Cases Of Malignant Catarrhal Fever Research Articles

Detection of ovine herpesvirus-2 in swine semen, Brazil

Background Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) is an often lethal viral disease of susceptible biungulates from Bovidae, Cervidae and Suidae subfamilies. Cases of porcine MCF have been associated with direct or indirect contact with sheep, the main reservoir of ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2). Pigs are terminal hosts and not considered in virus spread. Herein, we described the possible venereal transmission by infected semen in a pig herd.

Sheep-associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Free-ranging Moose (Alces alces) in Saskatchewan, Canada

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a sporadic disease of artiodactyls caused by several viruses in the Gammaherpesvirinae. We report two cases of MCF in free-living moose (Alces alces) from Saskatchewan. One was a thin, dehydrated, adult male found recumbent in 2006. At necropsy, ulcers were found in the intestine, bladder, and corneas. Microscopically, there was lymphocytic vasculitis and perivasculitis in many organs with infrequent fibrinoid necrosis. Ovine herpes virus-2 (OHV-2) was identified by polymerase chain reaction. A segment of the herpesviral DNA polymerase gene was 99% identical to published OHV-2 sequences. During a retrospective search of earlier cases, a female moose with lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis examined in 2003 was identified and OHV-2 was amplified from paraffin-embedded tissues from this animal. We believe this to be the first description of MCF in free-ranging moose in North America. Infection requires contact with infected sheep or goats, and MCF in moose may become more prevalent as moose distribution continues to expand into agricultural prairie.

Febre catarral maligna em bovinos na Paraíba

É relatada a ocorrência de febre catarral maligna (FCM) em bovinos no estado da Paraíba. Descrevem-se seis casos esporádicos da doença, diagnosticados no período de 2000 a 2005, e um surto ocorrido em 1986-1987 no município de Taperoá. Em um caso foi feito o diagnóstico clínico e nos demais casos o diagnóstico foi realizado pela presença de vasculite difusa com degeneração fibrinóide e infiltrado mononuclear perivascular em diversos órgãos. Em 5 casos adoeceu apenas um bovino por rebanho, e em outro adoeceram 2 animais de um rebanho de 6 bovinos. Em 5 dos 6 casos a doença ocorreu no período de maio-agosto coincidindo com o fim da estação chuvosa e época de parição das ovelhas. Os sinais clínicos e achados de necropsia foram característicos da doença. Quatro dos seis animais morreram após um curso clínico de 5-8 dias e um foi eutanasiado após um curso de 40 dias. O surto descrito no município de Taperoá ocorreu de agosto de 1986 a dezembro de 1987, com morbidade de 8,22% e letalidade de 100%. A doença ocorreu após a introdução de um carneiro no rebanho ovino que convivia com os bovinos. O surto foi controlado somente após a eliminação de todos os ovinos da propriedade. Esses resultados demonstram que a febre catarral maligna é endêmica em bovinos na Paraíba, podendo também ocorrer surtos com alta morbidade e letalidade. Além disso, sugerem que, como descrito no Rio Grande do Sul e em outros países, alguns animais podem se recuperar. Os diagnósticos de FCM corresponderam a 3,1% dos 190 casos diagnosticados no Hospital Veterinário no período de 2000-2005, estimando-se que a doença afeta, anualmente, 0,125% dos bovinos no Estado.

Seroprevalence of malignant catarrhal fever-related gammaherpesviruses in domestic ruminants in Turkey

The prevalence of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) virus infection in cattle, sheep and goat populations and also the prevalence of recovered and chronic MCF cases in north-western Turkey are reported. A total of 600 animals, 200 individuals of each species, located in four provinces were sampled between December 2003 and July 2005. A monoclonal antibody-based competitive inhibition (ci) ELISA were used to detect infection status of the animals. Detected antibody prevalence was 97.5%, 96.0% and 15.0% in sheep, goats and cattle, respectively. These results showed that MCF related gam-maherpesvirus infections are common in north-western Turkey. There was no significant difference between prevalences detected in sheep and goats, as well as various breeds of these species. There was also no significant difference among locations. Results of this study show that sheep and goats may equally be important in the epidemiology of MCF in Turkey. Seropositivity against MCF agents among cattle was 15.0%. The results indicate that MCF infections may be maintained in intensively managed cattle herds having no close contact with small ruminants.

Histomorfologia do gânglio de Gasser, da rete mirabile carotídea e da hipófise de bovinos: estudo de 199 casos

O complexo heterogêneo de tecidos formado pelo gânglio de Gasser, rete mirabile carotídea e hipófise (GRH) de 199 bovinos foram macro e microscopicamente avaliados. Vinte e um GRH eram de casos confirmados de raiva, 19 com diagnóstico de meningoencefalite por herpesvírus bovino-5 (BoHV-5), 11 casos de febre catarral maligna (FCM), 7 tinham abscesso de pituitária, 17 apresentaram lesões de encefalopatia hepática (status spongiosus) atribuído à fibrose crônica por intoxicação por Senecio sp; e os 124 GRH restantes eram provenientes de bovinos que não apresentaram sinais neurológicos e que morreram ou foram eutanasiados por causas diversas. Nenhuma alteração histológica significativa foi observada no GRH dos 124 bovinos que não tinham sinais neurológicos, nos 17 bovinos com encefalopatia hepática, nem nos 19 bovinos afetados por meningoencefalite por BoHV-5. Alterações inflamatórias foram encontradas em 20 dos 21 casos de raiva e consistiam de proliferação de células satélites, nódulos gliais e infiltrado linfo-plasmocitário; alterações degenerativas incluíam cromatólise central, vacuolização neuronal e necrose neuronal com neuronofagia. Corpúsculos de inclusão eosinofílicos intracitoplasmáticos (de Negri) foram encontrados em 19 dos 21 casos de raiva; neurite do nervo trigêmeo em 11 casos e neuroipofisite em 4 casos. O complexo GRH de 9 de 11 casos de FCM apresentava arterite necrosante, que afetava as artérias da rete mirabile carotídea. Em 7 dos 199 GRH examinados havia abscessos de pituitária caracterizados por agregados de neutrófilos e detritos celulares circundados por infiltrado mononuclear e cápsula fibrosa. Vários achados incidentais foram observados nos 199 GRH examinados histologicamente e não foram correlacionados com alterações ligadas a doenças. Estes incluíam cistos na cavidade hipofisária, agregados de fibrina e neutrófilos no seio cavernoso da rete mirabile carotídea, leve aumento do número de células satélites ao redor dos neurônios do gânglio de Gasser e ocasional vacuolização e lipofuscinose neuronal. O exame histológico do complexo GRH é uma ferramenta importante e confiável no diagnóstico das principais encefalites em bovinos no Brasil.

A Devastating Outbreak of Malignant Catarrhal Fever in a Bison Feedlot

In early 2003, an outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) occurred in a bison feedlot in southern Idaho. The outbreak resulted in a 51.2% (n = 825) mortality rate among bison, which had been exposed to sheep for 19 days. Diagnosis was made by detection of ovine herpesvirus 2 (sheep-associated MCF virus) DNA in tissues or peripheral blood by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and by histological examination of tissue lesions. Peak losses occurred between 41 and 55 days postmean exposure time (PME), and reached a maximum of 41 head per day. No known cases of MCF were observed among the 177 head of bison that arrived in the lot 3 1/2 weeks after the departure of the sheep. Of the several thousand head of beef cattle in the lot during the outbreak, only a single case of MCF was identified. This outbreak illustrates the devastating impact the MCF virus can have on bison under certain exposure conditions, the high threat posed by adolescent lambs to susceptible species, the significantly greater susceptibility of bison than beef cattle to MCF, and the lack of horizontal transmission from clinically affected bison to herdmates.

Febre catarral maligna em bovinos do Mato Grosso do Sul e de São Paulo

São descritos a epidemiologia, os sinais clínicos, os achados de necropsia e a histopatologia de seis casos de febre catarral maligna (FCM) em bovinos de 5 fazendas localizadas nos estados de Mato Grosso do Sul e São Paulo. A doença ocorreu em bovinos de ambos os sexos e com idades variando de 4 meses a 11 anos. Os índices de morbidade variaram de 0,25% a 6.6% e a letalidade foi de 100%. A evolução clínica foi aguda (2-3 dias) em seis casos e crônica em um (3 meses). O diagnóstico presuntivo de FCM nos casos descritos neste relato foi baseado nos sinais clínicos, achados de necropsia e confirmados pela histopatologia. Os principais sinais clínicos nos casos agudos foram febre, corrimento mucopurulento pelas fossas nasais, opacidade da córnea, sialorréia, úlceras em várias superfícies mucosas e distúrbios nervosos. O bovino do caso crônico mostrou opacidade da córnea e distúrbios neurológicos. Os principais achados de necropsia incluíam hiperemia e lesões diftéricas em várias superfícies epiteliais e a histopatologia consistiu de vasculite, focos de infiltrado mononuclear multifocal em vários órgãos e necrose de superfícies epiteliais.

Febre catarral maligna em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul: epidemiologia, sinais clínicos e patologia

São descritos a epidemiologia, os sinais clínicos e os achados de necropsia e histopatológicos observados em casos de febre catarral maligna (FCM), que ocorreram de 1973 a 2003 em bovinos de 15 fazendas no Rio Grande do Sul. Em nove ocasiões (60%), a doença ocorreu de forma esporádica, afetando 1-3 bovinos por rebanho, enquanto, em seis fazendas (40%), a FCM ocorreu de forma epizoótica, afetando vários bovinos em cada rebanho. As taxas de morbidade variaram de 2,4% a 20%, e as taxas de letalidade foram de 83,3% a 100%. Bovinos de todas as idades e ambos os sexos foram afetados. Nos casos em que foi possível obter essa informação (9 fazendas), sempre havia ovinos em contato com os bovinos afetados, e o maior número de casos de FCM ocorreu na primavera e verão. A doença clínica era aguda ou subaguda, e os sinais clínicos incluíam febre, corrimento nasal e ocular, conjuntivite, salivação excessiva, hematúria, necrose das papilas bucais que se tornavam rombas, linfadenopatia, diarréia e distúrbios neurológicos. Os achados de necropsia incluíam opacidade da córnea, erosões e ulcerações em várias membranas mucosas do trato alimentar, respiratório, urogenital e conjuntiva; aumento de volume e hemorragia em linfonodos e múltiplos focos brancos nos córtices renais e nas tríades portais hepáticas. Dermatite crostosa foi observada em alguns casos. Os principais achados histopatológicos incluíam vasculite, necrose dos epitélios de revestimento e acúmulos de células inflamatórias em vários órgãos. A vasculite era associada com necrose fibrinóide da túnica média das artérias e acompanhada de infiltrado inflamatório constituído por linfoblastos, linfócitos, plasmócitos e macrófagos.

An Outbreak of Sheep-Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Bison (Bison Bison) after Exposure to Sheep at a Public Auction Sale

An outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) among bison sold at an auction market was studied for an 18-month period. Forty-five of 163 bison submitted for sale from 8 different bison farms died on 7 other destination farms. The outbreak began on day 50 after the sale, peaked between days 60 and 70, and ended on day 220. Twenty-one dead bison were confirmed to be MCF cases by clinical histories, pathology, and detection of ovine herpesvirus-2 DNA in their tissues with polymerase chain reaction assays. Twenty-four dead bison were classified as suspect MCF cases from clinical histories. No cases of MCF were observed among bison remaining on originating farms or resident bison mixed with sale bison on destination farms. There were no sheep reported within 3 km of originating or destination farms, limiting bison exposure to sheep to the auction facility, where sheep were present for less than 1 day. The outbreak provides an illustration of the temporal distribution of MCF mortality expected in bison and an estimate of the time from exposure until death from MCF after a single short exposure to sheep. The study provides evidence that bison with MCF do not transmit MCF to other bison.

Natural infection of malignant catarrhal fever in Bali cattle: A case study

Malignant catarrhal fever in Indonesia is caused by Ovine herpes virus 2 and considered as a disease with high mortality rate causing degeneratif and lymphoproliferative disease in cattle, buffalo and other ruminants. A total number of fifteen Bali cattle were naturally infected by Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF). Those cattle were meant to be experimental animals of research on infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), Septicaemia epizootica (SE), and bovine brucellosis . The clinical signs of those animals were sudden high fever, depression, anorexia, corneal opacity, mucopurulent oculo-nasal discharges and diarrhoea. Six of them were dead and the remaining cattle were slaughtered at extremis. On the basis of clinical, gross-pathological and histopathological findings, all cases were shown to be consistent and pathognomonic of MCF cases. These cases were regarded as an outbreak of MCF affecting Bali cattle which occurred during wet season and while in other paddock in that area there were a number of lambing sheep. This result confirms that Bali cattle is a very susceptible animal of MCF and the cases were very likely due to the spread of MCF virus from lambing sheep. Key Words: Malignant Catarrhal Fever, Bali Cattle, Natural Infection, Pathology

Febre catarral maligna em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul: transmissão experimental para bovinos e caracterização do agente etiológico

São relatados dois surtos de febre catarral maligna (FCM) em bovinos de duas propriedades rurais (A e B) do município de Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), a transmissão da doença a bovinos suscetíveis e a detecção de DNA viral de herpesvírus bovino-2 (OvHV-2) em tecidos de bovinos afetados. Os dois surtos ocorreram de novembro de 2001 a fevereiro de 2002 (Propriedade A) e de janeiro a fevereiro de 2003 (Propriedade B). O número de bovinos sob risco, as taxas de morbidade e de letalidade foram, respectivamente, 170, 10,59% e 83,33% na Propriedade A e 500, 2,4% e 100% na Propriedade B. Em ambas as propriedades havia contato de ovinos com os bovinos afetados, mas somente na Propriedade A havia ovelhas em parição. Nos bovinos afetados nas duas propriedades, a duração do curso clínico, os achados de necropsia e a histopatologia foram semelhantes. A maioria dos bovinos afetados morreu ou foi submetida à eutanásia in extremis após um curso clínico de 2 a 8 dias. Os sinais clínicos incluíam febre (40,5 e 41,5°C), corrimento nasal e ocular, opacidade da córnea, conjuntivite, salivação, erosões e ulcerações em mucosas, diarréia, hematúria e distúrbios neurológicos. Foram realizadas onze necropsias (nove na Propriedade A e duas na Propriedade B). Lesões macroscópicas incluíam erosões e úlceras nas mucosas dos cornetos nasais, cavidade oral e tratos gastrintestinal e urogenital; hemorragia e necrose da ponta das papilas bucais, aumento de volume dos linfonodos, múltiplos focos brancos no córtex renal e hiperemia das leptomeninges. Microscopicamente, havia arterite e degeneração fibrinóide em artérias de médio e pequeno calibre e em arteríolas de múltiplos órgãos e tecidos, necrose e inflamação em várias superfícies mucosas, ceratite, conjuntivite, uveíte, nefrite intersticial e encefalite. A transmissão experimental foi tentada em cinco bezerros (E1-E5) através da inoculação de cada um deles, por via intravenosa, com 500 ml de sangue total heparinizado oriundo de bovino afetado por FCM. A transmissão foi conseguida em pelo menos três (E1-E3) dos bezerros experimentais que adoeceram após um período de incubação de 15 a 27 dias. Quatro dos bezerros do experimento morreram ou foram submetidos à eutanásia in extremis após um curso clínico que durou de 3 dias a 8 semanas. O bezerro experimental remanescente (E5) recuperou-se após uma doença branda e foi submetido à eutanásia 14 semanas após a inoculação. Os cinco bezerros foram necropsiados. Sinais clínicos, achados de necropsia e histopatologia de três bezerros (E1-E3) eram característicos de FCM. O DNA viral de OvHV-2 foi detectado pela técnica de reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) em tecidos emblocados em parafina de sete dos 11 bovinos espontaneamente afetados por FCM e em tecidos emblocados em parafina de três bezerros experimentais (E1-E3). A técnica de PCR resultou negativa nos restantes quatro dos 11 bovinos testados nos casos espontâneos de FCM e em dois (E4-E5) dos cinco bezerros usados nos experimentos de transmissão. Testes de imunoistoquímica realizados em cortes de tecido linfóide do bezerro E4 resultaram negativos para antígeno do vírus da diarréia viral bovina. A transmissão experimental de FCM de bovino para bovino e a caracterização do agente etiológico da doença em bovinos como OvHV-2 foi conseguida pela primeira vez no Brasil.

Isolation and expression of three open reading frames from ovine herpesvirus-2.

Ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2), a member of the gammaherpesviruses (genus Rhadinovirus), asymptomatically infects its natural host, the sheep, but causes malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in susceptible hosts, such as cattle, deer and pigs. A permissive cell culture system for virus replication has not been identified but viral DNA is present within lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) established from cases of MCF. During this study, a cDNA expression library generated from LCLs was screened with sheep sera and two cDNAs were isolated. One cDNA contained two open reading frames (ORFs) that show similarity to ORFs 58 and 59 of alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (AlHV-1), a closely related gammaherpesvirus that also causes MCF. Both ORFs 58 and 59 are conserved throughout the gammaherpesviruses. ORF 58 is predicted to be a membrane protein, while ORF 59 has been shown to be an early lytic gene that functions as a DNA polymerase processivity factor. The second cDNA clone contained a partial ORF showing limited similarity to AlHV-1 ORF 73, a homologue of the latency-associated nuclear antigen of human herpesvirus-8, which is associated with latent infections. The full-length OvHV-2 ORF 73 was cloned subsequently by PCR. The ORFs isolated from the library were cloned into a bacterial expression vector and the recombinant proteins tested for their reactivity to sera from OvHV-2-infected animals. An ORF 59 fusion protein was recognized specifically by sera from OvHV-2-infected cattle and will be used to develop a sero-diagnostic test.

Levels of ovine herpesvirus 2 DNA in nasal secretions and blood of sheep: implications for transmission

A recently developed competitive PCR for ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) was used to examine the levels of viral DNA in nasal secretions and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) of lambs and adult sheep. Viral DNA first appeared in the PBL of most lambs after about 3 months of age and the levels remained relatively constant thereafter. In most of the lambs (83%, n=12), viral DNA was undetectable by PCR in nasal secretions prior to 5 months of age. A dramatic rise of OvHV-2 DNA levels in the nasal secretions occurred starting at 5–6 months of age, which peaked at approximately 7 months. The highest level recorded in lamb nasal secretions was 7.5×10 8 copies/2 μg DNA which were 75,000–100,000-fold higher than the levels in PBL of the same lambs. In adult sheep ( n=10), the viral DNA levels in both PBL and nasal secretions were relatively stable over the 13-month period of the study, which included a lambing season. The data strongly suggest that neonatal lambs are not an important source for the transmission of OvHV-2 to clinically susceptible species, and that the nasal cavity is an important portal for shedding of infectious OvHV-2 in sheep. Furthermore, this study failed to identify a seasonal pattern in levels of viral DNA in nasal secretions or PBL of adult sheep that would provide a basis for the traditionally held belief that clinical cases of malignant catarrhal fever are significantly associated with lambing ewes.

Diagnosis of malignant catarrhal fever by PCR using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.

A previously described polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay (amplification of a 238-bp fragment of ovine herpesvirus 2 [OHV-2] genomic DNA) for diagnosis of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) was adapted for use on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Variables affecting its use were examined. Archived tissues from cattle, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and bison (Bison bison) diagnosed with MCF by clinical signs or histologic lesions were obtained from 2 veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Tissues from healthy animals and from animals diagnosed with other common bovine viral diseases were examined as controls. A total of 86 blocks from 37 suspect MCF cases were examined. Forty-one blocks from healthy animals and animals with unrelated viral diseases were examined as controls. The assay was specific for sheep-associated MCF and did not yield false-positive signals from healthy animals or from cases of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine virus diarrhea, mucosal disease, or parainfluenza-3 virus infection. A wide variety of tissues were suitable substrates, including spleen, lymph node, intestine, brain, lung, and kidney. Extracted DNA provided a more suitable target than did unextracted tissue lysate. The highest levels of viral DNA were present in lymphoid organs and intestine, but the data indicate that in acute clinical cases, most organs contain sufficient viral DNA to serve as a suitable diagnostic specimen. Fixation of 0.5-cm3 blocks of tissue in 10% neutral buffered formalin was deleterious to the target DNA, and PCR signals progressively diminished after fixation for >45 days. Detection of genomic DNA of OHV-2 by PCR was successful for archived tissues that were 15 years old.

Malignant catarrhal fever caused by ovine herpesvirus-2 in pigs in Norway

This paper describes the first cases of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in pigs in which the diagnosis was verified aetiologically by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA analysis and by...

Molecular and clinicopathological diagnosis of malignant catarrhal fever in cattle, deer and buffalo in New Zealand

Fresh and formalin-fixed tissues and blood samples in ethylenediaminetetraacetate were collected from cattle, deer and buffalo with clinical signs suggestive of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF). In addition, formalin-fixed, paraffi'nembedded tissue...

PCR detection of ovine herpesvirus-2 DNA in Indonesian ruminants — normal sheep and clinical cases of malignant catarrhal fever

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), a fatal viral disease of cattle and other large ruminants, has a worldwide distribution. There are two forms of the disease, one of which, is caused by Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (AHV-1) and is derived from wildebeest. The other form is associated with domestic sheep and is caused by ovine herpesvirus-2 (OHV-2). The disease in Indonesia is sheep-associated with the preferred livestock of this area, Balinese cattle ( Bos javanicus) and water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis), both highly susceptible to SA-MCF. The incidence in these species is thought to be high but the prevalence and economic losses attributable to SA-MCF have been difficult to assess. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, based on a cloned OHV-2 gene sequence, was successfully applied to the detection of OHV-2 DNA in normal sheep and animals affected with SA-MCF. OHV-2 DNA was detected in eleven confirmed cases of SA-MCF and in the peripheral blood leucocyte (PBL) fraction of six latently infected sheep. These findings have confirmed that the PCR can be of value in establishing a diagnosis of MCF and that the aetiological agent of MCF in Indonesia is OHV-2. The amplification of DNA from the PBL of goats suggests that they are infected with a similar or identical herpesvirus.

Failure of sheep to respond to repeated inoculations with an alcelaphine herpesvirus-1-like virus, isolated from a case of malignant catarrhal fever in American cattle

The replication of an alcelaphine herpesvirus-1-like virus (707K), isolated from a clinical case of malignant catarrhal fever in American cattle, was studied in sheep. Viraemia was not observed in any of the six sheep repeatedly inoculated with the 707K virus or in four steers susceptible to malignant catarrhal fever which were housed together with these sheep for one year. None of the four steers seroconverted and only two of the six inoculated sheep showed a negligible and short-lived seroconversion. The inability of the sheep to seroconvert adequately after repeated inoculations with the 707K virus, and the failure to recover the agent from them suggests that this agent does not replicate in sheep.

Malignant catarrhal fever in cattle experimentally inoculated with a herpesvirus isolated from a case of malignant catarrhal fever in Minnesota USA

A malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)-like syndrome was experimentally induced in three steers, which were under immunization trials with a herpesvirus previously isolated from a case of MCF in a cow in Minnesota USA. The clinical signs observed in the three steers, and the pathological and histological lesions observed in two of these steers which succumbed to the disease syndrome were indistinguishable from those described for MCF. Although seroconversion was readily demonstrated in the three animals, virus was not re-isolated from the blood leucocytes, secretions and tissues obtained from the two animals which succumbed to the syndrome during the course of the disease and after death. However, a herpesvirus which showed cell rounding cytopathic effects (cpe) in bovine thyroid cells (Bth), was re-isolated from the one steer which survived the disease.

Immunoblotting analysis of the reaction of wildebeest, sheep and cattle sera with the structural antigens of alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (malignant catarrhal fever virus)

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a disease of cattle and some other ruminants caused by alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (AHV-1), a virus of wildebeest. The disease also occurs in the absence of wildebeest and is then thought to be caused by a viral agent harboured by the sheep. The structural proteins of AHV-1 have been used as antigens for the immunoblotting analysis of sera from wildebeest, sheep and cattle infected by either AHV-1 or the “sheep-associated” form of the disease. Wildebeest sera showed a uniform response reacting strongly with six polypeptides. Sheep sera also gave positive results but individual sera reacted with varying subsets of the antigens recognized by wildebeest. These results support the earlier suggestion that sheep harbour a herpesvirus related to AHV-1. A bovine serum from a case of MCF caused by AHV-1 also reacted only with a subset of the six wildebeest-reactive polypeptides. Sera from cattle affected with the “sheep-associated” form of the disease gave reactions in only two of the eight cases tested; both positive sera reacted to a few polypeptides only.