Discrepant Cases Research Articles

WISC--R verbal and performance IQ discrepancy in an unselected cohort: Clinical significance and longitudinal stability.

This study examined children from an unselected birth cohort who had Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) verbal and performance IQ discrepancies that placed them beyond the 90th percentile. It was hypothesized that, relative to their cohort peers, these children would be characterized by greater frequency of perinatal difficulties, early childhood neurological abnormalities, health problems of neurological significance, and concussion. Additionally, it was hypothesized that such children would exhibit more behavior problems, lower academic achievement, and poorer motor skills. Generally, the null hypotheses were not rejected by the results. Longitudinal investigation of the stability of the verbal and performance IQ discrepancy revealed that about 23% of discrepant cases were discrepant at two or more ages. Depressed verbal IQ relative to performance IQ was found to be more common than the reverse pattern. Children with performance IQ greater than verbal IQ scored significantly lower than children for whom this pattern was reversed on measures of academic achievement. Results show that cautious interpretation is needed of verbal and performance IQ discrepancy in the general (nonneurological) assessment setting.

Influence of tooth-to-denture-base discrepancy on space closure following premature loss of deciduous teeth

Influence of tooth-to-denture-base discrepancy on so-called physiologic migration of the first molar was studied on serial dental casts of 116 boys and girls, obtained through a dental health program for school children in an area in which there was no dentist. The alteration of spaces following premature loss of deciduous molars was examined comparing the anterior to posterior discrepancies between tooth and denture base. Modes of space alteration showed positive correlation with the size of the discrepancy, especially in the mandibular dental arches. The space deficiency in the posterior region seemed to have a positive effect on the mesial migration of the first molar. Mesial migration of the first molar seems to be pathologic rather than physiologic and is strongly affected by tooth-to-denture-base discrepancies. Space maintenance does not seem to be useful, because it is not necessary in minimum discrepancy cases and is not effective in severe discrepancy cases.

Identification of Allergens in Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus Mite Body Extract by Crossed Radioimmunoelectrophoresis with Two Different Rabbit Antibody Pools

An extract of purified Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus mite bodies was investigated by crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), using sera from 29 mite-allergic patients. Two CRIE series consisting of rabbit antibodies to (1) whole mite culture and to (2) purified mite bodies were run simultaneously, showing 27 and 29 precipitates, respectively. Cases of major discrepancy between the two series were ascribed to absence of antibody to allergenic components and to artefactual radiostaining due to inclusion of allergen in precipitates representing other antigens. Carefully performed controls were necessary to establish the reliability of CRIE. Specific response patterns in the studied set of sera were found to several of the represented antigens. Two major allergens appeared in both CRIE systems. Two intermediate and several minor allergens were further identified.

Operational cytological diagnostics in oncosurgery

Abstract. The informative value of urgent cytological operational research in various areas of oncosurgery has been studied. The data of these studies were summarized during 773 operations, including 424 laparotomies, 195 thoracotomies and 154 other surgical interventions. Histological control confirmed the reliability of cytological findings in 93.9%. In 11 cases of discrepancy between cytological and histological findings, the reliability of the cytological diagnosis was subsequently established. It is recommended to include data from puncture biopsy of various objects of the operating field as criteria for resolving questions about indications for surgery, the volume and plan of surgical intervention.

Diagnosing Borderline Personality

The research described in this paper stemmed from the hypothesis that borderline personality organization can be differentiated from neurotic and psychotic levels of personality organization by means of three structural criteria: degree of identity integration, level of defensive operations, and capacity for reality testing. In order to elicit these criteria, the "structural" interview has been developed that focuses on the "here-and-now" patient-interviewer interaction. The patient's responses to the interviewer's attempts to clarify, confront, and interpret various aspects of the patient's interview behavior provide the basis for judgments as to the patient's structural diagnosis. Specifically, the paper reports a study of the differential diagnosis of 48 hospitalized patients in which structural diagnoses of borderline or psychotic personality organization were made according to this diagnostic interview approach. These diagnoses were compared with ones obtained from Gunderson's Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines, with psychological test diagnoses, and with clinical diagnoses based on past history and current illness. Results show substantial convergent agreement among all of the diagnostic methods and support the utility of the structural interview. In most discrepant cases, other methods reflected disagreement among themselves despite the diagnoses obtained from the structural interview, suggesting that there are some cases difficult to classify by any means. Further analysis suggests that the structural interview may be eliciting a different dimension of personality functioning in arriving at borderline diagnoses than do the other methods studied. The results also indicate that borderline structural diagnoses refer to patients described clinically as having severe character pathology, and do not overlap with patients described as having schizophrenic disorders. The structural interview appears to warrant further study, and, at the same time, shows promise as a research tool in further studies of structural diagnosis and its relevance for prognosis and treatment.

Network Analysis: A New Addition to an Old Bag of Tricks

This paper reviews the development of Network analysis and provides data on several characteristics of personal networks. Using two interrelated data sets of (1) 347 respondents and (2) 71 multi-person networks comprised of these respondents, we report on such measure as durability, content, intensity and the density of the networks. In one of the few attempts to venture into second order networks, we interviewed people named to the networks of our respondents and were therefore able to investigate the reciprocal nature of personal ties. For cases in which reciprocity occurred, the congruence of views held by the two parties about their relationship was investigated. Reciprocation occurred in a minority of the cases and while most of these relationships showed congruent views, all cases of discrepancies resulted from self-enhancing reports. Several network characteristics were found to be interrelated.

Unreliability of Globigerinoides Datum: GEOLOGIC NOTES

The level of lowest appearance of the genus Globigerinoides is used widely as a guide to the Oligocene-Miocene boundary, though reported to fall within the upper Oligocene or the lower Miocene at certain localities. An unusually discrepant case is recorded where Globigerinoides quadrilobatus primordius is present in the base of the Globigerina ciperoensis Zone and its diversification into more advanced subspecies is evident below the advent of Globorotalia kugleri sensu lato. Also anomalous are the presence of Globigerinita incrusta in the upper Oligocene and the unusual scarcity of Catapsydrax spp. in the Oligocene-Miocene interval. The change from Globigerina to Globigerinoides may be a functional response to environmental change rather than a genetic response to evolut onary tendencies. All the apparent anomalies may be related to initial warming after the cool paleoclimatic phase that typified the Oligocene.

Reassessment of Suggested Frequency Dependent Positions for 4C Sources

Frequency dependent structure is not uncommon in observations of extended radio sources. Where a source consists of two components with different spectra at an angular separation considerably less than the resolution of the telescope, the centroid position will vary systematically with frequency. A well-known example is 3C 273 though the effect in this case is quite small. With beams of a few minutes of arc, larger position differences could occur between measurements made at widely separated frequencies without the source being noticeably resolved. In a preliminary study of a sample of 120 4C radio sources, Munro and Hoskins found 17 cases of discrepancies in the range 45 to 100 seconds of arc between positions measured at 408 MHz with the Molonglo cross (beam width ~3′ arc) and at 2700 MHz with the Parkes 64 m telescope (beam width ~7′ arc) by Wills and Bolton. These separations were considered to be significant in terms of the quoted errors which were typically 10 to 15″ arc in each coordinate for both sets of measurements. It was pointed out that to explain the results on the basis of a double source model it would be necessary for the two components to differ in spectral index by ~1.

Extraction of first molars in discrepancy cases

Extraction of first molars in discrepancy cases

On the Collisional Transfer of Rovibronic and Translational Energy between Differently Excited Like Molecules

In line with the principle of the first Born approximation, we give a simple treatment of the comprehensive transfer of rotation, vibration, and electronic and translational (rovibronic-translational) energy in the collisions between (electronically) differently excited like molecules. It is shown that the electronic exchange degeneracy between the collision partners gives rise to first-order (long-range) dispersion forces which may result in large energy transfer cross sections. The formalism is for diatomic or linear molecules, with or without electronic angular momentum, and may be easily adapted to symmetric-top molecules. A first-order, general (electronic) multipole-multipole interaction is used as the scattering potential, which is written as a contraction of tensors. The transition matrix elements are evaluated by Racah's method, showing the explicit dependence on the conserved total angular momentum as well as on the angular momenta of the individual molecules and the angular momentum of the relative orbital motion. The relative motion is treated as a plane wave. Coupled representations with definite total angular momentum and alternatively uncoupled representations of the wavefunction (in the Appendix) are used to derive the matrix elements and cross-sections. The general case of small vibronic energy discrepancies is considered. Differential cross sections as well as total cross sections are given explicitly. Under the assumption of long-range electronic interaction and fast electronic transition, the cross sections are shown to be proportional to Franck-Condon overlap integrals, multipole rotational transition line strengths, and Bessel function integrals for the relative motion. The necessary reduced matrix elements for the multipole transition and for the relative motion are computed and discussed. Assuming the validity of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, i.e., no vibronic interaction and no rotation-electronic interaction, etc., the effect of permuting the nuclei of like molecules of the same nuclear spin is shown to be unimportant if the permanent dipoles of the states are small. This treatment of energy transfer should be applicable to differently excited states (of like molecules) between which there are large multipole transition moments, which interact in the first order because of the exchange degeneracy.

Sex chromatin and chromosome abnormalities among 10,412 liveborn babies.

Among 10,412 livebom infants surveyed in a large maternity hospital in a 2-year period, there were 13 cases (0.13%) of discrepancy between sex phenotype and sex chromatin (0.15% among male infants and 0.10% among female infants). There were 22 cases of trisomy-21 (incidence 0.21%), 3 cases of trisomy-18, and 1 case of trisomy-13-15. 9 cases presented multiple congenital abnormalities but the karyotype was normal. Only the incidence of cases with Down9s syndrome is higher than that reported in the literature. Maternal and paternal age, seasonal clustering, infectious diseases before or at the beginning of pregnancy, and x-ray exposure of parents, showed no correlation with Down9s syndrome. Among the cases of Down9s syndrome there was a significantly higher maternal and paternal mean age and a maternal history of infectious hepatitis was more frequent.

Ionization and electron capture for helium ions incident on noble and diatomic gases between 10 and 150 keV.

Ionization and electron capture have been investigated for helium ions incident on noble and diatomic gases between 10 and 140 keV. The cross section measurements form an extension of the preceding work with proton projectiles and the apparatus used for these experiments is again the same as used before by us for the measurements on ionization by electrons. In that case the condensor method was used with an axial magnetic field. Because multiply charged ions can be formed and the fast helium ion itself can be ionized by the target atoms, the condensor method only provides total cross sections for apparent electron capture, slow ion production and electron production. Our results very often agree with those of other investigators, but there are also cases of big discrepancy.

Cephalometric and clinical evaluation of Class I discrepancy cases treated by serial extraction

0 NE of the major topics of discussion among orthodontists has been treatment in the mixed-dentition stage, especially in cases with evidence of a tooth-materialto-basal-bone discrepancy. Before 1930 treatment in the deciduous- and mixed-dentition stages was popular because the orthodontist assumed that Wolff’s law, which states that “bone grows in response to functional demand,” applied to the maxilla and the mandible as well as to the long bones. The general consensus was that early intervention could affect the dental arches with respect to growth and development. Angle’s philosophy that gentle forces in orthodontic movement would stimulate bone growth was well accepted. Soon, however, research gave the orthodontist a greater appreciation of growth and development. Broadbent, with the aid of a. cephalometer, made some of the early contributions in 1931. Schour’s14 growth study made use of vital staining, and Brodie31 * concluded : “Only alveolar processes are affected by orthodontic tooth movement.” Practitioners became more skeptical about treatment in the mixed dentition, and most orthodontic treatment of malocclusions was carried out after complete eruption of the permanent teeth. It was thought that early treatment would result in damage to the teeth and supporting structures, with no assurance of success in treatment. Early intervention was recommended only in treatment of cross-bites, oral habits, drifting permanent teeth as a result of early loss of deciduous teeth, irregularities caused by supernumerary teeth, and ectopic eruption of first molars. A few years later, other men. in the field contended that mixed-dentition treatment would permit development of the face toward greater balance and

Cephalometric and clinical evaluation of Class I discrepancy cases treated by serial extraction procedures: By Joseph Jacobs, D.D.S., M.S., St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri

Cephalometric and clinical evaluation of Class I discrepancy cases treated by serial extraction procedures: By Joseph Jacobs, D.D.S., M.S., St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri

The field distribution of strains of nodule bacteria from species of Medicago

Tests of nodulation and ability to fix nitrogen, together with serological reactions, are reported for localized isolates from Medicago hispida var. denticulata and M. laciniata. For a particular host species strains were distributed randomly within the area investigated, except that a particular somatic antigen found among M. laciniata isolates was limited to one locality. In reciprocal tests between isolates from these two hosts, nodulation has been mainly confined to the homologous host. Although some strains fail in laboratory tests to nodulate the homologous host and although separation into two groups is not complete, there are relatively few cases of discrepancy and many of these show intermediate characteristics. Medicago sativa and Melilotus alba are generally readily nodulated by isolates from both field hosts. The nodulation differences between strains from the two field hosts are paralleled to some extent by serological properties, but it is suggested that this correlation shows recent common origin of similar strains rather than any fundamental relationship between invasibility and antigenic constitution. Effective association was seldom, if at all, achieved with M. laciniata, whereas with other testing hosts effective responses were in the majority and even included a number of isolates originating from M. laciniata and ineffective with that species as host.

RESTRICTION OF BONE GROWTH BY PINS THROUGH THE EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGINOUS PLATE

Pins or nails passed diagonally across the epiphyseal cartilaginous plate prevent growth in length from that end of the bone. Such pins fix the epiphysis to the diaphysis and prevent the progression necessary for length growth. In check experiments in which the pins were removed immediately after insertion, no loss of growth resulted. This finding rules out the possibility that the loss of growth is due to primary injury to cartilage cells. This method has not been applied to growing humans, but its relative simplicity may warrant its use in clinical cases of discrepancy in length of the lower extremities. The question regarding the activity of cartilage cells after removal of the restricting device—wire loops, staples, crossed pins, or nails—has not been answered completely. In most of the experiments, there is evidence that the growth property of the plate is not so active as normal, and in some instances there is almost complete loss. In removing any of the devices, there is additional destruction of the circulation to the plate, damage to the plate itself, and the possibility of producing a bridge of bone across the plate. It is believed that a method which produces less injury at the time of removal will improve the results. It is advisable to place markers in both the normal bone and that which has been operated upon, so as to have a record of the growth from each epiphyseal plate. In some experiments, there was evidence of compensatory growth from the non-restricted plate at the opposite end of the bone. In the human, markers should be placed on both the normal bone and that which has been operated upon, for accurate study of the relative amount of growth. Also, it is recommended that careful teleoroentgenograms or scanograms be taken to obtain exact growth indices and to rule out the possibility of inaccurate measurements. Unilateral retardation of growth was produced when two pins were inserted so as to fix only half of the plate. Some restriction was noticed on the opposite side as well, causing shortening of the entire bone. There is also the possibility of permanently damaging that side of the plate, when removing the restraining device. If permanent injury has been produced, a deformity in the opposite direction may take place. Pins or nails passed immediately above the epiphyseal plate caused some loss of length growth. The mechanism of this restriction may depend upon fixing of the periosteum, which secondarily may hinder, to some extent, the advancement of the epiphysis away from the metaphysis. The experiments in which the pins or nails were passed longitudinally through the epiphyseal plate produced a rather surprising amount of growth restriction in some cases. The growth retardation was most marked when the pins approached the articular cartilage.

III - A ocorrência das células anexas dos estômatos na família Rubiaceae

As minhas primeiras observações sobre a ocorrência das cédulas anexas dos estômatos na família Rubiaceae foram feitas na epiderme foliar de Coffea arabica L.. Em seguida, examinei a epiderme de 20 espécies, pertencentes a 9 gêneros e cultivadas no Parque da E. S. A. "Luiz de Queiroz". Em virtude da constância das células anexas, analisei, a princípio, as espécies e variedades de Coffea (ao todo 28 indivíduos) existentes na coleção de cafés do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas e, depois, o maior número de gêneros e espécies da família. Para a realização desse trabalho, solicitei de várias instituições material botânico, tanto vivo como herborizado, constante de folhas; consegui reunir, assim, copiosa quantidade de espécies. Feita a separação das duplicatas e das fôlhas de epiderme de difícil extração, as espécies se reduziram a 553. Do exposto neste e nos trabalhos que publiquei (1,2), posso concluir que as duas células anexas dos estômatos, na família Rubiaceae, constituem um caráter anatômico de família, muito embora me faltem alguns gêneros para seu estudo completo. Minha conclusão se apoia nos três pontos básicos seguintes: 1 - Que as duas células anexas dos estômatos, com as ca- racterísticas descritas, ocorrem entre as Rubiales sómente na família Rubiaceae. 2 - Que as espécies estudadas até agora revelaram, sem exceção, as duas células anexas nos estômatos. 3 - Que as células anexas poderão constituir, no caso de sua inconstância, um caráter diferencial de espécie ou de gênero.

A Note on Sound-Change

This left a discrepant case, namely, the very common initial element for red, as in Fox meckusiwa he is red, 0 mickuzi (misprinted 1. c. 152), Plains Cree mihkusiw, cf. M mehkbn. For, although the group ck is, as above indicated, common enough in F and 0, and the group hk common enough in Plains Cree and M, this distribution of the groups between the languages is unique. Since there appeared to be no point of contact for analogic substitution of hk for ck, or vice versa, in any of the languages, and since borrowing of the stem for red seemed unlikely, it was necessary to suppose that the parent speech had in this stem for red a different phonetic unit, which was symbolized by

III. On certain discrepancies in the published numerical value of π

The author’s attention has been recently drawn, by Mr. John Morgan, of Bishopbriggs, Glasgow, to two cases of discrepancy in the author’s published value. of π, and to the misprint of a figure in the value of tan -1 ⅕ (one of the arcs employed in determining π), as given in the author’s paper of April 1873. These two discrepancies in the value of π, which will be described presently, did not appear in the paper presented by the late William Rutherford in 1853, wherein the author’s extension to 530 decimals was correctly given. The source of the two cases of error was easily discovered, on referring to the author’s manuscript of 1852; for it was there found that the 461st and 462nd decimals in the value of tan -1 ⅕ were, in the process of careful revision previous to publication, altered from 88 to 96; and this alteration required the addition of 128 in the corresponding place of the value of π. This addition was rightly made in the value sent to Mr. Rutherford, and given, as above stated, in his paper. It should seem that the author unfortunately did not take a copy (for his own use) of what he forwarded to Mr. Rutherford. At all events, from some strange cause or accident (perhaps from being overworked) the addition of 128 was very soon afterwards made at the 513th, 514th, and 515th, instead of at the 460th, 461st, and 462nd decimal places. Hence arose the double error, which remained, strange to say, undetected for upwards of twenty years! This mistake, however, from its nature, in no wise affects the accuracy of the other figures.