Domestic Violence Cases Research Articles

FORM OF LEGAL PROTECTION AGAINST VICTIMS OF PHYSICAL VIOLENCE IN HOUSEHOLD IN THE CONCEPT OF CRIMINAL LAW DECISION ANALYSIS NUMBER 2192/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Mdn

For Indonesian people, household problems are not to be announced, so there are still many Indonesians who are reluctant to report cases of domestic violence (KDRT). People prefer to solve these problems in a familial manner. The creation of PKDRT Law Number 23 in 2004 by the Government did not make domestic violence cases shrink. Data from Komnas Perempuan shows that domestic violence cases during the pandemic increased dramatically, namely there were 319 cases of violence reported, 2/3 of which 213 cases were domestic violence cases, or 19% (2,056 cases) were cases of psychic violence. Therefore, in the future this regulation can be an instrument that can reduce the percentage of crime in the household.

Prosecutorial Decision Making in Domestic Violence Cases: Are Prosecutors Holding Offenders Accountable?

Domestic violence (DV) continues is an ongoing costly issue for the criminal justice system, Research indicates the prosecutor's filing decision is important to keeping DV victims safe, but there is little research examining prosecutorial filing decisions in DV cases. This study used focal concerns as a theoretical framework to explore which legal and extra-legal factors impact prosecutorial filing decisions in DV cases. The study utilized data collected from 731 misdemeanor and felony DV cases from an urban County in Florida between January 2017 - December 2018. Two binomial logistic regression models were used to predict the likelihood a DV case would be filed on any charge, filed on a DV specific charge or not filed. Results showed some support for focal concerns but findings suggest that factors impacting this decision vary based upon case severity (i.e. misdemeanor, felony). A weapon present decreased the filing likelihood for misdemeanor cases but victim requests not to prosecute and a public attorney decreased filing likelihood for felonies. The prosecutor's decision to file charges is a powerful tool to keep victims safe and should be based on legal facts and risk of future harm, but here these factors had little to no impact on this decision.

Handling Domestic Violence Through Mediation Out of Court

This study was structured to determine the settlement of cases of domestic violence in the city of Pekalongan. This aims to determine the approach to mediation outside the court in the settlement of domestic violence as an alternative. It also analyzes the obstacles in solving cases and their solutions. Method The approach in this study is a qualitative research that produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words from people and observable behavior. The specification of this research is descriptive qualitative which analyzes and presents facts systematically to determine the psychological condition of women and children victims of domestic violence. This study concludes that domestic violence in the city of Pekalongan is more experienced by women who are a wife, while the perpetrators are dominated by men who are husbands. Settlement according to state law regulated in the Law on the Elimination of Domestic Violence, it is necessary to find an alternative solution. The settlement through out-of-court mediation with the Pekalongan City Women, Children and Youth Protection Institute (LP PAR) as a companion is an alternative solution as an effort to restore good name, and dignity, especially for women as victims.

IMPRISONMENT FOR DOMESTIC VIOLENCE OFFENDERS WHO HAVE MEDIATED Review of Simalungun District Court Decision No. 19/PID. SUS/2019/PN Sim

Law No. 23 of 2004 on the Elimination of Domestic Violence provides a strong legal foundation that becomes domestic violence which was originally a domestic business into state affairs. For this reason, the thought arises of using penal mediation by seeking a win-win solution so that prison sentences must be avoided to the perpetrator so that the purpose of Article 4 letter d is achieved. Based on this can be formulated the problem in this paper is: what is the basis of the judge's consideration to impose a prison sentence on domestic violence offenders who have mediated in Decision No. 19 / PID. SUS/2019/PN Sim? The research methods used in this writing are normative juridical research methods or literature research methods. The results of the study showed that the imprisonment for 22 days to the perpetrator was very inappropriate, the opportunity to reconcile the domestic violence case in the District Court was open. Kuhap has provided an opportunity for judges to resuscitate offenders from prison. There are two provisions in the Kuhap that can be used as a legal basis for the implementation of penal mendiasi, namely Article 14A and Article 14 C, By using Article 14A, judges can prevent domestic offenders from prison sanctions by only giving a suspended sentence under one year until it does not need to be lived. And Article 14C to require perpetrators to cure violent behavior by undergoing counseling.Keywords: Prison, Offender, Domestic Violence, Mediation

“Well, He Is Paid to Be Violent…”: How Athlete Identity Alters Perceptions of Domestic Violence Incidents

The purpose of this study is to determine if perceptions of violence related to race, gender and sport will impact audience reactions to domestic violence issues involving an athlete. Specifically, this study will examine how these elements of an athlete’s identity could affect his/her perceived image when faced with domestic violence accusations. A 3 (perceived race) X 2 (gender) X 2 (sport) factorial experiment was conducted using a national convenience sample of 626 participants from Qualtrics Panels. Results provided evidence that an athlete’s race and gender could have an impact on their perception during domestic violence cases, with the male athlete (regardless of the race of the athlete) and the White athlete (regardless of the gender of the athlete) facing more negative perceptions. Furthermore, the violent nature of the sport did not have an impact on the perceptions of the athlete. This study provides further evidence about the role that gender and race play in how domestic violence is perceived during criminal transgressions.

Analysis of national practice and action on cases of domestic violence and national and international measures to prevent minor victims

In the exercise of its procedural responsibilities, the criminal investigation body shall ensure the correct application of the criminal law, the compliance of criminal prosecution actions with the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the spirit of international acts and the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. research in all aspects, complete and objective of the circumstances of the case. However, domestic violence is not a private matter, caused by differences between family members or a way of educating children, but is a violation of human rights, being recognized as one of the most current problems of our society, and is unquestionably one of the most dangerous antisocial phenomena, characterized by excessive destruction and irreversible consequences, the diversity and extent of which is difficult to measure and evaluate. The family is the physical and social context that provides the child with the necessary resources to grow, develop, mature and finally the family is a model for the child to continue his life, through which he learns behavior in the future with his own children. . Defining this type of crime seems to be a problem associated with the complexity and multiplicity of manifestations of violence, with the presence of a large number of doctrinal interpretations, which define "domestic violence" - "domestic violence", "physical and mental violence", " economic violence”, “religious violence”, etc.

Child Protection in Domestic Violence Cases: Developing Healthy Parenting Skills: Interventions to Develop Healthy Mother- and Father-Child Interactions

Aile içi şiddet vakalarında, sosyal hizmetlerin baba-çocuk ve anne-çocuk etkileşiminin nasıl daha sağlıklı ve güvenli bir hale getirebileceğine açıklık getirmek bu çalışmanın temel amacıdır. Aile içi şiddet sonrasında babanın çocuğuyla kurduğu ilişki ve etkileşim şekillerinin neler olduğunu keşfetmek sağlıklı ebeveyn davranışlarına sahip olup olmadıklarını anlamak için önemlidir. Bu kişilerin ebeveyn becerileri konusunda bilgi sahibi olmak güvenli görüşme ortamlarının oluşturulmasına ve çocuğun etkili korunmasına katkı sağlayabilir. Aile içi şiddetin yaşandığı ailelerde çocuk ve ebeveyn etkileşimlerinin sağlıklı ve güvenli olmasına yönelik ilgili literatür taraması bu çalışmanın yöntemidir. Bu çalışma sağlıklı ve olumlu ebeveyn olma becerisi ve bilgisini geliştirecek destek eğitimlerinin uygulanmasının önemine dikkat çeker. Özellikle sosyal politika yapıcıların aile içi şiddet olaylarında hem mağdurun hem de failin bu destek hizmetlerine katılımlarının zorunlu hale getirmesinin altı çizilmiştir. Ayrıca aile içinde eşine şiddet uygulayan babanın çocuk üzerindeki yıkıcı etkilerinin altı çizilerek çocuğun iyi hal durumunun nasıl sağlanacağı tartışılmıştır. Eşine şiddet uygulamış bir babanın ve mağdur olan annenin ebeveyn becerileri üzerinde durularak denetimli ve güvenli baba-çocuk görüşmelerinin ve sağlıklı anne-çocuk etkileşimlerinin nasıl sağlanabileceğini içeren öneriler sunulmuştur.

The Covid 19 Pandemic as a Strain in Increasing Domestic Violence (An Overview of Restorative Justice in Sustainable Crime)

The COVID-19 pandemic has become a global pandemic that has changed the order of human life in almost all parts of the world. Indonesia is also one of the countries affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. The Indonesian government has established public policies to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus, one of which is the policy on limiting community activities by diverting work to be done from home (Work from Home). The pandemic condition has an impact on increasing cases of domestic violence. Various factors can cause domestic violence during the pandemic, the main one is the economic factor. This study aims discusses the Covid-19 pandemic as a "strain" that triggers domestic violence, the state's response to domestic violence, and restorative justice in resolving domestic violence. This research is a normative juridical research that examines the problems of various legal theories. The study was conducted on the prospect of restorative justice in resolving cases of domestic violence as sustainable violence. The analysis was carried out qualitatively. Domestic violence that occurred during the pandemic was caused by "strain" including a decrease to loss of income, boredom from having to be at home, sick conditions and so on. The increasing number of domestic violence cases during the pandemic requires handling using the principle of restorative justice with a penal mediation mode. This problem solving model is carried out by bringing together perpetrators and victims and finding a middle way to solve the problems they face. This out-of-court settlement is believed to be more effective considering that the perpetrator and the victim have an inner relationship based on love that prioritizes the integrity of the household. Restorative justice with penal mediation does not yet have regulators and categories in criminal law, including Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence, within the limits or levels of violence whose resolution can be carried out using the concept of restorative justice.

Optimization of Women's Reproductive Health as Victims of Domestic Abbusive Through Android Application in Medan City

The increasing number of domestic violence cases so far, especially during COVID-19 in Medan City, makes there no longer a safe zone for children and women, especially housewives. Based on LBH APIK data that Medan City is in the red zone for domestic violence cases. With these economic difficulties, it is very risky for domestic violence, especially in the Covid-19 pandemic period which is recommended by the Government to stay at home or reduce employees in complying with Prokes, so that many companies or other businesses experience a major slump or loss. From the observation of the team also get many housewives who are just silent and do not report cases of domestic violence this is due to fear, shame and lack of knowledge. The methods used in this devotion are: 1. Health education with reproductive health materials of domestic violence victims; 2. PKPA staff training; 3. Assistance of PKPA staff in conducting reproductive health counseling to domestic violence victims; 4. Evaluation of program success: pre test and post test of PKPA staff and domestic violence victims of extension participants; 5. Socialization and training in application use Android-based prototype. The external target of this community service program activity is the formation of a group of women who become educators of Reproductive Health of women victims of domestic violence; Reproductive health module of KDRT victims, publication in issn-based journal, Video activities (youtube) and Harian Waspada Medan, Android Prototype Application, UU PKDRT.

Domestic violence in Indian women: lessons from nearly 20\xa0years of surveillance

BackgroundPrevalence of self-reported domestic violence against women in India is high. This paper investigates the national and sub-national trends in domestic violence in India to prioritise prevention activities and to highlight the limitations to data quality for surveillance in India.MethodsData were extracted from annual reports of National Crimes Record Bureau (NCRB) under four domestic violence crime-headings—cruelty by husband or his relatives, dowry death, abetment to suicide, and protection of women against domestic violence act. Rate for each crime is reported per 100,000 women aged 15–49 years, for India and its states from 2001 to 2018. Data on persons arrested and legal status of the cases were extracted.ResultsRate of reported cases of cruelty by husband or relatives in India was 28.3 (95% CI 28.1–28.5) in 2018, an increase of 53% from 2001. State-level variations in this rate ranged from 0.5 (95% CI − 0.05 to 1.5) to 113.7 (95% CI 111.6–115.8) in 2018. Rate of reported dowry deaths and abetment to suicide was 2.0 (95% CI 2.0–2.0) and 1.4 (95% CI 1.4–1.4) in 2018 for India, respectively. Overall, a few states accounted for the temporal variation in these rates, with the reporting stagnant in most states over these years. The NCRB reporting system resulted in underreporting for certain crime-headings. The mean number of people arrested for these crimes had decreased over the period. Only 6.8% of the cases completed trials, with offenders convicted only in 15.5% cases in 2018. The NCRB data are available in heavily tabulated format with limited usage for intervention planning. The non-availability of individual level data in public domain limits exploration of patterns in domestic violence that could better inform policy actions to address domestic violence.ConclusionsUrgent actions are needed to improve the robustness of NCRB data and the range of information available on domestic violence cases to utilise these data to effectively address domestic violence against women in India.

Gender inequality attitudes` impact on dyadic coping in close relationships

The situation of the COVID-19 pandemic has raised gender inequality problems around the world, in Russia as well – cases of domestic violence have increased; the burden associated with daily duties, as well as conflicts between partners have grown. The question how close partners cope with stress together as a dyad has become topical. Another point of interest includes gender attitudes’ impact. The aim is to identify the role of gender attitudes in partners` dyadic coping with stress. Hypothesis is that gender attitudes impact partners` choice of dyadic coping strategies. The sample consists of volunteers in close relationships. The most important results presented include: people with pronounced gender inequality attitudes are not inclined to use dyadic coping when a stressful situation arises in the couple. Gender attitudes impact dyadic coping strategies choice: positively for those who “launch” negative coping; negatively, for supporting coping. Dominance and inequality, defined by traditional gender roles, hinder effective sharing of dyadic tasks with the partner when coping with stress.

Social Work Students' Awareness And Knowledge of Domestic Violence

Malaysians are frequently exposed to information about the problem of domestic violence, which affects children, women, the elderly, and maids. In order to address this issue, it is critical to increase the knowledge, awareness, and involvement of community members of all ages. To that end, a study was conducted to determine students' level of awareness and knowledge about important aspects of domestic violence, such as the provision of policies, rights, and available assistance channelled through various organisations to victims of violence. This quantitative study collected data by distributing a set of questionnaires. The study surveyed 132 Social Work students in their first through fourth years at one of Malaysia's public universities. The students were chosen because they are most likely to work in social service organisations after graduation. Descriptive statistics was used to determine social work students’ level of awareness and knowledge about domestic violence. The findings indicated that respondents had a moderate level of awareness regarding domestic violence. Meanwhile, their awareness of the Domestic Violence Act's provisions, rights, and available assistance services for victims of domestic violence was limited. The findings of this study demonstrate a lack of awareness and understanding among Social Work students regarding domestic violence. There were a few respondents who retained gender-stereotypical beliefs toward domestic violence victims and perpetrators. Thus, it is proposed that extended awareness and practical training programmes concerning domestic violence be provided through a comprehensive educational syllabus to assist students in increasing their level of awareness and understanding about domestic violence. This is hoped to increase students' readiness and ability to deal with domestic violence cases in their professional endeavours.

How often do nurses suspect violence and domestic violence in local emergency medical communication centre? A cross-sectional study

Objective To assess the extent of violence that is revealed by screening at first contact with a local out-of-hours emergency medical communication centre (LEMC; Norwegian ‘Legevaktsentral’). Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Arendal LEMC, covering 10 municipalities in south-eastern Norway. All contacting patients (telephone or personal attendance) were asked by nurse whether the encounter was related to violence. Subjects All first patient encounters at Arendal LEMC. Main outcome measures Number and proportion of cases where the nurses suspected violence, both domestic violence and other violence. Incidence rate of violence, age and gender distribution of patients, time of day and reason for encounter. Results Violence was suspected in 336 of 103,467 first patient encounters (0.3%), of which 132 (0.1%) was domestic violence. Patients were female in 50.6% of all violence cases, and in 79% of domestic violence cases. Incidence rates were 137 per 100,000 person-years for all violence, and 53 for domestic violence. Conclusions This study indicates violence may be revealed in three of 1000 first encounters to an LEMC when nurses screen systematically for domestic or other violence. Key points Violence as underlying reason for encounter with primary care emergency health services is probably often not discovered by health personnel. • We examined how often nurses reveal violence upon first contact when systematically asking all patients. • Violence was suspected in 0.3% of cases, and domestic violence in 0.1%. • Among patients with disclosed domestic violence, 79% were female.

The Fluidity of Patriarchy: Kinship, Tradition and the Prevention of Gendered Violence in Lugbaraland, Uganda

ABSTRACT In a context of rapid social change in post-conflict West Nile, Uganda, internationally funded non-governmental organisations and the state have joined efforts to reduce gender-based violence (GBV) amongst Lugbara people. That women rarely report GBV is often interpreted as an indicator that such interventions are failing because of flawed design or cultural recalcitrance. Seeking to understand women’s infrequent reporting of GBV, our research explored the relationship between a GBV intervention and local patriarchal modes of power. Focusing on ‘traditional’ modes of handling domestic violence cases, we argue that this biopolitical sphere provides a site for the reassertion of patriarchy in unexpected ways. To circumvent GBV interventions that threaten patriarchal norms male clan leaders reinvent kinship traditions. Using this case, we build upon Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger’s influential ‘invention of tradition’ frame to advance theoretical understandings of the fluidity of patriarchy. The men and women who participated in our research understood domestic violence as best handled through male-controlled kinship structures that centred on bride price and land rights. Our findings provide grounds for rethinking theories of patriarchy and offer insights for anti-GBV programmes that generally privilege police and legal involvement, envisage patriarchy as fixed, and focus on the nuclear household.

Review of exponential rise in domestic violence amid COVID-19: theories and perspectives

The need for continuous research on domestic violence could be more espoused by the exponential increase in domestic violence, such that characterized the global reign of corona virus. Domestic violence cases have been on the rise in South Africa since 1994; and despite the existence of legal protections and statutory instruments that attempt to hinder domestic violence, there continues to be prevalence of violent behaviours across different families. Indisputably, the outbreak of coronavirus has created myriads of consequences for justice system in South Africa and the world at large. Due to the outbreak, the South African government announced a lockdown to mitigate the spread of the virus. Nonetheless, within a span of one week of the lockdown, the South African Police Services (SAPS) reported a shocking rise in the number of gender-based violence cases, which was approximately reported as 89000. The lockdown primarily suggests that victims be locked with the perpetrators for a period until it is deemed safe to end the lockdown. Using a systematic review of the empirical literature, the paper provides a quadripartite criminological perspective (comprising differential association theory, classical theory, frustration-aggression theory and social bond theory) on the rise of domestic violence during the outbreak of the virus. It further explores the aftermaths of COVID-19 on criminal justice system in terms of dealing with diverse cases of domestic violence in the Republic. Factors pertaining to issues of access to justice system during the lockdown, poor police response and victim reporting, sense of helplessness by victims, delayed justice, as well as victim support, system are significantly evaluated

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE BEFORE AND DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A RAPID REVIEW OF THE CONTEXT IN ROMANIA

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an upward trend in domestic violence cases at the international and, of course, national level. In fact, over time it has been shown that there are links between various natural disasters or pandemics and the increase in these cases. The first part of the study provides a brief theoretical analysis of domestic violence, as well as the main forms of manifestation and consequences for the victim. The second part focuses on the interrelationship between the sanitary measures imposed in the pandemic context and the impact on the evolution of this problem, as well as the identification of general factors that contributed to the emergence and maintenance of domestic violence, before and especially in the first year of the pandemic. Through the secondary data analysis, the third part of the study highlights the trends of domestic violence in Romania in the period between 2016-2020, focusing on the first year of the pandemic (2020), by looking at the statistics provided by the National Agency for Equality of Chances between women and men (ANES). The last part of our paper offers a series of discussions and conclusions on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the evolution of domestic violence cases. The main limitation of the study was a time deficit in the supply of specific statistics for 2021, as well as the general unpredictability of the pandemic in terms of future trends in domestic violence and case reporting.

Child Mental Health and Bullying within the Exposure to Domestic Violence: Literature Review

The harmful consequences of domestic violence on children’s lives have been widely reported in the literature. However, the influences of exposure to domestic violence or witnessing violence in the family on the children’s experiences of being a bully or victimized of bullying have not been paid sufficient attention in child mental health field. A critical literature review was the method of this article. Electronic databases about the relationship between bullying behavior and mental health by recognizing the consequences of domestic violence on children’s lives were searched. Exposure to domestic violence might be associated with children’s problematic behavior. Also, children might be bullied by peers at schools and behave aggressively. This article aims to explore the relationships between experiencing domestic violence and bullying behavior and being peer victimization by focusing on child mental health and intervention efforts. Understanding how children witness violence and how school bullying might be linked with witnessing violence is a goal of the study. Bullying can be recognized as a result of domestic violence incidence and this can improve effective interventions for children’s mental health and overall well-being. Thus, a deeper understanding of how child mental health conditions might be interconnected with bullying behavior within complex and dynamic domestic violence cases was explored.

Analysis of the geographic pattern of the police reports for domestic violence in Girona (Spain)

BackgroundThere are many studies that address the issue of gender-based violence, but few analyse the police-reported cases. It is as important to analyse the temporal and geographic distribution of these incidents as it is the sociodemographic profile of the accuser. To this effect, the present study aims to analyse the sociodemographic profile of the victims of the particular case of domestic violence that report the incident to the police and to evaluate the spatial–temporal distribution of these reports.MethodsUsing the data from a database containing the police-reported incidents of domestic violence in Girona in the period 2012–2018, the risk of a police-reported incident was estimated by adjusting the two-part Hurdle model.ResultsThe risk of reporting incidents of domestic violence to the police is higher in the less deprived areas of the city, and the spatial distribution of these police reports corroborate this finding. Nevertheless, those areas with the greatest socio-economic deprivation were also the ones where there were less police reports filed. Also the prediction of less police reports in the census tract with the highest percentage of the population with an insufficient educational level coincides with the largest number of police reports made by women with a medium and university level education (56.1%) compared with 9.5% of police reports made by women with insufficient schooling.ConclusionsThese results can be useful for social protection services to design policies specifically aimed at women residing in those areas with the highest risk. Moreover, the use of spatial statistical techniques together with geographic information systems tools is a good strategy to analyse domestic violence and other types of offences because they not only allow to graphically identify the spatial distribution, but it is also a good tool to identify problems related to this type of offence.

What "Family Affair?" Domestic Violence Awareness in China.

IntroductionDomestic violence is toxic to society. With approximately one in three women on average falling victim to domestic violence, systematic solutions are needed. To further complicate the issue, mounting research shows that COVID-19 has further exacerbated domestic violence across the world. Situations could be even more pronounced in countries like China, where though domestic violence is prevalent, there is a dearth of research, such as intervention studies, to address the issue. This study investigates key barriers to domestic violence research development in China, with a close focus on salient cultural influences.MethodsA review of the literature on domestic violence in China in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus was conducted to answer the research question. The search was focused on three themes, domestic violence, China, research, and cultural influences.ResultsThe study findings show that categorizing domestic violence as a “family affair” is a key barrier to domestic violence research development in China—an incremental hindrance that prevents the public and policymakers from understanding the full scale and scope of domestic violence in China. In addition to abusers, witnesses, and victims, even law enforcement in China often dismisses domestic violence crimes as “family affairs” that resides outside the reach and realm of the law. The results indicated that mistreating domestic violence crimes as “family affairs” is a vital manifestation of the deep-rooted cultural influences in China, ranging from traditional Confucian beliefs in social harmony to the assumed social norms of not interfering with other people's businesses.ConclusionDomestic violence corrupts public health and social stability. Our study found that dismissing domestic violence cases as “family affairs” is an incremental reason why China's domestic violence research is scarce and awareness is low. In light of the government's voiced support for women's rights, we call for the Chinese government to develop effective interventions to timely and effectively address the domestic violence epidemic in China.

Another Second Chance: Rehabilitation of marital rape offender for the victim’s recovery

Not all victims of marital rape want a divorce, generally victims long to maintain their marriage and for the perpetrators to correct their own behaviors. Victims are also bound to the strong culture that condones sexual relations without consent as long as it is carried out within the framework of a legal marriage. This study aims to demonstrate the importance of rehabilitation for offenders of marital rape by examining various laws and regulations in Indonesia and the obstacles to their implementation. Methodologically, data were obtained from doctrinal studies of Indonesian law and court decisions related to marital rape and empirical studies from a number of law enforcement officers as well as paralegals. The results show that the absence of a specialized law that regulates the rehabilitation of marital rape perpetrators impacts poorly on judges' decisions in domestic violence cases. There has been no court decision sentencing mandatory counseling as part of their rulings. Judges frequently view sexual violence within a limited scope of physical evidence; as a result, perpetrators are granted low sentences. Indonesia needs a specialized law that regulates the rehabilitation of marital rape perpetrators.