Case Of Bangladesh Research Articles

Prevalence and factors associated with depression and anxiety among COVID-19 survivors in Dhaka city.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global public health concern. Evidence shows that depression and anxiety are common among patients with COVID-19 after recovery. About one-third of the total COVID-19 cases in Bangladesh have been reported in Dhaka city. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of depression and anxiety among COVID-19 survivors in Dhaka city as well as to identify the factors associated with these mental health conditions. A cross-sectional study was carried out among a total of 384 COVID-19 survivors aged 18 years or older. Data collection was done through face-to-face and telephone interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scales were used to assess depression and anxiety, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the predictors of depression and anxiety among patients recovered from COVID-19. The overall prevalence of depression and anxiety was 26.0% and 23.2%, respectively among COVID-19 survivors. The respondents who were ≥60 years were 2.62 and 3.02 times more likely to report depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively than those aged 18 to 39 years. Hospitalised patients recovered from COVID-19 had a 2.18 times higher chance of developing anxiety than their non-hospitalised counterparts. COVID-19 recovered patients with comorbidities were at 3.35 and 2.97 times higher risk of depression and anxiety, respectively compared to those without comorbidities. Similarly, the respondents who had already passed a period of 15 days to 3 months after recovery showed 3.06 and 1.85 times higher odds of depression and anxiety, respectively than those who had already passed a period of above 3 to 6 months after recovery. The study reported a high prevalence of depression and anxiety among COVID-19 survivors living in Dhaka city. The findings suggest the need for appropriate interventions to reduce mental health complications in COVID-19 survivors.

Two decades of endemic dengue in Bangladesh (2000-2022): trends, seasonality, and impact of temperature and rainfall patterns on transmission dynamics.

The objectives of this study were to compare dengue virus (DENV) cases, deaths, case-fatality ratio [CFR], and meteorological parameters between the first and the recent decades of this century (2000-2010 vs. 2011-2022) and to describe the trends, seasonality, and impact of change of temperature and rainfall patterns on transmission dynamics of dengue in Bangladesh. For the period 2000-2022, dengue cases and death data from Bangladesh's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare's website, and meteorological data from the Bangladesh Meteorological Department were analyzed. A Poisson regression model was performed to identify the impact of meteorological parameters on the monthly dengue cases. A forecast of dengue cases was performed using an autoregressive integrated moving average model. Over the past 23 yr, a total of 244,246 dengue cases were reported including 849 deaths (CFR = 0.35%). The mean annual number of dengue cases increased 8 times during the second decade, with 2,216 cases during 2000-2010 vs. 18,321 cases during 2011-2022. The mean annual number of deaths doubled (21 vs. 46), but the overall CFR has decreased by one-third (0.69% vs. 0.23%). Concurrently, the annual mean temperature increased by 0.49 °C, and rainfall decreased by 314 mm with altered precipitation seasonality. Monthly mean temperature (Incidence risk ratio [IRR]: 1.26), first-lagged rainfall (IRR: 1.08), and second-lagged rainfall (IRR: 1.17) were significantly associated with monthly dengue cases. The increased local temperature and changes in rainfall seasonality might have contributed to the increased dengue cases in Bangladesh.

Baseline Characteristics And Outcome Of Covid-19 Patients In Bangladesh

Background: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is the disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease was declared as a pandemic by WHO in a press release on 11 February 2020. The virus was confirmed to have spread to Bangladesh in March 2020. To combat this pandemic disease, baseline characteristics of the COVID-19 patients are essential to be identified in the context of Bangladesh.
 Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among 1016 COVID-19 patients diagnosed by Reversed Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) assay at the National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM) laboratory. The study was conducted during the period from March to June 2020, Data were collected form the participants, who were selected conveniently and were interviewed by using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire over telephone.
 Results: The study revealed that among 1016 respondents, 64.1% were male and the rest 35.9% were female. Almost half of the respondents (46.5%) were aged 19-39 years. Among the respondents, 72.6% were married and 39.6% were graduated and above. More than two-thirds (69.3%) of the respondents lived in urban area and 72.7% were from nuclear family. On the fourteenth (14th) day or onwards of being positive, RT–PCR Test-1 found 12.5% positive and on twenty-eighth (28th) day or onwards RT–PCR Test-2 found positive only 3.3%. On the other hand, RT–PCR Test-1 was not done by 11.6% and RT–PCR Test-2 by 41.8%. While on the fourteenth (14th) day or onwards of being positive, 62.1% patients were continuing treatment and on the twenty-eighth (28th) day or onwards only 3.5% patients were continuing treatment due to covid related complications.
 Conclusion: Baseline characteristics, severity and outcomes of sequentially tested patients with confirmed COVID-19 positive cases in Bangladesh. Such information should be disseminated across the country to raise awareness and initiate necessary measures by the policy makers to prevent spread of corona virus in Bangladesh.
 JOPSOM 2021; 41(2):36-42

Cost-effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 intervention policies using a mathematical model: an optimal control approach

COVID-19 is an infectious disease that causes millions of deaths worldwide, and it is the principal leading cause of morbidity and mortality in all nations. Although the governments of developed and developing countries are enforcing their universal control strategies, more precise and cost-effective single or combination interventions are required to control COVID-19 outbreaks. Using proper optimal control strategies with appropriate cost-effectiveness analysis is important to simulate, examine, and forecast the COVID-19 transmission phase. In this study, we developed a COVID-19 mathematical model and considered two important features including direct link between vaccination and latently population, and practical healthcare cost by separation of infections into Mild and Critical cases. We derived basic reproduction numbers and performed mesh and contour plots to explore the impact of different parameters on COVID-19 dynamics. Our model fitted and calibrated with number of cases of the COVID-19 data in Bangladesh as a case study to determine the optimal combinations of interventions for particular scenarios. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of varying single and combinations of three intervention strategies, including transmission control, treatment, and vaccination, all within the optimal control framework of the single-intervention policies; enhanced transmission control is the most cost-effective and prompt in declining the COVID-19 cases in Bangladesh. Our finding recommends that a three-intervention strategy that integrates transmission control, treatment, and vaccination is the most cost-effective compared to single and double intervention techniques and potentially reduce the overall infections. Other policies can be implemented to control COVID-19 depending on the accessibility of funds and policymakers’ judgments.

Diagnosis of primary immunodeficiency diseases by flow cytometry: Experience from Bangladesh

Abstract BACKGROUND: Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDDs) are clinically and immunologically diverse and require a wide array of clinical and laboratory modalities to make specific diagnosis. Serum immunoglobulin levels and T cell, B cell and NK (Natural killer) cell immunophenotyping are routine laboratory investigations advised to diagnose the PIDD cases in Bangladesh. Along with T-B-NK markers, use of Naïve (CD45RA+) and memory (CD45RO+) T cell, switched memory B cell (CD27+IgD-) markers, detection of intracellular BTK (Bruton’s tyrosine kinase), LRBA (Lipopolysaccharide-responsive beige-like anchor), DOCK8 (Dedicator of cytokinesis 8) protein expression and DHR123 (Dihydro-rhodamine 123) assay of neutrophil can increase the PIDD cases detection in Bangladesh. METHODS: The study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) during the time period of March, 2021 to February, 2022. Seventy clinically suspected PIDD cases were enrolled in this study on the basis of clinical findings and peripheral venous blood was collected from all patients to perform immunophenotyping. Routine T-B-NK cell, naïve and memory T cell with switched memory B cell markers were detected by flow-cytometry. Serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA & IgE) were estimated by Nephelometry and by Chemiluminescence. Intracellular BTK, LRBA and DOCK8 protein expression was detected by flow-cytometry in suspected X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), LRBA and DOCK8 deficiency patients respectively. DHR123 assay was performed in suspected Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) patients. RESULTS: Among the 70 clinically suspected PIDD cases, 9 (12.9%) were diagnosed as patients of PIDDs on the basis of laboratory evidence. Five (55.55%) cases were diagnosed as predominantly antibody deficiencies (PADs), 3 (33.33%) were patients of combined immunodeficiency (CID) and 1 (11.11%) was CGD patient. Among the diagnosed PIDD cases, 2 (22.22%) were diagnosed by T-B-NK cell immunophenotyping with serum immunoglobulin levels and 7 (77.77%) cases were diagnosed by additional CD45RA+, CD45RO+, CD27+IgD- markers, BTK protein expression detection and DHR123 assay. LRBA and DOCK8 deficiency cases could not found in this study. CONCLUSION: The use of additional markers (CD45RA+, CD45RO+, CD27+IgD-) with BTK, LRBA, DOCK8 intracellular protein expression evaluation and DHR123 assay by flow-cytometry can increase rate of specific diagnosis of the PIDD cases in Bangladeshi paediatric population.

Understanding the e-government adoption behaviour in a developing country: a case of Bangladesh

Understanding the e-government adoption behaviour in a developing country: a case of Bangladesh

University Students’ Perception of Quality: A Case of Bangladesh

This paper explored the quality perception of university students of Bangladesh in terms of 57 quality dimensions. A total of 258 responses from both public and private universities with different demographics are considered using non-probability convenient sampling technique. The responses are found reliable and valid. The most important quality dimensions observed by the respondents are value for money, completeness, privacy, serviceability, performance, durability, accurate quantity, reliability, taste, sound, easy identification, and conformance. The very close to highly agreed attributes are quality certification, ease of use, responsiveness, timeliness, hygienic/cleanliness, accuracy, easy installation, competency, and accessibility and convenience. On the other hand, the least agreed quality dimensions as perceived by the respondents are appealing facilities, packaging/look, prestige, financial facilities, foreign good, advertisement, loyalty program, financially sound brand, CSR, celebrity endorsement. Of the 29 quality attributes of goods, the study identified good value, performance, serviceability, durability, reliability, sound, easy identification, conformance, taste, ease of use, easy set-up as the most important quality dimensions. Interestingly the students give less emphasis on natural and cognitive based quality attributes. On the other hand, of the 18 service quality attributes, the respondents found completeness, accuracy, cleanliness, timeliness, responsiveness, and accessibility & convenience as most important quality attributes. Further, of the ten quality constructs common to both service and manufacturing items the respondents identified privacy of information and quality certification as the most important. On the other extreme the least agreeable attributes are financially sound companies, CSR activity, and celebrity endorsement. Demography and ideography wise no significant difference is observed in the study.

Impact of Democracy and Economic Liberalization: The Case of Bangladesh

Impact of Democracy and Economic Liberalization: The Case of Bangladesh

Mathematical analysis and simulation of COVID-19 model with booster dose vaccination strategy in Bangladesh

The control of COVID-19 transmission remains a crucial issue despite the administration of multiple doses of vaccines, given the ongoing emergence of new variants. This study proposes a mathematical model of COVID-19 with multiple doses of vaccinations. We find disease-free equilibrium (DFE) and disease-endemic equilibrium (DEE) and perform their stability analysis to explore in which parameters space the disease will be fade-out or persists in the population. This study derives mathematical expressions for the basic reproductive numbers (R0) using the Next-Generation Matrix method. Using surface and contour plots, we brought to light the exciting consequences of disease transmission rate and other parameter values on the basic reproduction number (R0). It demonstrates that the disease-free equilibrium point is locally stable when R0 < 1, whereas the disease-endemic equilibrium point is locally stable for R0 > 1. We also perform bifurcation analysis to demonstrate in which conditions the disease will be stable or unstable when R0 = 1. Numerical simulations show that increasing first dose vaccination rate is more effective than second and booster doses vaccination rate for reducing the number of asymptomatic and symptomatic cases in Bangladesh. We use COVID-19 incidence data from WHO between January and December 2022 and estimate parameters using the least-squares technique. We perform the sensitivity index of symptomatic and asymptomatic cases to identify the most significant parameter for disease outbreaks and found that transmission rate had the highest impact on disease prevalence. This research provides insight to prevent and control of COVID-19 transmission with booster-dose vaccination in Bangladesh.

Sustainable Banking for Sustainable Development Goals: The Case of Bangladesh

Sustainable Banking for Sustainable Development Goals: The Case of Bangladesh

Politics of/for Recognition: The cases of three ‘Pirs’ in Contemporary Bangladesh

Historically, Sufi-Pirs2 have had strong presence in the religio-cultural and political space of Bangladesh. Scholars have so far elucidated their role in the society and politics. However, as of today they have hardly pondered over the question: who is a Sufi or Pir? How a person gets social recognition as a Pir? Against this backdrop, this paper attempts to examine how an individual gains social recognition as a Pir. Examining three cases of contemporary Bangladesh, this paper challenges the traditional view that Pirs constitute an apolitical category that pre-exists in their respective socio-politico-religious milieu. This paper concludes that recognition of contemporary Pirs is often a political process.

Comparative Study of Macroeconomic Variables and Corporate Bond Issuance Behavior: A Case of Nepal and Bangladesh

The primary objective of this study is to investigate how various macroeconomic variables—such as the size of the economy, size of the bank, size of corporate debt, openness of the economy, and exchange rate variability—affect the issuance behavior of corporate debt in Nepal and Bangladesh. Using secondary data collected from the World Bank and respective countries' official websites spanning 27 years from 1993 to 2019, the research employs an analytical and descriptive research design. Statistical tests, including correlation, regression analysis, and t-tests, were conducted using STATA, SPSS, and Excel. The findings reveal a strong correlation between the size of corporate debt and corporate debt issuance behavior in both Nepal and Bangladesh. T-tests indicate significant differences in the openness of the economy, size of the bank, and issuance behavior of corporate debt between the two countries. Hypothesis testing underscores a significant relationship between the size of corporate debt and the issuance behavior of corporate debt in both Nepal and Bangladesh. This research contributes valuable insights for policymakers, financial analysts, and businesses seeking to navigate the complexities of corporate bond markets in these regions. Keywords: Corporate bond, Issuance behavior, Comparative study, Financial markets, Economic size, Openness of economy, Exchange rate variability.

Transitioning Energy Infrastructure into a Shared Commons through Decentralized Energy Production and Distribution: A Case of Rural Bangladesh

Transitioning Energy Infrastructure into a Shared Commons through Decentralized Energy Production and Distribution: A Case of Rural Bangladesh

Baseline Characteristics of Covid-19 Infected Spontaneous Abortion Cases

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns about the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on pregnancy outcomes. However, there is limited evidence regarding the association between COVID-19 and spontaneous abortion cases, particularly in Bangladesh. Methods: This retrospective observational study investigated the baseline characteristics of 48 cases of spontaneous abortion in pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection at Enam Medical College Hospital, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh between March and July 2020. Participants were included if they experienced fetal demise at 11 or more weeks of gestation, and potential confounding factors, such as fetal malformations or other obstetric disorders, were excluded. Data on demographic characteristics, gestational age, parity, gravidity, and COVID-19 severity were collected and analyzed. Results: The age distribution of participants ranged from 18 to 33 years, with 50% in the 26-30 year age group. A majority (58.33%) were obese, and 83.33% exhibited mild COVID-19 symptoms, while 16.67% were asymptomatic. Regarding gestational age at the time of spontaneous abortion, 50% were between 11-15 weeks, 41.67% were between 16-20 weeks, and 8.33% were between 21-25 weeks. All participants had at least one previous pregnancy, with 33.33% experiencing their second pregnancy, 41.67% their second pregnancy with a previous live birth, and 25% their third pregnancy with at least one previous live birth. Conclusions: This study provides insights into the baseline characteristics and maternal outcomes of COVID-19 infected spontaneous abortion cases in Bangladesh. The findings suggest that severe COVID-19 illness may not be a prerequisite for adverse pregnancy outcomes and highlight the need for further investigations into the potential mechanisms of intrauterine SARS-CoV-2 transmission and the role of placental factors. Larger-scale studies are warranted to better understand the impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes and develop appropriate management strategies.

A Narrative Review on the Specific Pattern of HBV Genotype in Bangladesh: Clinical Implications for Management.

Bangladesh's unique epidemiological landscape presents an intriguing puzzle. This South Asian nation, with its complex sociodemographic and environmental factors, is home to a diverse array of hepatitis-B virus (HBV) genotypes, identified as Genotype C, with Genotypes D and A also making a significant contribution to the viral landscape. Reviewing such insights is necessary not only to underscore the country's regional diversity in HBV strains but also to bring into focus the clinical implications these genetic variations may have on disease progression and management. A thorough database search covered various sources using relevant keywords like "Hepatitis B virus genotypes", "HBV genotypes in Bangladesh", and "HBV clinical implications". The review synthesized findings and analyzed HBV genotype prevalence and clinical implications in Bangladesh. Genotypes C and D collectively represent 82% of chronic hepatitis-B infection (CHB) cases in Bangladesh, underscoring their regional prevalence. The geographic context is pivotal in understanding HBV infection dynamics and disease progression in this area. Notably, genotype C and the presence of A1762T/G1764A mutations appear to have a distinct impact on disease development, potentially affecting the immune response in CHB patients. This highlights the need for tailored management approaches in this specific region. Further research is vital to confirm and elaborate on these findings, particularly in relation to how these mutations influence the host's immune response. In summary, studies on HBV genotypes in Bangladesh stress the need for genotype-specific clinical considerations and more research to improve diagnostics and therapies. Raihan R, Akbar SMF. A Narrative Review on the Specific Pattern of HBV Genotype in Bangladesh: Clinical Implications for Management. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2023;13(2):152-158.

Molecular Analysis of the First Reported Hereditary Lymphedema-distichiasis Case in Bangladesh

Lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome (LD, OMIM 153400) is hereditary primary lymphedema with autosomal dominant nature of inheritance and variable expression. LD is characterized by late childhood or pubertal onset of lower limb lymphedema and an aberrant second row of eyelashes (distichiasis) arising from the meibomian glands. Among the molecular reasons behind this condition are the mutations in the FOXC2 gene, a forkhead transcription factor, that plays a role in the formation of lymphatic and vascular systems. In this study, we report the first case of LD from Bangladesh with classical lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome with an eight-base-pair deletion in the FOXC2 gene. ClinVar accession code for this deletion is RCV000007679.3. FOXC2 protein is 501 amino acids long. This deletion of 8 bp (ACGCCGCC) causes frameshift of codons after amino acid number 304. The frameshift creates an altered truncated protein with 154 new amino acids after codon 304. We assume that these changes in the protein may affect its function contributing to the disease manifestations. Further research may confirm these assumptions. J. Bangladesh Acad. Sci. 47(2); 205-213: December 2023

Adjustments to and innovations in the implementation of qualitative research with people with disabilities: the case of Bangladesh

ABSTRACT Empowerment of people with disabilities is an important aspect of commitment to human rights and inclusive development. However, the tasks of reaching out and engaging with people with disabilities and gathering and articulating sensitively the lived experiences of people with disabilities who encounter multiple challenges – physical, social, and cultural – is anything but easy. These challenges are particularly daunting in Bangladesh, where disability is also taboo and often seen as a social and economic burden. Based on a four-year research project with people with disabilities in Bangladesh, the article highlights the challenges of reaching out and the adjustments and innovations that have been applied through qualitative research. The researcher employed a probe-reach-out-learn-and-apply-as-you-go approach, which included extensive networking, extreme sensitivity, extensive attention to the issues of dignity and health of the interviewees, continuous attention and adjustments to interview conditions, and to the researcher’s own emotions and health challenges during and following the interview phases.

The quest for a geo-environmental factor in Moyamoya angiopathy: Is arsenic the elusive environmental agent?

Moyamoya angiopathy (MMA), a rare and enigmatic disease, has intrigued clinicians and researchers for over six decades since its first description. In this past decade, although significant strides have been made in genetic research in MMA, a low penetrance of the phenotype, has led researchers to invoke a geo-environmental agent in its causation. The geographical prevalence of MMA and geospatial maps, food habits, possible sources of industrial pollutant exposure, and groundwater data were examined. The clustering of cases in east Asia, Bangladesh and certain foci in the United States, corresponded with the high levels of arsenic in food and water sources. We propose a hypothesis of an association between arsenic exposure and MMA. The extrapolated genetic and molecular effects of arsenic that lead to moyamoya angiopathy are proposed in this paper. Arsenic could be the elusive environmental agent catalyzing the pathogenesis of MMA. This hypothesis could stimulate further research into the role of arsenic in the pathogenesis of MMA. Implementation of mitigation strategies could result in a reduction in the incidence of the disease.

Day Level Forecasting for COVID-19 Pandemic Spread in SAARC Countries

The COVID-19 is declared a global epidemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Till now there is no effective medicine and vaccine is not available to treat COVID-19 and the genetic mutation capability of COVID-19 is very aggressive. Day-level knowledge of COVID-19 spread distribution is essential to measure the nature of the virus. The aim of this paper is two folds. Firstly, we compare the forecasting performance of three models namely Simple Exponential Smoothing (SES), Moving Average (MA) and Weighted Moving Average (WMA) for South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries. Secondly, the best forecasting model is used to predict the day level number of infected case for SAARC countries. In this study we consider the daily infected case from March 08, 2020 to May 18, 2020. The empirical analysis showed that the SES model give beter forcasting performance for all of the SAARC countries based on graphical comparison as well as Mean Absolute Percentage Eorror (MAPE), Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD), Mean Square Error (MSE). The one month aheah forecast result of infected case for Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Maldives and Afghanistan will be 71702, 246726, 90926, 26, 1339, 1490, 2152 and 17934 respectively. Besides these we also shows the growth rate of the infected case based on Exponential and logarithmic scale. Having access to skilful daily updated forecast value of infected case could help better informed decision on how to manage the spread of COVID-19. International Journal of Statistical Sciences, Vol. 23(2), November, 2023, pp 129-142

Petrophysical properties evaluation and reservoir characterization of a giant gas field: Bangladesh case study

Petrophysical properties evaluation and reservoir characterization of a giant gas field: Bangladesh case study