Cases Of Human Rights Violations Research Articles

The Activity of American Non-Governmental Organisations in the Post-Soviet States during the 1990s

Non-governmental human rights organisations play an increasingly important role in the modern world. One of the most famous of them is the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) established in the United States in 1983. This article considers the activity of the NED in the post-Soviet countries during the first decade after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The author aims to identify the main directions, methods, and patterns of the work of the Endowment. The research is based on annual financial reports of the NED, which provide information on the money received by the fund from US government agencies, and other contributors, and the directions in which the funds are spent. These reports also comment on the development of the democratic process in the states where the NED carries out its projects. The comparison of the amounts allocated to certain countries demonstrates how the priorities of the NED changed, and what problems were given more attention. In the 1990s, the NED paid special attention to the countries of the former Soviet Union, regarding them as promising, but also posing risks to the development of the democratic process in the world. The financing of various democratic and human rights groups in these countries gradually increased: in 2000, the amount allocated to them was almost twice as high as in 1991, with Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus being the most important post-Soviet countries for the NED. It financed several dozens of organisations in them, and the range of its activities in these countries was the most extensive. It is noteworthy that in Russia, the NED actively supported various historical projects aimed at revising Soviet history. After the euphoria of the early 1990s, the NED analytics admitted that the development of the democratic process in many countries of the former USSR faced economic and political difficulties. They stated that in some countries (Belarus, and from 2000, Russia), authoritarian tendencies began to increase, with cases of human rights violations becoming more frequent. As a result, the activity of the NED in the post-Soviet space did not bear fruit everywhere, but increased the hostility of the official authorities towards foreign non-governmental organisations.

Memória, esquecimento e a (res)significação da ditadura pela CNV e pela imprensa

O artigo reflete sobre a revisão de um trauma histórico brasileiro: a ditadura militar. Tendo como perspectiva o campo da comunicação e como respaldo teórico as discussões sobre memória e esquecimento, toma-se como ponto de partida da análise uma política pública recente: a Comissão Nacional da Verdade (CNV). Instituída em 2012 para investigar os casos graves de violações de direitos humanos ocorridos especialmente no período da ditadura militar, a CNV encerrou seus trabalhos em dezembro de 2014, com a divulgação de um relatório. Por meio da Análise de Conteúdo, investiga-se as conclusões e recomendações desse documento e também 82 relatos sobre o episódio, publicados nos veículos do mainstream (como Folha de S. Paulo, G1, Jornal Nacional, O Estado de S. Paulo e O Globo) entre os dias 10 e 12 de dezembro de 2014. O objetivo é questionar as (res)significações da ditadura na contemporaneidade.

Minority as a form of organization of religious existence

In today's conditions of Ukraine's development, strengthening its legal foundation and establishing a democratic civil society is an urgent problem of the person's ability to exercise the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the constitution and other legislative acts. Recently, in the world, cases of human rights violations in connection with religious, racial, linguistic and other differences have become more frequent and more frequent in the world. The ambiguity, the antagonistic nature of the definitions and the relation between the concepts of various social groups, such as the national, religious minority, etc., often leads to speculation and aggravation of the ethnopolitical situation. This explains the relevance of this study.

The military and human rights violations in post-1999 Nigeria: Assessing the problems and prospects of effective internal enforcement in an era of insecurity

ABSTRACTNigeria is currently faced with a series of internal security challenges that threaten the very existence of the country. In the areas where conflict has erupted, the military has been consistently accused of violating human rights during its operations. The aim of this article is to explore the claims of human rights abuses levelled against the military and assess the prospect of an effective internal enforcement mechanism. The study that forms the basis of this article involved interviews with 18 high-ranking serving and retired military officers. The empirical results suggest that there are four main areas that need to be strengthened to limit the alleged cases of human rights violations.

Implementasi Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Di Indonesia

Ensure legal certainty in the community, is to publish or assign relevant laws. Law is a rule in the form of norms and sanctions, created with the purpose of regulating human behavior, maintain order, justice, and prevent chaos. Each masyarat, is entitled to obtain a defense before the law. Law can be interpreted as a statute or statutes / regulations written or unwritten to regulate people's lives and provide sanctions for violating it. Man, born in any parts of the world, legally own rights to live. Enforcement of Human (HAM), irrespective of economic status, education, gender, race and other. The concept of human rights, which spearheaded UN Human Commission of Human gave birth to seventeen points stated in the declaration. The declaration or agreement Universal Declaration of Human Rights has been ratified by the Indonesian government through Law No. 39 of 1999 on Human Rights. The spirit of this law, is to exalt the dignity, the dignity of the nation in the hope away from the offense. Because the real human rights will not be traded, and can not mebatasi others outside corridor applicable law. Human rights perspective in the community, is still far from the expected. Legal product is considered to have many loopholes that affect law enforcement is not working as it should. Increased commitment of the Indonesian government in realizing human rights enforcement in the future, is expected to be more serious As social beings, should be able defend themselves and fight for their rights. Furthermore, it should be able to respect and preserve the rights of others. The government has time to open your eyes wide to be cases of human rights violations in Indonesia, or Indonesian citizens abroad. Doi: 10.22216/jit.2014.v8i4.10

Age Discrimination in the Republic of Macedonia and the Approach of the Constitutional Court

The Constitutional court of the Republic of Macedonia has a jurisdiction to deal with cases of alleged inter alia age discrimination. This jurisdiction derives directly from the Constitution, which makes the Constitutional court the highest court deciding on cases of human rights violations, including discrimination. In it’s jurisdiction, the Constitutional court has dealt with issues of age distinctions, such as the mandatory retirement or the use of age as a criterion in access to different benefits. The paper focuses on the approach of the Constitutional court of the Republic of Macedonia towards the concept of age discrimination. Namely, in its jurisdiction when dealing with such cases the Constitutional Court doesn’t apply the test of proportionality. Wrongly, the Court accepts age as being objective criterion in employment or education. In this way, the Constitutional Court even contradicts with Macedonia’s international obligations and the case-law of the main international jurisdictions, such as the Court of Justice of the European Union. The paper points out the national legal framework, as well as international standards, on protection from age discrimination. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2015.v4n2p241

THE MECHANISM OF SETTLEMENT OF GROSS VIOLANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES BY THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT

Although there were differences in the mechanism of enforcement against Human Rights violations or Human Rights crimes among national law (Law Court of Human Rights) and international law (Statute of Rome 1998) between the two jurisdictions, however, have a relationship. Jurisdiction in the Statute of Rome was said to be only as a complement to the jurisdiction of the national law. When there are indications of unwilling and unable to national jurisdiction in processing the cases of Human Rights violations which are also regulated in the Statute of Rome, then this is the reason the Roman Statute of the jurisdiction can apply. In addition, previous State should ratify the Statute of Rome became part of national law.

Psicopatía política: caso Fujimori

A siete años de su derrumbe político, Alberto Fujimori Fujimori (AFF) fue extraditado de Chile el 22 de setiembre de 2007, para ser juzgado por dos casos de violación a los derechos humanos y por cinco casos de corrupción. El megajuicio se inició el 10 de diciembre de 2007. Según la teoría de la Autoría mediata, el haber encabezado la cadena de mando en las acciones antisubversivas lo involucra en la comisión de crímenes de lesa humanidad. La Sala Penal Especial de la Corte Suprema lo juzga por seis causas divididas en tres megaprocesos penales relacionados a los derechos humanos, corrupción y peculado: 1) Casos La Cantuta- Barrios Altos, el secuestro del periodista Gustavo Gorriti y del empresario Samuel Dyer en los sótanos del Servicio de Inteligencia del Ejército; 2) Caso interceptación telefónica, medios de comunicación y congresistas tránsfugas; y 3) Caso 15 millones de nuevos soles por pago de compensación por tiempo de servicios a Montesinos). El último caso, allanamiento a la casa de Trinidad Becerra, ex esposa de Montesinos, es tratado por separado, puesto que se trata de un proceso sumario. Empero, AFF no actuó solo. Su accionar delictivo fue orquestado en la sombra con aquellos miembros de su cúpula que se coludieron con él y procedieron con estilo mafioso. En este artículo se presenta una sistematización de la trama psicopatológica de este intricado asunto político, el mismo que configura un síndrome psicopático, cuya evolución es de un previsible desenlace que pondrá fin a la ansiada impunidad que busca AFF.

Role of Media in Present Indian Social Scenario

“It may be true that the law can‟t make a man love me, but it can stop him from lynching me and I think that‟s pretty important.” Laws are enacted for the protection of people and for the smooth functioning of the society. Laws provide a fair framework within which individuals and groups can choose their own values and codes, consistent with a similar liberty for others. Hence laws both protect the integrity of different sects of society and also promote their harmonal existence. In the absence of law and order, society will turn into an unbearable chaos. However law acquires its life and performs its intended social functions through the process of implementation and enforcements, without which it has little meaning in any given society. 3 Implementation of law is about „law-in-action‟ and not „law-in-the-books.‟ Implementation part is the most difficult part for the rule of law. As Eugene Bardach notes, It is hard enough to design public policies and programs that look good on paper. It is harder still to formulate them in words and slogans that resonate pleasingly in the ears of political leaders and constituencies to which they are responsive. And it is excruciatingly hard to implement them in a way that pleases anyone at all, including the supposed beneficiaries or clients. There is no doubt that the implementation of law is a complicated socio-legal process which involves many institutions and players. Judiciary and media are two independent institutions. Court, „the capital of law‟s empire‟ is the first and last place where justice is fought for. Media is an indirect agent that assists police and judiciary in serving justice to suffering people by bringing perpetrators of law before public notice. Media is the fourth pillar of democracy. It is a mirror of society and a powerful tool in implementing laws. Although the Indian constitution does not have an exclusive act defining the liberty of the press but it is evidently included in the freedom of speech and expression under the Article 19 (1) (a). Media, a derivative of word medium meaning carrier, reports news, provides information and analysis on issues and creates awareness among masses. The fundamental function of media, both print and mass media, is to inform people, educate them and guiding the society. Newspapers satisfies the queries of public by answering the questions of what, when, where, why, how the events happened and who are participants in various happenings. Media is easily accessible by all walks of people. It keeps people updated as information about everything and from everywhere is provided within seconds. Mark Twain rightly said “There are only two forces that can carry light to all corners of the globe...the sun in the heavens and the associated press down here.” Media plays an active role in raising awareness on human rights, apart from other civil and political rights and helps in mobilizing people to recognize and protect human rights and bringing perpetrators to justice. By reporting and denouncing cases of human rights violations and other criminal cases and discussing punishments according to laws, media helps in bringing down the incidences of abuse and violation. Jianfu Chen notes, “ Implementation is often conceptualized as pressure politics (a system of pressure and counter pressure),a social and political phenomenon, an administrative control process,or an intergovernmental bargaining process. Media by exposing every crime, highlighting its far reaching effects, puts pressure on authorities to implement laws properly and to do justice to suffering people. Hence media roles as an enforcer of law. It acts as a watchdog and investigates and evaluates every incident in detail. By highlighting cases of violation and crime cases, media creates pressure on agencies to implement laws properly and give due punishments to the people involved in such criminal activities. Media offers a diagnostic and analytical platform for discussing the different causes of and solutions to, to the problem of improper implementation of law. Thereby forcing

Pelaksanaan dan Penegakkan Hak Asasi Manusia dan Demokrasi di Indonesia

The term human right shows that the power or authority a person has the fundamental nature. Number of cases of human rights violations that occur because of lack of understanding of the intrinsic value of every person so easily violate the rights of others. This violation is influenced by some cause. The most influential factors are political, economic, social, cultural and security. This research is examining the existing literature to find out about the importance of knowing human rights in everyday life in society and among students and to know more deeply about its relationship with democracy. The research methodology is explanatory; data used is data skunde namely from books. Based on research results, it can be concluded that the human rights needs to be communicated and implemented within the life of the community and among students. By knowing the obligations of their human rights and the implementation of human rights will be better again.

The Fujimori Judgment: A President's Responsibility for Crimes Against Humanity as Indirect Perpetrator by Virtue of an Organized Power Apparatus

The Fujimori Judgment: A President's Responsibility for Crimes Against Humanity as Indirect Perpetrator by Virtue of an Organized Power Apparatus

Innocents Abroad, or What I Didn’t Do on My Summer Vacation

I The following tale is both unique and ordinary: singular in its mind-boggling outlandishness and typical in its petty arbitrariness. It is the story of an apolitical East German woman’s victimization by the Stasi (secret police) spy network in the 1980s. What distinguishes this account from other cases of human rights violations in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) is the senseless, farcical pseudojustification advanced by official authorities for this woman’s persecution. Most examples of Stasi harassment targeted individuals who had abrogated some law or policy; however inhumane it was, however reprehensible it was, retaliatory government action in response to such cases was quite explicable. By contrast, the case of Marina involves no criminal act or seditious conduct. As she told me repeatedly, Marina was an apolitical person during her GDR youth, and she remains so today. Why did the GDR government pursue her? Was it for the sole purpose of obtaining a “ransom” from her wealthy West German uncle? The prospect is both squalid and chilling. As we shall see, Marina was arrested, prosecuted, and sentenced to 18 months in jail, apparently for the primary purpose of extorting money from her uncle. Of course, Marina was just one of tens of thousands of GDR citizens victimized by the East German government’s surveillance of its citizenry. She herself strives to relate her experience within a broader context of East German violations of human rights standards. Although I believe she downplays the injustice of her own victimization and the degree of her own personal sufferings, her modesty does furnish us with both a valuable reminder of the pervasive terror regime over which the Stasi presided and a renewed appreciation of her bizarre and tawdry ordeal. Both East Germans and foreign visitors to the GDR have devoted extensive attention in recent years to the Stasi terror regime’s domestic surveillance program. For example, Timothy Garten Ash’s The File (1998) recounts his Hum Rights Rev (2009) 10:605–614 DOI 10.1007/s12142-008-0088-9

La solución amistosa de peticiones de derechos humanos en el ámbito universal y regional, con especial referencia al sistema interamericano

Uno de los mecanismos internacionales de supervisión de los Estados en materia de derechos humanos es la presentación de peticiones individuales e interestatales ante organismos internacionales. Una de las formas cada vez más recurrentes de resolver este tipo de peticiones es la posibilidad expresa o implícita de solucionarlas de forma amistosa entre los Estados involucrados, o entre el Estado involucrado y la víctima o sus representantes, bajo la supervisión internacional de un órgano internacional. El presente trabajo se centra en la solución amistosa de peticiones, en especial las de carácter individual en el marco de los sistemas universales y regionales de derechos humanos (europeo, africano e interamericano), con el fin de determinar sus orígenes y perspectivas, al igual que su funcionamiento práctico e incidencia, así como explorar algunos cuestionamientos acerca de su pertinencia y viabilidad en ciertos casos de violaciones a los derechos humanos.