensure appropriate treatment and follow-up, thereby minimizing the risk of complications. Keywords: Hydatidiform mole. Complete mole. Partial mole. Molar pregnancy.

A suction method to mitigate pressure waves induced by high-speed maglev trains passing through tunnels

When a high-speed maglev train travels through a tunnel, sudden pressure changes are generated in the tunnel, which have a negative impact on the comfort of passengers and the service life of equipment. Moreover, a strong micro-pressure wave is radiated, causing environmental noise at the tunnel exit. Using the unsteady compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations based on the shear stress transport k-ω turbulence model, this study investigates the effectiveness of suction (deployed on the tunnel wall) to mitigate the pressure waves and compares the results obtained under different suction velocities. The results show that when the suction is actuated, a low-pressure region is generated near the suction slots, which can trim down the initial compression wave and the high-pressure region in front of the train. Moreover, the instantaneous train surface pressure, tunnel surface pressure and micro-pressure wave have a significant relationship with the suction velocity. For instance, compared to the no suction case, the suction-actuated case with the suction velocity of 50 m/s contributes to an amplitude reduction of 10.44% and 30.61% for the first and second sudden pressure changes, respectively, at train surface measuring point H1 (at the nose of the train); an amplitude reduction of more than 14% for the sudden pressure change at tunnel surface measuring point T17 (at the middle of the tunnel); and an amplitude reduction of 12.44% for the micro-pressure wave at measuring point M2 (outside the tunnel and 20 m from the tunnel exit). These indicate that the suction technique can be employed to alleviate the tunnel aerodynamic effect. Also, the results obtained under different suction velocities can serve as a guide for the design of suction actuators.

MHD Hybrid Nanofluid Flow over a Stretching/Shrinking Sheet with Skin Friction: Effects of Radiation and Mass Transpiration

The study of inclined magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) mixed convective incompressible flow of a fluid with hybrid nanoparticles containing a colloidal combination of nanofluids and base fluid is presented in the current research. Al2O3-Cu/H2O hybrid nanofluid is utilized in the current analysis to enhance the heat transfer analysis. The impact of radiation is also placed at energy equation. The main research methodology includes that the problem provided equations are first transformed into non-dimensional form, and then they are obtained in ordinary differential equations (ODEs) form. Then using the solutions of momentum and transfers equations to solve the given ODEs to get the root of the equation. The main purpose includes the resulting equations are then analytically resolved with the aid of suitable boundary conditions. The results can be discussed with various physical parameters viz., stretched/shrinked-Rayleigh number, stretching/shrinking parameter, Prandtl number, etc. Besides, skin friction and heat transfer coefficient can be examined with suitable similarity transformations. The main significance of the present work is to explain the mixed convective fluid flow on the basis of analytical method. Main findings at the end we found that the transverse and tangential velocities are more for more values of stretched/shrinked-Rayleigh number and mass transpiration for both suction and injection cases. This is the special method it includes stretched/shrinked-Rayleigh number, it contributes major role in this analysis. The purpose of finding the present work is to understand the analytical solution on the basis of mixed convective method.

Thermosolutal Marangoni convection on a permeable flat surface with aligned magnetic field and thermophoretic effect: an OHAM solution

In this venture, the challenge to study the mathematical model and its approximate solution for boundary layer thermosolutal Marangoni convection on a permeable flat surface with thermophoretic velocity and aligned magnetic field has been undertaken. Using a special type of transformation, governing PDEs are converted into ODEs. A semi-analytical method known as optimal homotopy analysis method(OHAM) has been used to develop solutions for proposed mathematical model. The novelty of the study is in the exploration of simultaneous impacts of thermophoretic velocity and inclined magnetic field on flow and heat-mass transport while mass suction/injection is using OHAM. Solutions obtained by OHAM are compared with other published literature and it is revealed that our numerical values are improved by approximately up to 7%. The obtained solutions for various important parameters are displayed in the form of graphs and tables. The study explores the variable behaviors of velocity, temperature, and concentration for growths of Marangoni number, magnetic parameter, and thermophoretic parameter, while there exists mass suction or injection. It reveals that in both cases, i.e. suction and injection cases, velocity grows and temperature and concentration reduce with increasing magnetic parameters and inclination angle of aligned magnetic field and these variations are more prominent in case injection. If the magnetic field is orthogonal to the flat surface, then corresponding Lorentz force produces maximum resistance for the transport phenomenon. The spreading effect of induced surface velocity due to Marangoni convection is observed in the entire boundary layer region in case of mass suction, while for injection case it is witnessed only near the surface. Whereas, for higher value of thermophoretic velocity, the concentration exhibits a reducing trend. For rising values of Marangoni number, wall velocity, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number significantly grow, while magnetic field has contrary impacts.

Numerical Study of Unsteady Magnetohydrodynamics Flow and Heat Transfer of Hybrid Nanofluid Induced by a Slendering Surface with Suction and Injection Effects

Since the last two decades, most of the researchers have concentrated on the nanofluids boundary layer flow over a surface of even thickness or flat surface. This article deals with a mathematical model, which describe the hybrid nanofluid (SiO2–MoS2/water) flow over a slendering surface (surface of uneven thickness). The novelty is to study the effects of natural convection and porous medium. The analysis of heat transfer is also accomplished and for the same purpose, the viscous dissipation, heat source/sink, ohmic heating and thermal radiation effects are incorporated. The velocity slip and thermal slip boundary conditions with suction/injection effects are applied. Similarity transformations are utilized to change the prevailing PDEs to ODEs. Numerical investigation is performed to solve the equations. The MATLAB in built function “bvp4c solver” is employed for finding the solution. The velocity and temperature profile were found higher for the injection case in comparison to the suction. The effect of power law index parameter and unsteadiness parameter is to aid the flow velocity. The heat generation parameters, Eckert number and volume fraction of nanoparticles act to augment the flow temperature. For the suction and injection case, the radiation parameter has positive correlation with the heat transfer rate.

A Numerical Analysis of the Hybrid Nanofluid (Ag+TiO2+Water) Flow in the Presence of Heat and Radiation Fluxes

The hydrothermal characteristics of (Ag+TiO2+H2O) hybrid nanofluid three dimensional flow between two vertical plates, in which the right permeable plate stretches as well as rotates, are investigated by employing varying magnetic, heat and radiation fluxes. The motion is governed by coupled PDEs (nonlinear) obeying suitable boundary conditions. The PDEs coupled system is transformed to a coupled set of nonlinear ODEs employing appropriate similarity transformation relations. The resultant equations are numerically solved through the bv4c solver. The impact of the changing strength of associated parameters on the flow is investigated graphically and through tables. It has been found that the velocity gradient and velocity initially increase and then decrease with increasing Grashof number values in both the suction and injection cases. The enhancing magnetic field first augments and then lowers the velocity gradient in the presence of radiation source of maximum strength. The increasing strength of injection parameter drops the velocity. The temperature distribution in the fluid increases with the increasing Eckert number, radiation flux and heat strength and nanomaterial concentration, and depreciates with the enhancing injection parameter values and Prandtl number. The Cfx increases with a higher magnetic field magnitude and nanomaterial concentration, and declines with an increasing Grashof number. The results obtained are compared with the available literature in the form of tables.

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS FOR MODIFICATION OF SEPARATED BOUNDARY LAYERS OVER NREL'S S822 USING BLOWING/SUCTION TECHNIQUES

The majority of wind turbine models are built to work in areas with high wind speeds. Such turbines would waste a lot of the energy available in low-speed zones. The performance of these turbines should be improved using sophisticated techniques in order to match the locations' available wind energy. Therefore, in the current study, active flow control (AFC) was applied over the NREL S822 profile (small horizontal wind turbine) using blowing/suction techniques to determine where these methods will be most effective. At a constant speed of 15.8 m/s and an angle of attack of 18 deg, blowing and suction techniques have been used either together or individually. The results showed that the use of the NREL S822 aerofoil with AFC enhances the wind turbine performance by an average of 15&amp;#37; compared to using no AFC. It was discovered that the technique at the B3 (x/c &amp;#61; 0.54) slot was the best blowing technique, and the technique at the S1 (x/c &amp;#61; 0.18) slot was the best suction case and the maximum lift-to-drag ratio (C&lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt;/C&lt;sub&gt;D&lt;/sub&gt;) when S1B3 was activated, indicating that S1B3 is the best technique with an 87&amp;#37; improvement rate.