Cases Of Mushroom Poisoning Research Articles

Study on the correlation between the number of mushroom poisoning cases and meteorological factors based on the generalized additive model in Guizhou Province, 2023

BackgroundMushroom poisoning is a significant food safety issue in Guizhou Province, China. Studies on this topic are essential for its prevention and control. We aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mushroom poisoning and study the correlation between its cases and meteorological factors in Guizhou Province.MethodsWe collected data on mushroom poisoning and meteorological factors in Guizhou Province in 2023. A descriptive analysis was conducted on the epidemiological features of mushroom poisoning and meteorological factors. We used Spearman correlation analysis and the generalized additive model to examine the relationship between meteorological factors and the number of mushroom poisoning cases.ResultsIn 2023, mushroom poisoning cases in Guizhou Province were concentrated among individuals aged 20–59. Clinical symptoms were primarily gastrointestinal symptoms and occurrences peaked from June to October, mainly in the northeastern region of the province. Most incidents occurred in households. In 72 mushroom poisoning incidents where species were identified, 33 poisonous mushrooms were found. The number of mushroom poisoning cases in Guizhou Province was positively correlated with each meteorological factor(P < 0.05). The generalized additive model showed a significant nonlinear relationship between DGT, PRE, RHU, SSD, and the number of mushroom poisoning cases (P < 0.05). Interaction analysis showed that the risk of mushroom poisoning in Guizhou Province increased with the rising values of any two of these four meteorological factors.ConclusionMushroom poisoning incidents in Guizhou Province are characterized by high-risk groups, seasonality, and specific high-incidence regions and places. Public awareness for high-risk groups and early warnings for high-incidence regions and places should be strengthened every summer and fall. There is a correlation between meteorological factors and the number of mushroom poisoning cases, suggesting that these factors could serve as early warning indicators for the prevention and control of mushroom poisoning.

Machine Learning and Image Processing-Based System for Identifying Mushrooms Species in Malaysia

Malaysia, a country with a tropical climate characterized by consistent warmth and year-long high humidity, houses the perfect conditions for mushroom growth. Recently, there has been a surge in back-to-nature activities in Malaysia. However, many participants lack prior knowledge about the local flora and fungi, leading to a rise in mushroom poisoning cases, some of which have been fatal. Despite thorough research, there is a notable lack of identification studies specifically focused on mushroom species in Malaysia. Identifying these species is crucial for medical providers to effectively counteract the toxins from ingested mushrooms and also serves as an important educational tool. This study aims to determine the most suitable architecture for mushroom identification, focusing specifically on mushroom species found in Malaysia. A dataset of these mushrooms was curated, augmented, and processed through multiple variants of Vision Transformers (ViTs) and ResNet models, with uniform hyperparameters to ensure fairness. The results indicate that the ViT-L/16 model achieved the highest accuracy at 90.47%.

Using a DNA mini-barcode within the ITS region to identify toxic Amanita in mushroom poisoning cases

Mushroom poisoning contributes significantly to global foodborne diseases and related fatalities. Amanita mushrooms frequently cause such poisonings; however, identifying these toxic species is challenging due to the unavailability of fresh and intact samples. It is often necessary to analyze residues, vomitus, or stomach extracts to obtain DNA sequences for the identification of species responsible for causing food poisoning. This usually proves challenging to obtain usable DNA sequences that can be analyzed using conventional molecular biology techniques. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a DNA mini-barcoding method for the identification of Amanita species. Following the evaluation and optimization of universal primers for DNA mini-barcoding in Amanita mushrooms, we found that the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene sequence primer ITS-a was the most suitable DNA barcode primer for identifying Amanita species. Forty-three Amanita samples were subsequently amplified and sequenced. The sequences obtained were analyzed for intra- and inter-species genetic distances, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The findings indicated that the designed primers had strong universality among the Amanita samples and could accurately identify the target gene fragment with a length of 290 bp. Notably, the DNA mini-barcode accurately identified the 43 Amanita samples, demonstrating high consistency with the conventional DNA barcode. Furthermore, it effectively identified DNA from digested samples. In summary, this DNA mini-barcode is a promising tool for detecting accidental ingestion of toxic Amanita mushrooms. It may be used as an optimal barcode for species identification and traceability in events of Amanita-induced mushroom poisoning.Key points• Development of a DNA mini-barcoding method for Amanita species identification without fresh samples.• The ITS-a primer set was optimized for robust universality in Amanita samples.• The mini-barcode is suitable for screening toxic mushroom species in mushroom poisoning cases.Graphical

Amanitin-induced variable cytotoxicity in various cell lines is mediated by the different expression levels of OATP1B3

Amanita phalloides is one of the deadliest mushrooms worldwide, causing most fatal cases of mushroom poisoning. Among the poisonous substances of Amanita phalloides, amanitins are the most lethal toxins to humans. Currently, there are no specific antidotes available for managing amanitin poisoning and treatments are lack of efficacy. Amanitin mainly causes severe injuries to specific organs, such as the liver, stomach, and kidney, whereas the lung, heart, and brain are hardly affected. However, the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon remains not understood. To explore the possible mechanism of organ specificity of amanitin-induced toxicity, eight human cell lines derived from different organs were exposed to α, β, and γ-amanitin at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 100 μM. We found that the cytotoxicity of amanitin differs greatly in various cell lines, among which liver-derived HepG2, stomach-derived BGC-823, and kidney-derived HEK-293 cells are most sensitive. Further mechanistic study revealed that the variable cytotoxicity is mainly dependent on the different expression levels of the organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3), which facilitates the internalization of amanitin into cells. Besides, knockdown of OATP1B3 in HepG2 cells prevented α-amanitin-induced cytotoxicity. These results indicated that OATP1B3 may be a crucial therapeutic target against amanitin-induced organ failure.

The effects of CDP-choline treatment in Amanita phalloides mushroom toxicosis

Amanita phalloides poisoning is known to be the most fatal case among mushroom poisoning cases. Its main mechanism of toxicity is that it leads to cell death by the irreversible binding of its toxins to the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II enzyme. This study was planned to analyze the effects of the CDP-choline molecule on Amanita phalloides mushroom poisoning cases.The extract of the Amanita phalloides mushroom was taken and intraperitoneally administered to male Wistar Albino rats at a dose of 0.3 g/kg. In the experiment phase, the rats were divided into three groups of CDP-choline treatment according to the doses of 100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg, and one control group was administered a 1 ml/kg dose of 0.9% isotonic NaCl solution. The treatments were then administered intraperitoneally at the 2nd hour, and at the 6th hour, the rats were sacrificed. The degree of damage in the liver and kidney tissues of the rats was evaluated histopathologically.It was concluded that CDP-choline reduced or prevented the damage that occurred in the liver significantly and dose-dependently in the toxicosis picture caused by Amanita phalloides, and it showed a tendency to lower or prevent the damage in the kidney, albeit not significantly.

Mushroom poisoning outbreaks in Guizhou Province, China: a prediction study using SARIMA and Prophet models

Mushroom poisoning is a public health concern worldwide that not only harms the physical and mental health of those who are poisoned but also increases the medical and financial burden on families and society. The present study aimed to describe and analyze the current situations and factors influencing mushroom poisoning outbreaks in Guizhou province, Southwest China, between January 2012 and June 2022, and to predict the future trends of its occurrence. Our study provides a basis for the rational formulation of prevention and control and medical resource allocation policies for mushroom poisoning. The epidemiological characteristics and factors influencing mushroom poisoning incidence were analyzed using descriptive epidemiological methods and the chi-squared test, respectively. Then, future occurrence trends were predicted using the SARIMA and Prophet models. In total, 1577 mushroom poisoning incidents were recorded in Guizhou Province, with 7347 exposures, 5497 cases, 3654 hospitalizations, and 93 fatalities. The mortality rate was 4.45% in 1 ~ 6 years higher than other age groups. There were notable geographic and seasonal characteristics, with the number of occurrences much higher in rural areas (1198) than in cities (379), and poisoning cases were more common during the rainy season (June to September). The mortality rate of household poisoning cases was 1.86%, with the most deaths occurring in households. Statistically significant differences were observed in the incidence across various cities, periods, and poisoning locations (P < 0.05). Both models had advantages and disadvantages for prediction. Nevertheless, the SARIMA model had better overall prediction results than the Prophet model (R > 0.9, the residual plot of the prediction results was randomly distributed, and RMSESARIMA < RMSEProphet). However, the prediction result plot of the Prophet model was more explanatory than the SARIMA model and could visualize overall and seasonal trends. Both models predicted that the prevalence of mushroom poisoning would continue to increase in the future; however, the number of fatalities is generally declining. Seasonal patterns indicated that a high number of deaths from gooseberry mushroom poisoning occurred in October. The epidemiological trends of mushroom poisoning remain severe, and health education on related knowledge must be strengthened in rural areas, with June to October as the key prevention and control phase. Further, medical treatment of mushroom poisoning cases with clinical symptoms should pay attention to inquiries to check whether the mushroom is similar in appearance to the Amanita, particularly in October.

Epidemiology and clinical aspect of mushroom poisonings in South Sardinia: A 10-year retrospective analysis (2011-2021).

Mushroom poisoning is a severe problem of public health, however, information about its epidemiology and management is still limited. This is the first study focused on Sardinia that investigates data about mushroom poisoning describing epidemiology, clinical presentation, seasonality, and the most common involved species. In this retrospective study, we analyzed data recovered from the database of Mycological Inspectorates during a 10-year period (2011-2021). Overall, 164 cases of mushroom poisoning have been identified, with significant peaks in autumn. The highest number of episodes of intoxication were recorded in Cagliari (64), followed by Carbonia (55) and Sanluri (45), although the annual distribution of cases among the provinces varied considerably in the study period. Thanks to the expertise of the Mycological Inspectorate service, the implicated species have been identified in 162 cases (98.78%); 81 cases were caused by toxic species, 60 by edible, and 45 by not edible species. Omphalotus olearius and Agaricus xanthodermus were the most represented toxic species (22% and 18%, respectively); Boletus aereus (18%) was the most frequent edible species, while Boletaceae were the prevalent not edible mushrooms. The data collected in South Sardinia over a period of 10-years demonstrate how a correct and rapid recognition of mushroom poisoning is important to improve the prognosis of patients, however, there are still problems of lack of knowledge, on the part of the population, on the existence of the consultancy services. Because most illnesses from poisonous mushroom ingestion are preventable, increased public awareness about the potential dangers of mushroom poisoning is mandatory.

Application to several suspected poisoning cases of a validated analytical method for the determination of muscarine in human biological matrices using liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry detection.

Despite prevention efforts, many cases of mushroom poisoning are reported around the world every year. Among the different toxins implicated in these poisonings, muscarine may induce parasympathetic neurological damage. Muscarine poisonings are poorly reported in the current literature, implying a lack of available data on muscarine concentrations in human matrices. A validated liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry detection (Orbitrap technology) method was developed to determine muscarine concentrations in human urine, plasma, and whole blood samples. Muscarine was determined using 100 μL of biological fluids, and precipitation was used for sample preparation. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed using an Accucore Phenyl-X analytical column with the electrospray source in positive ion mode. Muscarine was quantitated in parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mode with D9-muscarine as the internal standard. The method was validated successfully over the concentration range 0.1-100 μg/L for plasma and whole blood and 1-100 μg/L for urine, with acceptable precision and accuracy (<13.5%), including the lower limit of quantification. Ten real cases of suspected muscarine poisoning were successfully confirmed with this validated method. Muscarine concentrations in these cases ranged from 0.12 to 14 μg/L in whole blood, <LOQ to 43 μg/L in plasma, and <LOQ to 1537 μg/L in urine. This work provides a tool of choice for the diagnosis of muscarine poisoning when mushrooms are not available for identification, as well as the possibility of determining toxins in the blood, which is an important step toward understanding the pharmacokinetics of the mycotoxin.

Mushroom Poisonous Prediction Based on the Logistic Regression Model

Mushroom poisoning is a critical food safety issue that poses a significant threat to public health. In China alone, in 2022, there were 1332 reported cases of mushroom poisoning, leading to 28 deaths. With the existence of numerous toxic mushroom species that can cause fatal consequences, it is crucial to develop a reliable model for predicting mushroom toxicity. In this study, a logistic regression model was developed using a dataset consisting of over 60,000 records with 20 different variables. The model was constructed using the Python programming language and the Scikit-learn package. Logistic regression is a binary classification algorithm that uses a sigmoid function to transform its results into probability values. It relies on relationships between variables to predict a value and subsequently converts it to either a positive or negative outcome, corresponding to two classes. The results of this study indicated that the developed model achieved 100% prediction accuracy with the use of 2000 or more records in the dataset. Therefore, the proposed logistic regression model presents a promising tool for accurately predicting mushroom toxicity and mitigating the risks associated with mushroom poisoning. Further research could focus on expanding the dataset to include additional variables, such as environmental and geographical factors, to improve the model's accuracy and applicability.

Türkiye’deki Mantar Zehirlenmeleri: Bir Meta-Analiz Çalışması

Objectives: The aim of this research is to examine the characteristics of mushroom poisoning (MP) in Turkey in the last 20 years and evaluate the clinical results of MP.&#x0D; Materials and methods: Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus databases were scanned with the phrases "mushroom poisoning, mushroom poisoning in Turkey, mushroom poisining, mushroom poisinings in Turkey".17 studies including sample volume, gender distribution, age average, complaint to the health institution, transplantation and full recovery rates were included in the analysis. In statistical data, random effects model was used.&#x0D; Results: The average age in studies involving MP cases was 38.2 years (95Cl% 36.1-40.3). The average age determined as to whether the family members are adults, elderly or childhood is as expected.&#x0D; Conclusion: Although patients vary in age and gender distribution of MP Turkey, symptoms and findings in admission to the hospital, liver and kidney failure distributions, and transplantation complete remission rates vary significantly.

Cyclopeptide mushroom poisoning: A retrospective series of 204 patients.

Cyclopeptide mushroom poisoning is responsible for 90%-95% of deaths from macrofungi ingestion. The main objectives of this study are to describe cases of cyclopeptide mushroom poisoning and to determine risk factors that may influence the severity/mortality of poisoned patients. We included all cases of amatoxin toxicity reported to two French Poison Centers from 2013 through 2019. We compared the severity with the Poison Severity Score (PSS) and the outcomes of patients using simple logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression. We included 204 cases of amatoxin toxicity. More than three-quarters developed an increase in AST and/or ALT (78.1%), and over half developed a decrease in prothrombin ratio (<70%: 53%) and/or Factor V (<70%: 54%). One-third developed an acute renal injury (AKI). Twelve patients (5.9%) developed post-poisoning sequelae (persistent kidney injury more than 1 month after ingestion and liver transplant). Five patients (2.5%) received a liver transplant, and nine died (4.4%). The mean time to onset of digestive disorders was shorter in PSS2 and PSS3-4 patients (10.9 ± 3.9/11.3 ± 6.3h) than in PSS1 patients (14 ± 6.5h; p < 0.05). Patients who died or developed post-poisoning sequelae had more frequent cardiovascular comorbidities compared with recovered patients (60.0% versus 29.5%; p < 0.01).

Characterization of Lethal Toxin-Producing Genes in Amanita brunneitoxicaria and PCR-based Detection of Deadly Poisonous Amanitas in the Section Phalloideae

A recent discovery of Amanita brunneitoxicaria revealed that this mushroom and A. exitialis are the main causative agents of fatal mushroom poisoning in Thailand. Poisonous amatoxins present are bicyclic octapeptides encoded by the MSDIN family and macrocyclized by prolyl oligopeptidase B enzyme. Diversity of the MSDIN toxin-associated genes in A. brunneitoxicaria however, remains unexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the MSDIN family members in A. brunneitoxicaria in comparison with A. exitialis based on whole genome sequencing, followed by gene annotation using bioinformatic tools. Identification of conserved core peptides of the MSDIN family revealed the presence of α-amanitin and β-amanitin as endogenous toxins in A. brunneitoxicaria. In addition to the major amatoxins, amanexitide and phallacidin were also found in A. exitialis. Phylogenetic analyses of the MSDIN family members showed that an unknown peptide present in A. brunneitoxicaria is clustered with phalloidin. On the basis of PCR detection, a modified forward primer was incorporated into the PCR reactions to obtain clear and distinctive DNA fragments of approximately 300 bp from three deadly poisonous mushrooms of A. brunneitoxicaria, A. exitialis and A. fuliginea in the section Phalloideae. Hence, they could be distinguished from other edible and less toxic species in the same genus. Such rapid and accurate identification of the target region of the MSDIN family from the lethal mushrooms is relevant as means to reduce mortality. HIGHLIGHTS Amanita brunneitoxicaria and A. exitialis are responsible for most cases of fatal mushroom poisoning in Thailand During wild mushroom foraging, A. brunneitoxicaria is often mistaken for the edible species of A. vaginata A. brunneitoxicaria and other lethal aminitas contain amatoxin-producing genes encoded by the MSDIN family PCR-based detection of the target region of the MSDIN family can be used to distinguish the lethal aminitas in the section Phalloideae This rapid detection is useful for timely and appropriate medical treatment of mushroom intoxication GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Mushroom poisoning in Thailand between 2003 and 2017.

The frequent occurrence of mushroom poisoning cases in the wet season in Thailand has long been recognized but has never been quantitatively analyzed. This study aims to analyze mushroom poisoning cases in Thailand between 2003 and 2017 and focused on their association with the rainfall. The results revealed 22,571 cases and 106 deaths in this period. Cases were higher for females than males, adults than children, and agriculturists than people in other occupations. Cases were higher in the northeastern and northern regions than in the central, south, and east regions. There are strong effects of seasonality on mushroom poisoning cases. Over the 15-y period, 17,337 cases occurred in the wet season (May-Sep) compared with 5,234 cases in the dry season (Oct-Apr). The number of monthly poisoning cases were high in men, mature adults, agriculturists, people living in the rural areas and people living in the Northeastern and Northern provinces. Moreover, a strong positive correlation was shown between the number of monthly poisoning cases and the amount of monthly rainfall.

Determination of orellanine and muscarine in biological fluids in suspected or proven poisoning cases: About several cases

To present the application of validated methods for determination of (i) orellanine, a highly nephrotoxic molecule responsible of the toxicity of some Cortinarius mushroom and (ii) muscarine, another mushroom toxin, acting as a neurotoxin not reaching the central nervous system, in biological fluids using LC-HRMS/MS technology in poisoning case context. These toxins are annually responsible of poisoning cases or even cases of death. We developed analytical methods using LC-HRMS/MS with Orbitrap technology and a liquid/liquid extraction. These two validated methods were applied to 17 suspecting or proven mushroom intoxication cases (12 for orellanine determination and 5 for muscarine). Biological fluids (whole blood and/or plasma and/or urine) were obtained from the national study CHAMPITOX or from the classical patient care. For orellanine cases, because of the long latency period between intake and first symptoms, the delay between intake and sample collection was particularly long (average of 8.5 days). As muscarinic syndrome is one of the short latency syndromes, a shorter sample collection delay was related to these cases (average of 14.5 hours). A full quantitative validation was performed for orellanine in plasma and urine (LOD: 0.1 μg/L, LLOQ 0.5 μg/L) and a qualitative in whole blood (LOD: 0.5 μg/L) [Flament E. J Anal Toxicol 2022:bkac018.]. Applied to our cases, we have highlighted orellanine in 8 out of the 12 cases with very low concentrations (near to the LLOQ or between the LLOQ and the LOD). Concerning the muscarine, a full quantitative validation was performed in the three matrices (in whole blood and plasma, the LOD and LLOQ were 0.05 and 0.1 μg/L, respectively, and in urine, LOD and LLOQ were 0.5 and 1 μg/L, respectively). Muscarine was identified and quantified in all cases. Concentrations (ranging from 0.12 to 752 μg/L in the three matrices) were much higher than those for orellanine. For orellanine cases, concentrations were very low owing to the high delay between intake and sample collection. In addition, orellanine half-life was estimated to be 109 ± 6 min with reabsorption by proximal tubular cells (in rats) [Najar D. Toxins 2018;10(8):333.]. This reabsorption phenomenon allows the detection of the toxin for up to 17 days in whole blood and 24 days in urine. Concentrations of muscarine were higher because of the shorter sample collection delay after the intake. To our knowledges, these results are (i) the first identification reports of orellanine in biological fluids with quantification in urines, and also (ii) the first identification and quantification reports of muscarine in blood matrices (whole blood and/or plasma). These analytical methods are (i) essential tools for clinicians in order to document mushroom poisoning cases (ii) but also for analysts to fill the knowledge gap about these mycotoxins, and (iii) tools which can be applied to post-mortem cases.

Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Emergency Department Presentations with Mushroom Poisoning: A Report from Turkey.

Background In this study, we investigated the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on emergency department admissions with mushroom poisoning in a tertiary hospital in Turkey. Materials and Methods This study was conducted as a retrospective cohort study to evaluate the data of patients admitted to the emergency department between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2020. The patients diagnosed with the International Classification of Diseases-10 code T62.0 concerning the toxic effect of ingested mushrooms were identified through the computerized medical and laboratory record system of the hospital. The patients' demographic data, presentation seasons, laboratory findings, emergency department outcomes, and mortality due to mushroom poisoning were obtained. To reveal the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on emergency department presentations with mushroom poisoning, the means of the pre-pandemic period (2018–2019) and the pandemic period (2020) were compared. Results The data of a total of 171 patients were included in the final analysis. The number of patients diagnosed with the toxic effect of ingested mushrooms was 96 in 2018, 61 in 2019, and 14 in 2020. There was a 5.6-fold decrease during pandemic period in the number of patients presenting to the emergency department with mushroom poisoning. Conclusion The decrease in mushroom poisoning cases may be related to the changes in the eating habits of individuals during the pandemic and our study being conducted in a metropolitan city. We recommend that multicenter studies be performed to verify the data obtained from our study and increase their generalizability.

Wild mushroom poisoning in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand: a case series

Mushrooms have been dietary source in hilly and ethnic tribes of India. More than 5000 mushroom species are known worldwide and nearly 100 species are known to be poisonous for humans. Mushroom poisoning occurs due to unintentional and accidental ingestion of poisonous mushroom due to misidentification of poisonous variety as edible one. There has been increasingly incidence of reporting of mushroom poisoning cases nowadays. Here we are reporting case series of 4 patients admitted hailing from same village with accidental ingestion of poisonous mushrooms with clinical-laboratory profile and outcome at our institution. Mushroom Poisoning is an emerging healthcare concern nowadays. Education and mass awareness for identification of poisonous mushrooms is an important preventive measure. Early hospitalization, proper hydration, gastric decontamination, silibinin and N- acetyl cysteine therapy with hepato-renal support constitutes mainstay of treatment. Delay in treatment and complications results in poor prognosis and mortality.

Two new Inosperma (Inocybaceae) species with unexpected muscarine contents from tropical China.

An accurate identification of poisonous mushrooms and the confirmation of the toxins involved are both of great importance in the treatment of mushroom poisoning incidents. In recent years, cases of mushroom poisoning by Inosperma spp. have been repeatedly reported from tropical Asia. It is urgent to know the real species diversity of Inosperma in this region. In the present study, we proposed two new Inosperma species from tropical Asia, namely I.muscarium and I.hainanense. They were described based on morphology and multilocus phylogeny. Detailed descriptions, color photographs and the discussion with other closely related species of the two new taxa were provided. In addition, a comprehensive muscarine determination of these two new species using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) approach has been performed. Results showed that these two species were muscarine positive, with a content of 16.03 ± 1.23 g/kg in I.muscarium and a content of 11.87 ± 3.02 g/kg in I.hainanense, much higher than the known species I.virosum. Recovery of muscarine ranged from 93.45% to 97.25%, and the average recovery is 95.56%.

Three cases of mushroom poisoning caused by lethal Amanita species

Mushroom poisoning with amatoxins can cause liver dysfunction in patients, and death in severe cases. The amatoxins detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can help early clinical diagnosis. Three patients were identified as α-amatoxin containing mushroom poisoning by ELISA. The first symptoms of patients was gastrointestinal symptoms, and liver function damage occured later. One patient gave up treatment and died. After received supportive treatments such as adsorption of toxins, catharsis, fluid supplementation to promote toxin metabolism and liver protection, 2 patients were recovered and discharged.

Investigation and confirmation of a case of wild mushroom poisoning in Qinhuangdao City

Investigation and confirmation of a case of wild mushroom poisoning in Qinhuangdao City

لا يوجد عنوان بالعربي في ملف الطلب على النظام

For many years, the foraging and consumption of wild mushrooms has been practised in different parts of the world. Despite having various health benefits, few mushroom species are known for causing toxicity as well. In forensic casework conditions, samples from mushroom poisoning cases can be found in dried or powdered form. So, it becomes necessary to characterize mushroom species for identification purposes. In the present study, volatile fractions of five wild toxic and edible Amanita mushroom species (Amanita muscaria, Amanita pantherina, Amanita caesarea, Amanita subglobosa and Amanita porphyria) were analyzed so as to identify compounds for the characterization of selected mushroom species. The obtained volatile fractions were broadly classified into various chemical classes: alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters, nitrogen-containing compounds, ketones and miscellaneous. The following compounds; octadecanoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid (z)-, ethane, 1-chloro-1-fluoro- were the most abundant. The present approach utilizing GC-MS, intends to obtain a fingerprint of each sample for discrimination purposes. Also, this work is the first study on the forensic analysis of methanol-soluble components of Amanita mushroom species from the North-Western Himalaya, India.