Case Of Kazakhstan Research Articles

The Role of Education in Developing a Green Economy: A Case Study of Kazakhstan and Turkey

Currently, the issue of education for the development of a ‘green’ economy is among the most pressing global challenges. In this context, this study explores the relationship between CO2 emissions and education levels, represented by government spending on education as a share of GDP, alongside economic and social indicators such as GDP per capita, urbanization ratio, and inflation rate. The analysis focuses on the cases of Kazakhstan and Turkey. The study used a forecasting methodology involving a regression model to determine the relationships between changes in CO2 emissions, educational attainment, and economic and social parameters. A multiple linear regression model was constructed to assess education’s impact, and the ecological footprint and ecological deficit for the two countries studied were determined. The study uses information from the Footprint Data Foundation (Footprint Data Foundation). The research complements the existing theoretical framework on sustainable development, offering an interdisciplinary approach combining economic, environmental and educational aspects. The results show that education and GDP per capita significantly positively impact reducing CO2 emissions in Kazakhstan. The results can be used to justify the need to integrate environmental knowledge into educational programs and to develop more comprehensive models of the interaction of factors affecting the reduction of the carbon footprint. From a practical point of view, the study’s results will provide empirical data and analysis that can be useful for developing educational and economic strategies and more effective government programs aimed at reducing CO2 emissions, improving environmental quality and promoting green growth.

INFLUENCE OF INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS ON CIRCULAR ECONOMY PRACTICES IN EMERGING TOURIST DESTINATIONS

This study examines how key institutions such as policies, incentives and stakeholder collaboration influence the implementation of circular economy initiatives in emerging tourism destinations. Main approach for this study is a case study method with documentary analysis and interviews with key stakeholders using Kazakhstan case. The documentary analysis showed the shortcomings of regulatory framework and adherence to a “planned circularity”. The analysis leads to practical recommendations for policymakers, including the development of comprehensive circular economy guidelines addressing tourism, financial incentives for businesses, infrastructure investment and increased collaboration among stakeholders. This study contributes to the literature by providing a detailed examination of how institutional factors shape circular economy practices in tourism in emerging destinations context. It offers insight into how global circular economy principles can be adapted to local conditions, thereby expanding understanding of the circular economy in different geographic and economic contexts.

The Impact of Women’s Education on Identity Formation: Case of Kazakhstan

This article examines the impact of women's education on their role in shaping the identity of the new generation. This issue is relevant due to the increasing proportion of children and youth (30%) in the demographic structure and the multiethnic population of Kazakhstan. Narrative interviews and participant observation were used as the main research methods. A group of researchers conducted 32 interviews with women aged 18 to 74 years living in the city (Shymkent and Turkestan) and rural areas (Iskhan village, Turkestan region). The sample included Uzbek and Tajik women with different levels of education. The results of the study showed that the education and opportunities for self-development of women directly affect the formation of civic and ethnic identity in young people. However, ethnic groups often differ in the level of selfrealization available to women in these communities. The results of the study showed that there is a need to study the social portrait of women of different ethnic groups, as well as to strengthen their civic identity.

The Impact of Economic and Environmental Factors on the Consumption of Renewable Energy: The Case of Kazakhstan

The article examines the impact of economic and environmental factors on the consumption of renewable energy sources (RES) in Kazakhstan. The study is based on a quantitative analysis of data, including adjusted net savings (ANS), the share of renewable electricity output (REO), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions per capita. The dependent variable in this analysis is the share of renewable energy in the total final energy consumption. The results of the regression analysis revealed the following relationships: an increase in the share of electricity production from renewable energy sources (REO) by 1% leads to an increase in their consumption by 0.119% (p < 0.01), which is associated with reduced production costs and improved accessibility. Adjusted net savings (ANS) also have a positive effect: their growth by 1% increases renewable energy consumption by 0.055% (p < 0.05), confirming the role of economic stability and investment in the development of green energy. At the same time, an increase in CO₂ emissions negatively affects renewable energy consumption, decreasing it by 0.154% for each additional ton of CO₂ per capita (p < 0.01), which is explained by the predominance of traditional hydrocarbon energy sources. The study highlights that the sustainable development of renewable energy sources requires a comprehensive approach, including the stimulation of its production, reduction of carbon emissions, and maintenance of economic stability. The results have practical value for the formation of Kazakhstan's state policy aimed at transition to sustainable energy and reducing environmental pressure.

Investigating the Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Using Toda-Yamamoto Causality Test: The Case of Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan

This study examines the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan using the Toda-Yamamoto causality test. Following their independence, both countries implemented significant structural reforms to transition to a market economy, recognizing the efficient use of energy resources as a strategic component for economic growth. Kazakhstan benefited from its abundant oil and natural gas reserves, resulting in an increased economic growth rate. In contrast, Azerbaijan fostered its economic development through a growth model centered on energy exports. The research analyzes the impact of oil and renewable energy consumption on economic growth through various models. The findings indicate a significant causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Kazakhstan, while this relationship is not statistically significant in Azerbaijan. Consequently, the study concludes that energy consumption is a crucial factor for economic growth in Kazakhstan. Furthermore, the research explores how structural differences between energy consumption and economic growth influence the time needed to reach equilibrium. Results show that Kazakhstan achieves equilibrium in a shorter timeframe compared to Azerbaijan. This study aims to enhance the understanding of growth dynamics, particularly in energy-rich countries, by highlighting the effects of energy consumption on economic growth and the implications of different energy policies on this relationship.

Theoretical Substantiation and Technology of Geodetic Support of Chromite Deposits on the Case of Kazakhstan: Literature Review

The study aims to examine modern technologies and develop theoretical foundations for geodetic support for the extraction of chromite ores at the Khromtau deposit. The Khromtau deposit is situated in northwest Kazakhstan's Aktobe region, about 90 km east of the regional capital, Aktobe city. This area is a component of the dry steppe terrain that makes up a large portion of northern Kazakhstan. Research methods such as analysis, comparison, systematisation, and synthesis were used while writing the study. The analysis has identified the most important technologies necessary for successfully searching and providing chromite deposits. Geodetic work is an important part of this process, including triangulation, polygonometry, and levelling techniques. These methods allow for a more accurate determination of the examined area's geometric characteristics, which contributes to a more accurate identification of potential chromite deposits. Surveying includes planning and controlling geometric parameters in the field itself. These parameters are of great importance when developing plans for the placement of future mining operations, considering the deposit's complex mining and geological features. Filming is an integral part of the exploration of chromite deposits. It includes the creation of three-dimensional models of deposits and the surrounding area, which provides a more complete and visual representation of the geometry of the deposit.

The Effect of Body Language on the Development of Turkısh Speaking Skills as a Foreign Language: The Case of Kazakhstan

The Effect of Body Language on the Development of Turkısh Speaking Skills as a Foreign Language: The Case of Kazakhstan

Regional and sectoral wage disparities as a reflection of inequality: The case of Kazakhstan

In today’s world, many countries, including Kazakhstan, are facing growing income inequality, poverty, and an increasing polarization of society. These challenges threaten social stability and make it difficult to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. The purpose of this study is to investigate the size and trends of regional and sectoral wage disparities in Kazakhstan, as well as to create a typology based on the average wage levels in different regions and to provide recommendations for reducing income inequality. The study tested hypotheses about the relationship between the average nominal wage and the level of GRP, level of education, industry specialization, type of ownership, and size of enterprises. The methods of expert survey, correlation, and cluster analysis were used. The study revealed the tendency of increasing inequality of labor income. The largest differences between wages in extractive industries and agriculture were revealed in the Atyrau (11.5) and Mangystau (9.2) regions and Astana (7.2). Differences in average wages between regions were estimated at 1.7 to 7.8 times. The most significant factors affecting the level of average wages are gross regional product per capita and the share of gross value added of the quasi-public sector in the gross regional product. In order to reduce differences in wages, it is recommended to introduce progressive taxation, apply regional increasing coefficients, and calculate the minimum wage based on the hourly wage rate. AcknowledgmentThis work is supported by the Committee of Science Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant BR21882165).

Problems of Development of East-West International Transport Corridors in the Caspian Region

The article is dedicated to the problems of development of international transport corridors in Caspian region as a part of transcontinental logistic routes between east and west of Eurasia (primarily, between China and European market for Chinese goods). During last thirty years there has been a wide discussion of such corridors as an alternative for the routes via Russia. Since 2022, one can witness the activization of such process. The aim of the research in this context is to specify the current situation in development of such transport corridors in Caspian region as well as the influence of Silk Road Economic Belt realization. It can be concluded that, despite of all discussions, constructing the cross-Caspian logistic infrastructure proves to be very expensive, so that the coastal nations reckon on participation of external players such as EU, US and primarily China. However, infrastructure development still remains to be their ‘inside job’ while the biggest results one can witness is the case of Kazakhstan. Notwithstanding Kazakhstan’s efforts the busiest routes still lay to the north of Caspian region and go via Russia. Thus, connecting logistics systems of eastern and western coasts of the Caspian Sea remains a difficult task that cannot be completed without participation of Russia.

Impact of Oil Price, CO2 Emissons, Inflation and Economic Growth on FDI Inflow: Case of Kazakhstan

Impact of Oil Price, CO2 Emissons, Inflation and Economic Growth on FDI Inflow: Case of Kazakhstan

Comparing the Impact of Non-Cognitive Skills in STEM and Non-STEM Contexts in Kazakh Secondary Education

The role of non-cognitive skills in academic achievement has garnered increasing attention in educational research. This study explores the impact of non-cognitive skills on academic achievement in STEM and non-STEM subjects in secondary education. Survey data from 795 teachers and 12,965 students across 20 STEM schools in Kazakhstan were analyzed to examine the impact of 26 non-cognitive skills on performance in math, physics, first language, and history. Regression and mediation analyses were conducted to investigate how students’ self-assessment of non-cognitive skills directly affects academic achievement and how these effects are mediated by teachers’ assessments. The findings indicate that non-cognitive skills exhibit varying direct and total effects, with mediated effects showing greater consistency across different subjects. In math and physics, information processing skill and grit show the strongest direct and total effects on academic achievement. In first language and history, responsibility management and teamwork skill are most influential. Except for capacity for optimism and growth mindset, all skills demonstrated mediated effects across the four subjects. This research informs curriculum development and equitable policies by showing how non-cognitive skills impact academic performance across subjects. It studies the case of Kazakhstan, adding to global education discourse and offering valuable insights for enhancing STEM education.

The Impact of Stress Factors on Employee Subjective Well-Being: The Case of Kazakhstan

The Impact of Stress Factors on Employee Subjective Well-Being: The Case of Kazakhstan

Court interpreters’ role in upholding the principle of language in legal proceedings: Kazakhstan case

The demographic shifts in Kazakhstan impact legal proceedings, with a growing number of participants who lack proficiency in the language of court proceedings. This highlights the importance of employing court interpreters. The purpose of the article was to reveal the importance of this specialist in the process of considering a case and providing citizens with the right to justice. The following methods were used in the study: analysis, synthesis, comparison, legal doctrinal, comparative, abstraction. As a result, a number of problems were revealed regarding the implementation of professional activities by a court translator in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study conducted a comparative analysis of court interpreters in Kazakhstan and foreign jurisdictions, highlighting commonalities and differences in their legal status, authority, and qualifications. In addition, as a result of the study, statistical indicators were presented describing the number of cases considered by the courts of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the participation of foreign citizens. The study yielded recommendations for establishing a centralized database of court interpreters in Kazakhstan and refining candidate requirements, especially concerning education levels. These insights can inform the development of training programs and certification processes for translators in the country.

Analyzing the Relationship Between Urbanization and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The Case of Kazakhstan

Subject: The study analyses the relationship between urbanization and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Ka zakhstan, looking at the impact of urban growth on GHG emissions and suggesting pathways for their sustainable de velopment. Methods: The study relies on national statistics and utilizes a hybrid method that integrates the analysis data anal ysis with qualitative insights. In this study, we used an algorithm that includes three key steps: (1) aggregating data from various sources for the period 2015–2021; (2) using data visualization tools to construct graphs; and (3) construct ing mind maps to visualize the consequences of urbanization for air quality. Findings: Our results show that urbanization in Kazakhstan is closely linked to a growth in GHG, driven by indus trial development, energy consumption, and transportation. The analysis highlights the importance of considering eco logical, economic, and social aspects of balanced development urban growth and reducing environmental impacts. Conclusions: The study also identifies opportunities to reduce emissions through strategic urban planning, green infrastructure development, and clean technology adoption. The study contributes to the current debate on sustainable urbanization by offering insights that can inform urban management policies and practices in Kazakhstan and similar contexts worldwide.

Analyzing the Relationship Between Urbanization and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The Case of Kazakhstan

Subject: The study analyses the relationship between urbanization and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Ka zakhstan, looking at the impact of urban growth on GHG emissions and suggesting pathways for their sustainable de velopment. Methods: The study relies on national statistics and utilizes a hybrid method that integrates the analysis data anal ysis with qualitative insights. In this study, we used an algorithm that includes three key steps: (1) aggregating data from various sources for the period 2015–2021; (2) using data visualization tools to construct graphs; and (3) construct ing mind maps to visualize the consequences of urbanization for air quality. Findings: Our results show that urbanization in Kazakhstan is closely linked to a growth in GHG, driven by indus trial development, energy consumption, and transportation. The analysis highlights the importance of considering eco logical, economic, and social aspects of balanced development urban growth and reducing environmental impacts. Conclusions: The study also identifies opportunities to reduce emissions through strategic urban planning, green infrastructure development, and clean technology adoption. The study contributes to the current debate on sustainable urbanization by offering insights that can inform urban management policies and practices in Kazakhstan and similar contexts worldwide.

Stock Market Development and Economic Growth: The Case of Kazakhstan

The purpose of the article. The relationship between economic growth and financial development has long been widely discussed in scientific circles. Most empirical research has led to the clear conclusion that financial markets stimulate economic development. However, in the case of financial markets in developing countries, this conclusion is not so obvious. The aim of this study is to empirically verify the relationship between economic growth and the development of the stock market (Kazakhstan Stock Exchange). Methodology. Empirical verification of the strength and shape of the cause-and-effect relationship between real GDP growth and independent predictors will be carried out using classic linear regression models with many independent variables. Results of the research. The results of empirical verification of the strength and shape of the cause-and-effect relationship between the growth of real GDP and independent predictors indicate that the development of the stock market has a positive impact on the growth of the country's real GDP but is not the basic factor of Kazakhstan's economic growth.

Macroeconomic Analysis and General Economic Equilibrium of Kazakhstan

The paper studies general equilibrium in the economy of Kazakhstan. The purpose of the study is to estimate the equilibrium real interest rate for the economy within current frameworks. The IS-LMBP curves are plotted based on corresponding regression models of the real output measured by GDP. The exogenous variables are taken for the regressions according to the theoretical propositions. The quarterly data for 2008Q1-2022Q4 published in the datasets and bulletins of the Committee for Statistics and the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan were used. Some consequences of the change in the exchange rate regime and in macroeconomic policy framework on macroeconomic relationships were revealed. Effectiveness of using interest rate as an instrument in maintaining inflation targeting policy is still ambiguous for the case of Kazakhstan. This study demonstrates the general equilibrium state of the national economy and specifications of the curves listed above. The results can be used to assign further the nominal interest rate using Taylor type rules

Do Global Excellence Initiatives Lead to an Increase in Research Productivity: The Case of Kazakhstan’s World-Class University

Global excellence initiatives have been widely implemented across various regions to elevate the quality and standing of higher education institutions. The establishment of world-class universities have been one of the most frequent approaches within the global excellence initiatives. A notable example of the successful establishment of a novel world-class university is Nazarbayev University in Kazakhstan, which is expected to transform Kazakhstani society by training high-qualified cadre, stimulating research and innovative activity in the country, and serving the larger society in terms of intellectual leadership and global citizenship initiatives. Despite the great promise, the university has been greatly scrutinized for the financial burden associated with its creation and maintenance. The public attention, however, has not resulted in a sufficient number of studies evaluating the various impacts of the university on Kazakhstani society and the Central Asian region at large. This study attempts to fill the gap by analyzing bibliometric data from the Web of Science to estimate the effect of the creation of Nazarbayev University on research productivity measures in Kazakhstan. More specifically, interrupted time series is applied to the data panel from 2000 to 2010 to determine whether trends in research productivity measured in terms of the number of publications, number of citations, and the size of the scholarly community (as a proxy for research capacity strengthening effect) have been affected by the establishment of the world-class university in the country. The study fills the existing gap in prior research on global academic excellence initiatives and world-class universities by suggesting quantitative insights on the research productivity effects of the initiatives.

Positive Outcomes of Cross-Border Tourism Development Cooperation: A Case of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan

Positive Outcomes of Cross-Border Tourism Development Cooperation: A Case of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan

Do CBDCs promote financial inclusion and strengthen the monetary regulations?

Digital currencies are impacting the financial lives of people and countries around the world; particularly developing countries see the retail Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) as an opportunity to increase financial inclusion and introduce new monetary policy implementation mechanisms. The decision to launch a digital currency mainly depends upon the goals and objectives being set by the Central Bank of any respective country. Digital currencies help to implement monetary policy more effectively to achieve the financial system stability. Kazakhstan is the leading economy in the Commonwealth of Independent States region; the digital payments market is changing rapidly in Kazakhstan, being driven by fintech innovations and public investments in payment technologies. In this article, we thoroughly discussed how launching of “Digital Tenge” is promoting financial inclusion and strengthening the monetary regulations across Kazakhstan. We took the case of Kazakhstan because it’s the first country from Central Asia which took the initiative of launching digital currency, and the National Bank of Kazakhstan has already announced that implementation of “Digital Tenge” would be completed in Kazakhstan by the end of 2025. The implementation of a “Digital Tenge” as a CBDC in Kazakhstan would expand the range of financial services being available to the nation. Having direct authority over the digital currency will empower the National Bank of Kazakhstan to adopt more efficient monetary policy, exerting influence over interest rates, money supply, and general economic stability. Furthermore, by providing digital financial services to marginalized communities, the digital Tenge would also help to solve the difficulties of financial inclusion in Kazakhstan. The article provides the possible policy routes for the governments of developing countries and the financial regulators about adopting CBDCs for promoting financial inclusion and to strengthen the monetary regulations.