Cases Of Malnutrition Research Articles

Exploring the Relationship of Paediatric Nutritional Status with Diarrhoeal Disease in Children Below Two Years of Age

Background and objective: Paediatric malnutrition has a synergistic relationship with diarrhoea. In children under two years of age, diarrhoea occurs in more than half of malnutrition cases and is associated with increased duration of illness, increased length of hospital stays, increased morbidity, and mortality. A well-established relationship exists between diarrhoeal and various standalone forms of malnutrition, but their association with coexisting forms of malnutrition (CFM) has not yet been investigated. Thus, this study assessed the association of CFM with diarrhoea among Pakistani children using datasets retrieved from Demographic Health & Survey and UNICEF. Study design: A pooled analysis of datasets of Pakistan Demographic & Health Surveys (PDHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) from the year 2010 to 2018 was conducted. Methods: Data of 70,723 children aged below two years were analysed after excluding those with incomplete anthropometry and outliers. Findings: Of the total study population, this study reported the presence of either diarrhoea or malnutrition or both in over half of Pakistani children aged between 0 and 23.9 months. Both standalone forms of undernutrition and coexisting forms of undernutrition were significantly associated with increased odds of diarrhoea by 1.07 (1.02 to 1.12) and 1.21 (1.16 to 1.27) times. The practice of breastfeeding, secondary/higher level of maternal education, and improvement in socioeconomic status reduced the risk of diarrhoea, while the children aged between 6 and 23.9 months residing in urban areas showed a high risk of diarrhoea. Conclusions: The presence of any type of undernutrition, i.e., standalone and/or coexisting forms were associated with increased risk of diarrhoeal diseases in children. An improvement in socioeconomic status, adherence to the continuation of breastfeeding, and maternal education are keys to reducing the burden of diarrhoea among children.

Study of Severe Acute Malnutrition in Children Aged 0-59 Months Hospitalized in the Pediatric Department of Sikasso Hospital

Introduction: Malnutrition is a backdrop on which several infections are grafted. The implementation of WHO guidelines would significantly reduce hospital mortality due to severe malnutrition. General Objective: To evaluate the epidemio-clinical characteristics of severe acute malnutrition in children aged 0 to 59 months in the pediatric department of Sikasso hospital from 2015 to 2019. Methodology: The study was conducted in the pediatric department of Sikasso hospital. It was a cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection from January 2015 to December 2018 and prospective from January 2019 to December 2019, children aged 0 to 59 months hospitalized with a P/T ratio < -3 z score or a MUAC < 115mm or nutritional edema. Results: During the study period we had 11,255 cases of hospitalization including 190 cases of severe acute malnutrition in children aged 0 to 59 months, i.e. a frequency of 1.68%. The average age was 19 months with extremes ranging from 6 months to 48 months. The male sex dominated with 56% of cases with a sex ratio of 1.27. The unfavorable socio-economic conditions in the families were 66.32%. The most frequent reasons for consultations were fever and anorexia, respectively 75.79% and 65.26%. Fever was the most common complication, 76% of cases, followed by anemia and anorexia, respectively 65% and 63%. Malaria was the most associated pathology, 47.43%, followed by cases of gastroenteritis and pneumonia, respectively 20.57% and 17.71%. According to the outcome, 8% of malnourished people died.

Positive Deviance in Nutritional Practices for Two-Year-Olds in Poor Fisherman Families in the Belawan Health Center Area, 2022

The problem of malnutrition is still the main problem faced in human resource development. The problem of growth and development of Baduta is a serious problem because at this age the process of physical and intellectual growth and development is critical. Malnutrition problems mostly occur in poor families but are not caused by poor families who have well-nourished children. The Belawan Community Health Center working area is one of the community health centers with the highest number of cases of malnutrition in Medan City. To overcome this, a program is needed that is believed to be effective and sustainable. One of the existing programs to overcome the problem of malnutrition and malnutrition is positive deviation. This research aims to identify positive behavior in feeding (type of food, processing of food ingredients, mealtimes and method of feeding) of toddlers who are well-nourished in poor fishing families in the Belawan Community Health Center Working Area in 2022. This research method is qualitative research with a narrative approach. Researchers studied individual lives by asking one or several individuals to tell stories about their lives related to positive behavior in feeding well-nourished animals. This information is then retold by the researcher in a narrative chronology. The findings of this research indicate that addressing nutritional challenges in children can be effectively achieved by leveraging the potential and resources within the community. This is done through the identification of positive deviant behaviors, particularly those related to beneficial feeding practices. These practices encompass aspects such as the types of food provided, the methods of food preparation, the timing of meals, and the approach to food administration. Keep up the great work! The way you’re thinking about integrating community strengths is spot-on for creating sustainable solutions.

THE ACCOMPANIMENT OF SUPPLEMENTARY FOOD FOR MONITORING THE STUNTING RISK CHILDREN IN RENGAS I VILLAGE OGAN ILIR

Introduction: The Ogan Ilir Regency district has the second-highest prevalence of stunting in South Sumatra, with a prevalence rate of 24.9%. Providing additional meals (PMT) is an essential component, especially to improve the conditions of low-income communities affected by malnutrition, with a specific focus on young children. The purpose of the activity is to provide a continuous supply of food, thus preventing body weight loss and promoting optimal nutritional well-being. Methods: The event took place at a village in Payaraman District situated in Ogan Ilir Regency. The participant were the two children, namely Anak R (3.5 years old) and Anak S (1.7 years). The service methods included the process of meal preparation for PMT and the delivery of meals to the homes of children. The method used for the PMT involved the daily allocation of food, the nutrient composition of various foods, including pumpkin, potatoes, carrots, maize and similar substitutes. At the end of the month, the final anthropometric measurements were collected. The anthropometric measurements encompassed body weight, and height. The weight of the youngster was measured using a digital scale manufactured for further analysis. Results: There was a noticeable improvement in weight and height of Anak R and Anak S. Anak R demonstrated a weight gain after the programme from exactly 9.30 kg to 9.80 kg, while Anak S showed an increased weight from 7.80 kg to 8.50 kg. Anak R's height improved from 81.0 cm to 85.0 cm and Anak S's from 71.0 cm to 72.0 cm. Despite the observed growth in the weight and height of both children, the acquired findings did not meet the desired levels for each child's weight and height. Conclusion: Community service activities include food supplementary accompaniment and stunting surveillance has assisted for children with high risk of stunting conditions to gain weight and height after food additions. The accompaniment community service activity can be used as an effort to reduce cases of malnutrition.

Internações hospitalares por desnutrição infantil no Brasil: um panorama epidemiológico dos últimos 10 anos

Objective: To describe the number of hospital admissions due to child malnutrition in Brazil. Methods: This is an epidemiological, descriptive, observational study with a quantitative approach, focusing on hospitalizations of children aged 1 to 9 years due to malnutrition across Brazilian regions. Data were collected from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) between January 2012 and December 2022. Results: A total of 20,855 cases of child malnutrition were reported in Brazil. The years with the highest incidence within the analyzed period were 2012, with 13.0% of cases, followed by 2014, with 12.4%. The Northeast region showed the highest number of hospitalizations, accounting for 34.2% of the total cases. Reports of malnutrition were more common among males (50.9%), children aged 1 to 4 years (70.9%), and those self-identified as brown (40.8%). Regarding the number of deaths, 286 cases were reported, with the highest incidence in 2012 (12.9%). Conclusion: Although there has been a significant decrease in hospitalizations due to malnutrition over the study period, child malnutrition remains a public health issue, driven by fac- tors related to socioeconomic inequalities and disparities in health services across the country.

Assessment of dietary habits, nutritional and emotional status of elderly in Mushin Local Government Area, Lagos State

Background: Old age is the final stage of the life cycle, characterized by functional decline and increased susceptibility to disease. Dietary habits, nutritional and emotional status have been shown to partly determine the quality of life of the elderly. Objective: This research assessed the dietary habits, nutritional and emotional status of the elderly. Methods: A structured questionnaire was used to obtain the socio-demographic characteristics as well as the dietary habits of the elderly. The mini-Nutritional assessment tool was used to determine the prevalence of malnutrition and Geriatric Depression Scale was used to identify depression among the elderly. Pearson’s Chi test was used to establish the association between Nutritional status and emotional status. Results: The assessment of the socio-demographic characteristics of the elderly showed that the majority (52.1%) were male, 32.4% were between the ages of 60-64 years and 81.7% were living with someone and quite a number (39.4%) lives with their spouse. The results of dietary habits assessment showed that most (69%) of the elderly ate at home with lunch as the most frequently eaten meal with 47.9% of the elderly preferred to eat lunch. The prevalence of malnutrition and depression among the elderly was found to be 11.3% and 50.7% respectively. At p < 0.05, no significant correlation existed between nutritional status and emotional status. Conclusion: Elderly habits of eating at home result in low cases of malnutrition but they still go through depression on average as they mostly live alone.

Effects of the Local Environment and Nutritional Status on the Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infections Among Children Under 5 Years Old in Indonesia.

This study aimed to map the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) among under-5 children in Indonesia, address the triple burden of malnutrition, and analyze the impact of malnutrition on ARIs, taking into account the environmental and wealth disparities in Indonesia. This study utilized an ecological design, analyzing aggregate data from the Indonesia Nutrition Survey, 2022. It encompassed 33 provinces and 486 districts/cities, involving a total of 334 878 children under 5 years of age. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was employed to investigate the relationships among wealth, environment, malnutrition (stunting, wasting, and underweight), and ARIs. The proportion of ARI cases in Indonesia was generally concentrated in central Sumatra, the western and eastern parts of Java, and eastern Papua. In contrast, the northern part of Sumatra, central Kalimantan, central Sulawesi, and central Papua had a higher proportion of malnutrition cases compared to other regions. Negative associations were found between malnutrition and ARIs (path coefficient =-0.072; p<0.01) and between wealth and environment (path coefficient =-0.633; p<0.001), malnutrition (path coefficient=-0.399; p<0.001), and ARIs (path coefficient=-0.918; p<0.001). An increasing wealth index is expected to contribute to reducing ARIs, malnutrition and environmental burdens in the future. This study emphasizes the necessity for focused strategies that address both immediate health challenges and the underlying socioeconomic determinants to improve child health outcomes in the Indonesian context.

Measuring Food Insecurity in Children under 5 Years of Age with Acute Undernutrition in Valle Del Cauca-Colombia.

Our objective was to assess food insecurity among children under 5 years old with moderate, and severe malnutrition from Valle del Cauca, a state located in the southwestern region of Colombia. A descriptive observational study was conducted, including children whose weight-for-height (W/H) indicator was below 2 SD, as recorded on the World Health Organization (WHO) growth charts, or who exhibited severe malnutrition phenotypes such as marasmus or Kwashiorkor. Family and child food security were evaluated using the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale (ELCSA). 58.6% of households with acutely malnourished children experienced food insecurity. A statistically significant relationship was found between food insecurity and children of Afro-Colombian and Indigenous descent. According to caregivers' perceptions, 30.2% of child malnutrition cases were related to poor feeding and caregiving practices. Not all children with acute malnutrition suffer from food insecurity. Therefore, the findings of this research suggest that governmental efforts should focus not only on ensuring food availability, but also on educating caregivers about the importance of a balanced and nutritious diet tailored to the specific characteristics of each region and promoting appropriate caregiving practices.

A case of concurrent malnutrition in maple syrup urine disease: challenges and solutions in Indonesia

BackgroundMaple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism characterised by the impaired breakdown of branched-chain amino acids. Detecting MSUD in newborns is challenging due to the lack of distinctive signs, especially in resource-limited settings like Indonesia.Case presentationA 2-year-old boy presented to the paediatric metabolic clinic with inactivity, a history of uncontrolled epilepsy, global developmental delay and moderate malnutrition. He was born at 40 weeks of gestation, weighing 3100 g, to consanguineous parents. The patient faced feeding problems and was lethargic after birth, with recurrent episodes of generalised seizure and spasticity. Diagnosed with MSUD at four months, the initial response to thiamine supplementation and MSUD Anamix formula was positive. However, weight loss occurred after switching to unregulated family food, as MSUD-specific infant formula became inaccessible and unsustainable due to high costs for the caregivers. Upon compliance with nutritional advice, the child regained weight and progressed appropriately for his age.ConclusionInborn errors of metabolism like MSUD should be considered in atypical disease presentations. In resource-limited settings, management should be tailored to local product availability and accessibility to ensure effective care.

Pengaruh Pemberian F 100 Terhadap Perubahan Berat Badan pada Balita Gizi Buruk di Rumah Sakit Bhakti Asih Brebes

Background: Cases of malnutrition in children under five years old are still a serious problem in Indonesia. The proportion of malnutrition and malnutrition increased from 19.6% to 17.7% in 2015. Brebes Regency ranks first in Central Java and the average number of malnourished sufferers admitted to hospital is 5 to 8 children under five.Objective: The aim of the research was to determine the effect of administering F100 on changes in body weight in malnourished patients treated at Bhakti Asih Hospital, Brebes. Method: The research design used a quasi-experiment with one group pre and post test. The research location was carried out at Bhakti Asih Hospital, Brebes, from October to December 2020. The research sample was 22 children with malnutrition. Data analysis used the Shapiro Wilk test and paired sample test. Results: The results of the study showed an increase in body weight of 805 grams. The analysis results show p 0.143 > 0.05. Conclusion: giving F100 can increase body weight in malnourished toddlers but not significantlyKeywords: malnutrition, body weight, formula 100

Potential of Pandan anggur (Sararanga Sinuosa Hemsley) as immunomodulator

Background: Pandan Anggur plant is an endemic plant of the Papua archipelago in Indonesia, and the fruit called Pandan Anggur Fruit (PAF) is freshly consumed or prepared as a juice. Based on previous studies on the phytochemical content of PAF, the ethanol and water extract contain flavonoids, which act as immunomodulators, to regulate the response of immunity. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the potential of PAF as an immunomodulator in malnutrition cases, by evaluating six parameters which are phagocytosis capacity and nitric oxide (NO) production of peritoneal macrophage, spleen lymphocyte proliferation, IFN-γ and IL-4 in lymphocyte culture, and intestinal sIgA levels. By proving the potential of PAF as an immunomodulator, this research will lead to significant development of functional food products of Pandan Anggur. Methods: A total of 35 Sprague Dawley rats were used as animal models divided into seven different groups named standard group (healthy standard), malnourished (negative control), malnourished rats given Imboost Force (positive control), as well as PAF ethanol extract doses of I, II, III, and PAF water extract. The treatment lasted for seven weeks in total and the measurement of immunomodulator parameters was carried out at the end of the treatment period. The immunomodulator parameters included phagocytosis capacity and nitric oxide (NO) production of peritoneal macrophage, spleen lymphocyte proliferation, IFN-γ and IL-4 in lymphocyte culture, and intestinal sIgA levels. Result: The results indicated that the administration of PAF ethanol extract at a dose of 3.15 mg/mL provided an optimum immunostimulant effect, by increasing the macrophage phagocytosis capacity, nitric oxide, lymphocyte proliferation, IL-4, and sIgA levels in rat intestine. However, increasing the dose of extract did not produce a better effect, but led to suppression of immunity. Conclusion: PAF extract at a dose of 3.15 mg/mL provides an immunostimulant effect. Keywords: In Vivo, IL-4, IF-γ, sIgA, lymphocyte proliferation, macrophage, Pandan Anggur Fruit

Assessing Factors Hindering Effectiveness of Family MUAC Program on Nutrition Surveillance and Early Detection of Malnutrition Cases Among Children Aged 6-59 Months in Banisa Sub County

Assessing Factors Hindering Effectiveness of Family MUAC Program on Nutrition Surveillance and Early Detection of Malnutrition Cases Among Children Aged 6-59 Months in Banisa Sub County

Counseling on The Importance of The Diction of “Side Dishes Amis-Amis” for Pregnant, Breastfeeding Women and Toddler for Preventing Bad Nutrition and Stunting in Kalisat Village, Jember District, East Java

Jember Regency ranks 8th in East Java and 11th in Indonesia for cases of malnutrition and stunting in infants. Kalisat District is among the top 5 for stunted babies in Jember. The root of the problem is not only the local economy but also the public's understanding of the term "nutrition," which is not yet reflected in daily life. Therefore, counseling on understanding the word nutrition, replaced with "amis-amis or mis-amis" for various high-protein side dishes, is essential. The young mothers in Jember had poor understanding and very low reflection on the term nutrition, contributing to malnutrition and stunting in Kalisat Village, Kalisat District. The solution is to conduct counseling and practical sessions on the importance of understanding the term "fishy side dishes" that are high in animal protein for pregnant and breastfeeding mothers to enhance brain and physical growth (fetal) and avoid malnutrition and stunting. The methods of implementation include observation, interviews (in FGD), counseling, and practical sessions in Kalisat Village, Jember. The results show that community service involving counseling or socialization of the understanding of the word nutrition, implemented through the replacement of the term with "fishy side dishes," is more effective. This approach includes FGD, counseling, and practical sessions of cooking and eating together using high-protein fishy side dishes. These methods are aimed at improving growth and development in children (from the womb, during breastfeeding, and in toddlers) to prevent malnutrition and stunting.

Communication Strategy for Handling Cases of Stunting and Bad Nutrition Through The 2023 Stunting Free Program (Bessan) in Cipocok District, Serang City

Cases of stunting and malnutrition that children suffer from or have the potential to have negative consequences for the future of the younger generation. There are 91 cases in Cipocok Jaya District spread across 8 villages. This occurs due to various factors including poverty, low education, lack of knowledge regarding good nutritional intake for children. A strategy is needed to communicate intensively with communities with stunted and malnourished children so that they can get out of this situation. This research uses a qualitative approach through observation and interview data collection. The research results show that the communication strategy in handling stunting and malnutrition through the Stunting Free 2023 (Bessan) program in Cipocok Jaya District, Serang City uses a communication strategy approach which includes getting to know the audience, compiling messages, determining methods and selection and use of media which has been effective. The communication strategy to get to know the audience is carried out through surveys and data collection, identifying indicators of sufferers and potential stunting. The second strategy determines the micro-scale goal of reducing stunting sufferers, the macro-scale of stunting cases at zero, where this treatment accommodates community self-help. The next communication strategy is to develop messages so that people's lifestyle behavior becomes healthy by conveying the importance of nutritious food intake for children. Methods for determining the methods used are socialization and counseling, accommodating community self-help through healthy exercise activities, regular recitations, and Gowes Lur events. This series of activities is a collaborative innovation in Cipocok Jaya District which involves stackholders starting from the Serang City Health Office, Serang City DP3AKB, KUA, as well as cadres from both posyandu cadres and PKK Community Institution cadres. Research findings show the importance of consistent mentoring or accompanying posyandu cadres and PKK community organizations as an important instrument for a sustainable communication strategy in efforts to reduce stunting and malnutrition rates.

MODELING THE INCIDENCE OF MALNUTRITION IN BOGOR REGENCY USING ZERO-INFLATED NEGATIVE BINOMIAL MIXED EFFECT MODEL

Modeling response variables in the form of count data generally uses a model based on the Poisson distribution. However, some conditions, such as the presence of excess zero, can be found in the data that result in overdispersion, which will have an impact on the resulting variance in the model. In this paper, three approaches, namely the Poisson Mixed Model, the Negative Binomial (NB) Mixed Model, and the Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB) Mixed Model, are used to model the incidence of malnutrition in Bogor Regency. The data used in this study are secondary data sourced from the West Java open data website. Based on the results of data analysis, it appears that the ZINB Mixed Model method is a method capable of accommodating random effects, overdispersion, and excess zero in modeling malnutrition in Bogor Regency. Variables that significantly affect the occurrence of malnutrition cases in villages in Bogor Regency include the Number of Children Weighed Routinely Every Month, Number of Children Measured for Length and Height Twice a Year, Number of Children under 12 Months Old Who Received Complete Basic Immunization, Number of Posyandu (Integrated Health Post), and Number of Parents/Caregivers Participating in Monthly Parenting (PAUD).

Comparing time to recovery in wasting treatment: simplified approach vs. standard protocol among children aged 6-59 months in Ethiopia-a cluster-randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial.

Wasting occurs when the body's nutritional needs are unmet due to insufficient intake or illness. It represents a significant global challenge, with approximately 45 million infants and children under 5 years of age suffering from wasting in 2022. A cluster-randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial was conducted in three regions of Ethiopia. A non-inferiority margin of 15%, along with a recovery rate of 90% and a minimum acceptable recovery rate of 75%, were considered alongside an intra-cluster correlation coefficient of 0.05 and an anticipated loss to follow-up of 10% in determining the total sample size of 1,052 children. Children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in the simplified group received two sachets of ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) daily, while the standard group received RUTF based on their body weight. For moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) cases, the simplified group received one sachet of RUTF, whereas the standard group received one sachet of ready-to-use supplementary food daily. A non-parametric Kaplan-Meir curve was utilized to compare the survival time to recovery. A total of 1,032 data points were gathered. For SAM cases, the average length of stay was 8.86 (±3.91) weeks for the simplified protocol and 8.26 (±4.18) weeks for the standard protocol (P = 0.13). For MAM cases, the average length of stay was 8.18 (±2.96) weeks for the simplified approach and 8.32 (±3.55) weeks for the standard protocol (P = 0.61). There was no significant difference (P = 0.502) observed between the simplified protocol [8 weeks, interquartile range (IQR): 7.06-8.94] and the standard protocol [9 weeks (IQR: 8.17-9.83)] among children with SAM on the median time to cure. There was no significant difference (P = 0.502) in the time to cure between the simplified approach [8 weeks (IQR: 7.53-8.47)] and the standard protocol [8 weeks (IQR: 7.66-8.34)] among children with MAM. The survival curves displayed similarity, with the log-rank test not showing significance (P > 0.5), indicating the non-inferiority of the simplified approach for cure time. The findings showed that the simplified and standard protocols demonstrated no significant differences in terms of the average duration of stay and time required for recovery. https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/, Identifier (PACTR202202496481398).

The Impact of Trade Openness, Tariff, and Globalization on Food Security in the ASEAN Region

In 2023, many crises hit the world due to heated geopolitical conditions resulting from the war in Russia and Ukraine; the world situation was fragmented because of competition between the USA and PRC blocs, economic recovery due to COVID-19 was shaken again, and food inflation was soaring high. The leading cause of food insecurity in ASEAN, which consists of most developing countries, is the lack of distribution access due to the affordability of logistics and food supplies. Most investors shift their investment preferences from the primary sector to manufacturing due to the volatility and high risk of assets. In 2020, in Asia, there were 78.7 million toddlers who were stunted, with the second majority in Southeast Asia (27.40%). Although most of the ASEAN member countries are connected geographically, the market share of ASEAN member countries in world trade is only 8.8%, so intra-trade relations are considered not optimal enough. This study aims to analyze the effect of three different trade openness indicators (trade openness, tariffs, and globalization) on the food security of Southeast Asian people in 2000–2021. The method used in this research is panel data, which combines pool least squares (PLS) and fixed effect models (FEM) by developing Beck and Katz’s two panels corrected standard errors (PCSE): cross-section weights and SUR. Trade openness significantly affects the two pillars of food security: stability and utilization, with U-shaped results. Ad-valorem tariffs are significant and positive for the two pillars of food security: availability and utilization. Increasing taxes in Southeast Asia can improve the average dietary energy supply’s adequacy; however, this can also increase the prevalence of stunting in children under five. It happens because the availability of abundant food in terms of quantity differs from the quality and safety of its consumption. The increase in globalization from an economic, political, and social perspective in Southeast Asia is significant for the four pillars of food security; if globalization is increased, then this can positively impact reducing cases of stunting and malnutrition; on the other hand, increasing globalization has harmed food availability and stability. Increasing one policy has a different impact. In the first stage, policy improvements can positively impact a pillar of food security. However, after reaching a turning point, there is a possibility that the increased policy will harm the other pillars. Therefore, it is necessary to choose an integrative policy trade-off and be able to solve problems better. This study suggests several main policy implications, namely building a more assertive trade policy based on the WTO and food safety technical rules that comply with WHO rules, increasing intra-trade within the ASEAN group, maintaining food price stability, encouraging investment in agriculture, promoting governance reforms, and strengthening the regional food security system in terms of production, consumption, and distribution. Support policies are also needed regarding solid prevention efforts against stunting and malnutrition and digitalization (Agritech 4.0), which supports food availability. In addition, this research also suggests that ASEAN can continue to increase domestic food production for resilience to the global crisis. Keywords: trade openness, tariff, globalization, food security, ASEAN, dynamic panel

Analysis of Vitamin C Content and Preferences for Modisco Pudding with the Addition of Crystal Guava Juice (Psidium guajava L Cultivar Kristal)

Background: Indonesia has made progress in achieving the target of reducing malnutrition cases, but 10.2% are still malnourished, according to data from The Global Nutrition Report 2020. Intake of micronutrients, one of which is vitamin C, affects the incidence of malnutrition cases. Vitamin C has the function of maintaining health through the immune system. One supplementary feeding program that can overcome cases of malnutrition is Modified Dietetic Skimmed Milk and Coconut Oil (Modisco). Modisco's reception is not very good, especially for toddlers, because it is in the form of liquid. Modisco pudding, with the addition of crystal guava juice, aims to improve the taste and increase the nutritional value of Vitamin C. Objective: The objective of the study is to analyze the content of Vitamin C in the preference test of Modisco pudding with the addition of crystal guava juice at 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% concentration. Methods: This study used a quasi experimental design involving 4 treatments and 3 replications. The research subjects were 25 panelists of elementary school students. Results: The results showed the levels of Vitamin C in various proportions to be significantly different (p ≤ 0,05). The results of the preference test showed significant differences in the color, aroma, taste, and texture of the modisco pudding with the addition of crystal guava juice (p ≤ 0,05). Conclusion: The results showed that with more addition of crystal guava juice, the level of vitamin C increased, but the level of preference decreased. The most preferred Modisco pudding was X1 (addition of 15%) with a vitamin C content of 14,4 mg.

Reduction of Malnutrition Related to Unsafe Water Consumption in Developing Countries: Potabilization of Surface Water and Traditional Well Water, with Plant Extracts.

The consumption of unsafe water in rural areas is a real public health problem in developing countries. This situation mainly affects children under five years of age and causes several deaths and many cases of malnutrition every year. The objective of this study was to evaluate and optimize the capacity of four local plant extracts in the potabilization of unsafe water. Thus, Moringa oleifera and Boscia senegalensis seeds, or Aloe vera and Opuntia ficus-indica mucilages were prepared in a solution and applied during a jar test as biocoagulants and bioflocculants on three raw water samples of 82.3 NTU, 549.8 NTU and 796.9 NTU. After treatment results showed that 0.9 g/L of Moringa biocoagulant or 1 g/L of Boscia biocoagulant applied with 0.4 mL of Aloe vera bioflocculant or 0.6 mL of Opuntia ficus-indica bioflocculant reduced the turbidity of each water sample to values less than 5 NTU after only 15 min of decanting. Moreover, the sanitary quality of the water treated by these different extracts showed a perfect conformity of the physicochemical and microbiological parameters with the standards of acceptability in drinking water decreed by the World Health Organization. Thus, the application of these local plant extracts has made it possible to considerably improve the quality of unsafe water in record time. Their popularization could be an alternative in the fight against malnutrition related to the consumption of unsafe water, especially in rural areas.

Epidemiological study of pediatric nutritional deficiencies: an analysis from the global burden of disease study 2019

BackgroundNutritional deficiencies (ND) continue to threaten the lives of millions of people around the world, with children being the worst hit. Nevertheless, no systematic study of the epidemiological features of child ND has been conducted so far. Therefore, we aimed to comprehensively assess the burden of pediatric ND.MethodsWe analyzed data on pediatric ND between 1990 and 2019 from the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD) 2019 at the global, regional, and national levels. In addition, joinpoint regression models were used to assess temporal trends.ResultsIn 2019, the number of prevalent cases of childhood malnutrition increased to 435,071,628 globally. The global age-standardized incidence, prevalence, and DALY rates showed an increasing trend between 1990 and 2019. Meanwhile, the burden of child malnutrition was negatively correlated with sociodemographic index (SDI). Asia and Africa still carried the heaviest burden. The burden and trends of child malnutrition varied considerably across countries and regions. At the age level, we found that malnutrition was significantly more prevalent among children < 5 years of age.ConclusionPediatric ND remains a major public health challenge, especially in areas with low SDI. Therefore, primary healthcare services in developing countries should be improved, and effective measures, such as enhanced pre-school education, strengthened nutritional support, and early and aggressive treatment, need to be developed.