Cases Of Communicable Diseases Research Articles

Evaluation of trend and mortality pattern of communicable diseases in a teaching institution in Kerala.

Even in this era of epidemiologic transition communicable disease is still a major public health problem. Surveillance and timely prevention and control activities are the key to the reduction of morbidity and mortality of communicable diseases. Identifying the trend in communicable diseases and pattern of mortality for a period of ten years will be an insight into the ongoing surveillance. In this study we have analysed data from 2013 to 2022 to evaluate the trend and mortality pattern of communicable diseases in a teaching institution in Kerala. A retrospective record-based cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Kottayam. All confirmed communicable disease cases reported from 2013 to 2022 were included in this study except COVID-19-positive cases. The communicable diseases were grouped as: airborne, waterborne, vector-borne, zoonosis, bloodborne diseases and others. SPSS version 20.0 software, Microsoft Word, and Excel were used in data handling and analysis. Total cases reported were 48124. The majority of the morbidity was due to airborne diseases (17585,37%) followed by waterborne diseases (6381, 13%). The total number of deaths reported was 1842. Airborne and zoonotic diseases together accounted for more than 50% of the mortality. Case fatality rate of zoonosis (20.2%) was the highest followed by bloodborne diseases (10.2%). Communicable diseases still continue as a public health problem contributing to morbidity and mortality. Airborne diseases and zoonotic diseases constitute the maximum mortality.

Factors Influencing Childhood Vaccine Refusal in Parents in Southern Malaysia and Its Effect on Health: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: Recent increases in the number of communicable disease cases in Malaysia have caused significant concern, particularly as vaccine hesitancy remains a significant challenge. This study aimed to explore parents' knowledge, perceptions, and factors associated with childhood vaccine refusal in order to have better understanding about vaccine hesitancy. Method: This study utilized an online cross- sectional questionnaire distributed via snowball sampling to parents in Melaka and Johor. 369 respondents completed the survey. Result: The results showed significant differences between religion against parents' perceptions and knowledge (p<0.001 and p=0.015) and between parents' knowledge and perception and vaccine refusal factors (p<0.001, both). Other than that, there are significant association between education level and parent's perception regarding vaccine. The positive perception surrounding vaccine is the major cause of vaccine refusal which contradictwith previous study. Conclusion: The study's conclusion was that parental perception in the South region of Malaysia is affected by religious restrictions and education level, while parents' perception about vaccines is more likely to cause vaccine refusal in children. Therefore, it is essential to educate parents about the efficacy of vaccines in protecting their children and to address concerns related to religious beliefs. Overall, this study sheds light on the important role that education and awareness play in overcoming vaccine hesitancy in Malaysia. By understanding parents' knowledge and perceptions, public health officials can develop targeted interventions to increase vaccine uptake and improve the overall health of the population.

Deep Transfer Learning for Communicable Disease Detection and Recommendation in Edge Networks.

Considering the increasing number of communicable disease cases such as COVID-19 worldwide, the early detection of the disease can prevent and limit the outbreak. Besides that, the PCR test kits are not available in most parts of the world, and there is genuine concern about their performance and reliability. To overcome this, in this paper, we develop a novel edge-centric healthcare framework integrating with wearable sensors and advanced machine learning (ML) model for timely decisions with minimum delay. Through wearable sensors, a set of features have been collected that are further preprocessed for preparing a useful dataset. However, due to limited resource capacity, analyzing the features in resource-constrained edge devices is challenging. Motivated by this, we introduce an advanced ML technique for data analysis at edge networks, namely Deep Transfer Learning (DTL). DTL transfers the knowledge from the well-trained model to a new lightweight ML model that can support the resource-constraint nature of distributed edge devices. We consider a benchmark COVID-19 dataset for validation purposes, consisting of 11 features and 2 Million sensor data. The extensive simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed DTL technique over the existing ones and achieve 99.8% accuracy while diseases prediction.

Excess mortality among people with communicable diseases over a 30-year period, Victoria, Australia: a whole of population cohort study

Understanding mortality burden associated with communicable diseases is key to informing resource allocation, disease prevention and control efforts, and evaluating public health interventions. We quantified excess mortality among people notified with communicable diseases in Victoria, Australia. Cases of communicable disease notified in Victoria between 1 January 1991 and 31 December 2021 were linked to the death registry. Informational gain obtained through linkage and 30-day case fatality rates were calculated for each disease. Standardised mortality ratios (SMR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated up to a year following illness onset. There were 1,032,619 cases and 5985 (0.58%) died ≤30 days of illness onset. Following linkage, the 30-day case fatality rate increased more than 2-fold. Diseases with high 7-day SMR signifying excess mortality included invasive pneumococcal disease (167.7, 95% CI 153.4-182.7); listeriosis (166.2, 95% CI 121.2-218.3); invasive meningococcal disease (145.9, 95% CI 116.7-178.3); legionellosis (43.3, 95% CI 28.0-62.0); and COVID-19 (21.9, 95% CI 19.7-24.3). Most diseases exhibited a strong negative gradient, with high SMRs in the first 7-days of illness onset that reduced over time. We demonstrated that the rate of death in Victoria's notifiable disease surveillance dataset is underestimated. Further, compared to a general population, there is evidence of elevated all-cause mortality among people notified with communicable diseases often up to one year following illness onset. Not all elevated risk is likely directly attributable to the communicable diseases of interest, rather, it may reflect underlying comorbidities or behaviours in these individuals. Regardless of attribution, infection with communicable diseases may represent a marker of mortality. Key to preventing deaths may be through timely and appropriate transition to primary and preventive healthcare following diagnosis. No funding was provided for this study.

Trend and mortality pattern of communicable diseases in a tertiary care hospital in Kerala

Background: Communicable disease burden in India is very high. Surveillance of communicable diseases is an important epidemiological tool to monitor current disease burden, monitor trends, and to identify outbreaks. This study was conducted in a retrospective manner to identify the changing trends of communicable diseases, and its mortality during the period of 2015-2020.Methods: This record based cross sectional study was done in Government Medical College Thrissur. All confirmed communicable disease cases reported during the study period was included in the present study except COVID-19 positive cases. The communicable diseases were classified as: Air borne, water borne, vector borne, vaccine preventable diseases, zoonosis, and blood borne diseases. Data were entered in excel 2007 and statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 16. Results were expressed as frequencies, percentages.Results: Total number of cases reported were 14337. Maximum number of cases were in 2019. The most common type of communicable diseases that was reported was airborne diseases (2370, 34.85%) followed by vector borne diseases (1825, 26.83%). The total number of deaths reported was 764. Airborne diseases accounted for more than 70% of deaths. The overall CFR was found to be higher for pneumonia (19%), followed by H1N1 (17.8%).Conclusions: Communicable disease is still a major public health problem in India. The most common type of communicable disease that was reported was airborne disease. Airborne disease also accounted for more than half of all death. The study emphasizes the importance of a proper surveillance system in controlling outbreaks of communicable diseases.

COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS PERMASALAHAN KESEHATAN DI NYUTRAN RT 64 RW 20, KELURAHAN WIROGUNAN, KOTA YOGYAKARTA

In 2021 there were 3956 cases of hypertension from 11218 people in Wirogunan Sub-district. The prevalence rate of hypertension in Wirogunan Sub-district reached 35.26%. This Field Learning Experience activity aims to provide education to the public on how to avoid the hypertension. The technique used in this activity to obtain data is the In-Depth Interview which is the technique through door-to-door interviews using questionnaires, while the data analysis method used is descriptive statistical analysis method, which is to present statistical data to describe the state of disease and health distribution in Nyutran Village. This activity was carried out in Nyutran Village, Wirogunan Sub-district, Yogyakarta City. The results of community diagnosis from 30 samples (Family Cards) in Nyutran Village showed cases of non-communicable diseases, namely hypertension as a priority health problem as many as 14 cases (46%), while the most cases of communicable diseases were diarrheal diseases as many as 12 cases (40%). The results of the Occupational Safety and Health (K3) assessment showed that there were 21 samples (70%) who did not use heavy objects moving aids, 11 samples (37%) did not use LPG safety, 14 samples (46%) used dug wells. USG method for hypertension obtained an Urgency value of 4 (Urgent / Large), Seriousness of 5 (Very Serious / Very Large) and Growth of 4 (Fast / Large). Solutions or Interventions in this Field Learning Experience activity were chosen with counseling activities about Hypertension using posters and pamphlets as intervention media. This intervention activity was carried out on July 7, 2022 in one of the residents' houses through a meeting of mothers for family welfare development.

State Policies Relevant to Disease Intervention Specialists in the United States.

The functions of disease intervention specialists (DIS) represent core infectious disease control practices and have legal foundations in the United States. Although important for state and local health departments to understand this authority, these policies have not been systematically collected and analyzed. We analyzed the authority for investigation of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) across all 50 US states and the District of Columbia. In January 2022, we collected state policies addressing the investigation of STIs using a legal research database. We coded these policies into a database on variables of interest: (1) whether the policy authorized/required investigation, (2) what type of infection triggers an investigation, (3) and the entity who is authorized/required to perform the investigation. All 50 US states and District of Columbia explicitly authorize/require investigation of cases of STI. Of these jurisdictions, 62.7% require investigations, 41% authorize investigations, and 3.9% both authorize and require investigations. Sixty-seven percent authorize/require investigations for cases of communicable disease (inclusive of an STI), 45.1% authorize/require investigations for cases of STIs generally, and 3.9% authorize/require investigations for cases of a specific STI. Eighty-two percent of jurisdictions authorize/require the state to investigate, 62.7% authorize/require local governments to investigate, and 39.2% authorize/require investigations by both state and local governments. State laws that establish authority or duties regarding the investigation of STIs differ across states. It may be useful for state and local health departments to examine these policies relative to the morbidity of their jurisdiction and their STI prevention priorities.

PREDICTORS OF THE PREVENTION OF PRACTICE RELATED TO COMMUNICABLE DISEASE PREVENTIONS OF CHILD CAREGIVERS IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT CENTERS, UBON RATCHATHANI PROVINCE, THAILAND

A child development center is a daycare center that gathers large numbers of children in the same areas. As a result, it provides a high opportunity for infection, especially gastrointestinal and respiratory infections. Ubon Ratchathani has been a province with an increasing number of communicable disease cases. This research aimed to predict factors related to the prevention practice in communicable disease for child caregivers in child development centers, Ubon Ratchathani Province. This descriptive-analytic study was conducted between January 2018 and June 2019. The study instruments used questionnaires and in-depth interviews focusing on their prevention and control management practices of communicable disease. The survey questionnaires were for child caregivers who worked in 280 child development centers. The predictor factors were analyzed by Multiple regression analysis. The results showed the majority were female (97.8%), range of age 25- 35 years (57.7%), and with a period of performance as teachers ranging from 1-5 years (36.0%), and health workers had been trained about the communicable control disease (60.4%). The level of knowledge for communicable disease prevention was medium level with a mean score of 11.22 (S.D. = 2.03). The attitude was at a moderate level with a mean score was 2.28 (S.D. = 0.247). The management to prevention disease was good level with a mean score of 24.28 (S.D. = 3.09). On the other hand, the factor of personal characteristics as age, history of attended training, knowledge, attitude, and the preventive behaviors was associated with the communicable disease practice in child development centers was significantly predicted for 44.6% to a statistically significant ( p <0.05). The child caregivers should be skilled by training, knowledge, and preparation of education media and environmental health management with caregivers of child development centers.

Severe Acute Respiratory Infection: A Case Report

Introduction: Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) is a disease of the respiratory system. It is a symptomatic disease with different types of causative agent, and whose definite treatment and cure depends on the type of pathogens, nature of onset, severity of symptoms and the host factors [1]. SARI is one of the major leading cause of disease among children and person with suppressed immunity. The National Health Profile 2019 recorded 41,996,260 cases and 3,740 deaths from Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) across India in 2018. In 2017, acute respiratory infections accounted for 69% of the total cases of communicable diseases and caused 23% of such death. There were as many as 40,810,524 and 3,164 deaths from such infections. Males and females are affected equally [2].
 Case Presentation: A female patient of 72 years from Bodhadi, Kinwat, Nanded was admitted to Medicine Intensive Care Unit (MICU), Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital on 26th March 2021 with a chief complaint of breathlessness on exertion for 4 days high grade fever for 15 days prior to the date of admission. My patient is a known case of Hypertension and Typhoid and had undergone Left Nephrectomy.

EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNITY-BASED HEALTH EDUCATION ON PREPAREDNESS FOR FLOOD-RELATED COMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN KELANTAN

The flood disaster in Kelantan in 2014 had resulted in substantial health implications including increased cases of communicable diseases. There was a lack of community preparedness including customized health educations in the prevention and control of flood-related communicable diseases in the affected areas. The research was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of community-based health education modules on flood-related communicable diseases among communities in Kelantan. Health education modules focusing on major food-related diseases were developed. A non-randomized community-controlled trial using the modules were conducted. Outcomes were assessed on knowledge, attitude and preventive practice scores to flood-related communicable diseases using a pre-validated questionnaire. Independent t test was used to compare mean scores between the intervention community (Tumpat) and the control community (Bachok) at 1-month post intervention. One-way independent ANOVA test was done to compare score differences at baseline (pre), post 1-month and post 2-month from repeated surveys among random samples within the intervention community. There were significant improvements in all knowledge components from 9.4% to 52.6% with 10% increment in attitude scores toward preventing behaviours on flood-related communicable diseases. When compared against the control community at one-month post-intervention, there were significantly higher knowledge on types of diseases, symptoms and risk factors as well as practice scores of drinking safe water and protective habits. This research demonstrated that community-based health education is effective in improving relevant knowledge, attitude and preventive practices among affected communities as part of their preparedness toward communicable diseases related to flood.

The Longitudinal Record: Linking Hepatitis A Outbreak Cases and Syndromic HL7 Data

The Longitudinal Record: Linking Hepatitis A Outbreak Cases and Syndromic HL7 Data

The Infectious Disease Network (IDN): Development and Use for Evaluation of Potential Ebola Cases in Georgia.

In response to the 2014 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa, the Georgia Department of Public Health developed the Infectious Disease Network (IDN) based on an EVD preparedness needs assessment of hospitals and Emergency Medical Services (EMS) providers. The network consists of 12 hospitals and 16 EMS providers with staff specially trained to provide a coordinated response and utilize appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) for the transport or treatment of a suspected or confirmed serious communicable disease patient. To become a part of the network, each hospital and EMS provider had to demonstrate EVD capabilities in areas such as infection control, PPE, waste management, staffing and ongoing training, and patient transport and placement. To establish the network, the Georgia Department of Public Health provided training and equipment for EMS personnel, evaluated hospitals for EVD capabilities, structured communication flow, and defined responsibilities among partners. Since March 2015, the IDN has been used to transport, treat, and/or evaluate suspected or confirmed serious communicable disease cases while ensuring health care worker safety. Integrated infectious disease response systems among hospitals and EMS providers are critical to ensuring health care worker safety, and preventing or mitigating a serious communicable disease outbreak. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:765-771).

Dengue Fever Surveillance in India Using Text Mining in Public Media.

.Despite the improvement in health conditions across the world, communicable diseases remain among the leading mortality causes in many countries. Combating communicable diseases depends on surveillance, preventive measures, outbreak investigation, and the establishment of control mechanisms. Delays in obtaining country-level data of confirmed communicable disease cases, such as dengue fever, are prompting new efforts for short- to medium-term data. News articles highlight dengue infections, and they can reveal how public health messages, expert findings, and uncertainties are communicated to the public. In this article, we analyze dengue news articles in Asian countries, with a focus in India, for each month in 2014. We investigate how the reports cluster together, and uncover how dengue cases, public health messages, and research findings are communicated in the press. Our main contributions are to 1) uncover underlying topics from news articles that discuss dengue in Asian countries in 2014; 2) construct topic evolution graphs through the year; and 3) analyze the life cycle of dengue news articles in India, then relate them to rainfall, monthly reported dengue cases, and the Breteau Index. We show that the five main topics discussed in the newspapers in Asia in 2014 correspond to 1) prevention; 2) reported dengue cases; 3) politics; 4) prevention relative to other diseases; and 5) emergency plans. We identify that rainfall has 0.92 correlation with the reported dengue cases extracted from news articles. Based on our findings, we conclude that the proposed method facilitates the effective discovery of evolutionary dengue themes and patterns.

Return to Public Health- Undeliverable letters of Communicable Disease Patients

Reaching contagious people in a timely manner is essential to limit disease spread. We examined communicable disease cases with undelivered mail to ascertain failure causes and rates. We identified the source of address, reason for return and patient demographics from the case files. This yielded a framework of address information flow. This framework allows us to establish a baseline for future research including cost-effectiveness analyses for streaming lining the process for improvements.

War and infectious diseases: challenges of the Syrian civil war.

War and infectious diseases: challenges of the Syrian civil war.

Air Travel and TB: An airline perspective

The commercial airline industry in the 21st century is a global business, able to transport large numbers of people to almost any part of the world within a few hours. There has long been concern in public health circles about the potential for transmission of communicable diseases, such as TB, on board aircraft. The recent threats from novel and emerging infectious diseases including SARS and pandemic flu has facilitated unprecedented levels of cooperation between international industry representatives, regulators and public health authorities in addressing the issues of air travel and communicable disease. This paper reviews the regulatory environment, ways in which the risks are mitigated through aspects of aircraft design, opportunities for prevention by identifying individuals who may be suffering from a communicable disease prior to flight and the approach used in managing suspected cases of communicable disease on board aircraft.

Revised Quarantine Act has serious limitations

The federal government has taken a tentative step toward bolstering national capacity to handle global health threats by enhancing its authority to deal with suspected cases of communicable diseases at international entry points like airports. But the revamped Quarantine Act neither applies to

Mandatory reporting of infectious diseases by clinicians: Chorba TL, Berkelman RL, Safford SK, Gibbs NP, Hull FH. JAMA 1989;262:3018–3026. Reprint requests: Dr. Terrence L. Chorba, Centers for Disease Control, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Mailstop F36, Atlanta, GA 30333

Reporting of cases of communicable disease is important in the planning and evaluation of disease prevention and control programs, in the assurance of appropriate medical therapy, and in the detection of common-source outbreaks. In the United States, the authority to require notification of cases of disease resides in the respective state legislatures. We examined the laws and regulations of health departments of all US jurisdictions to ascertain diseases and conditions currently required to be reported in each state or territory. We present herein the state reporting requirements for infectious diseases and infectious disease—related conditions. To obtain additional information regarding time frames for reporting, agencies to which reports are required, persons required to report, and specific conditions under which reports are required, the reader is referred to the statutes and health department regulations of the respective states. (JAMA. 1989;262:3018-3026)

Accuracy of ICD-9-CM Codes in Identifying Reportable Communicable Diseases

Billing records from the outpatient clinics of a university medical center were used to identify reportable communicable diseases. Patient charts were reviewed to check the accuracy of all cases of communicable diseases not reported to the local health department. Thirty-three percent of the cases identified as one of 20 communicable diseases, using the ICD-9-CM system, were found to be incorrectly coded. This study documents a lack of specificity (numerous false positives) when using encounter form data and ICD-9-CM codes to identify communicable diseases in an outpatient setting.

Taking Nation's Pulse Through Surveys

IN the United States, the collection of vital statistics and reporting of communicable disease cases dates to the turn of this century. But continuing surveys of the nation's health status began only in 1956 with the National Health Survey Act. With that legislation, the National Center for Health Statistics was born (later to be brought into the CDC family). The center is charged with obtaining periodically needed information on the incidence, duration, and effects of illness and disability in the nation. The center's headquarters are in Hyattsville, Md, near Washington, DC. It also operates a data-processing center in Research Triangle Park, NC. With a current budget of a little more than $84 million, the agency employs some 500 people. We don't sit on data for years and years. Nor do we censor anything we don't like, says Manning Feinleib, MD, DrPH, the center's director. To disseminate these data, the center