Case Of Bangladesh Research Articles

Evaluating A Rapid Molecular Assay In A Mobile Lab For Improved Diagnosis Of Dengue In Bangladesh.

Dengue emerged as a significant health threat in the endemic regions in recent years. However, inconsistent diagnostic accuracy in sequential dengue infections necessitate improved testing methods to ensure effective management of dengue cases. Here, we evaluated a portable, rapid, and sensitive molecular assay - Reverse Transcriptase Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay (RT-RAA) utilizing a mobile suitcase laboratory to detect infections in suspected dengue cases in Bangladesh. 364 suspected dengue patients were enrolled in the study. Dengue cases were confirmed by a positive result from any of the four tests NS1 RDT, IgM RDT, qRT-PCR and RT-RAA assay. IgG RDT was performed to differentiate between primary and secondary dengue infections. Of 364 suspected cases, 320 were confirmed dengue cases, with 55.94% classified as primary and 44.06% as secondary infections. Laboratory results showed comparable positivity rates between RT-RAA(78.8%) and NS1 RDT(77.1%) in primary dengue, followed by qRT-PCR(57.5%) and IgM RDT(12.8%). RT-RAA demonstrated superior positivity rates in secondary dengue(76.6%), surpassing RT-PCR(60.3%), NS1 RDT(27%), and IgM RDT (24.8%). Combining RT-RAA with NS1 RDT detected infections in 89.95% primary and 81.56% secondary dengue. The findings suggest complementing RT-RAA to NS1 RDT could significantly improve dengue detection rate, particularly for secondary infections.

Disclosure of true medical information: the case of Bangladesh

BackgroundTruth-telling in health care is about providing patients with accurate information about their diagnoses and prognoses to enable them to make decisions that can benefit their overall health. Physicians worldwide, especially in the United Kingdom (U.K.) and the United States (U.S.), openly share such medical information. Bangladesh, however, is a Muslim-majority society with different social norms than Western societies. Therefore, we examined whether Muslim culture supports truth disclosure for patients, particularly how and to what extent medical information about life-threatening diseases is provided to patients in Bangladesh.MethodsThis was a phenomenological qualitative study. We conducted thirty in-depth interviews with clinicians, nurses, patients and their relatives at Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. We also used observations to explore interactions between patients, families and healthcare professionals regarding their involvement in medical decisions and truth disclosure issues. NVivo software was used to identify common themes, and a thematic analysis method was utilised to analyse the datasets.ResultsThis study identified three recurring themes relevant to the ethics and practice of truth disclosure: best interest rather than autonomy, the ambivalent value of deception and who understands what. The participants revealed that physicians often withhold fatal medical prognoses from terminally ill patients to ensure the best healthcare outcomes. The results indicate that deception towards patients is commonly accepted as a means of reducing burden and providing comfort. The participants opined that true medical information should be withheld from some patients, assuming that such disclosures may create a severe burden on them. Whether or to what extent medical information is disclosed primarily depends on a family’s wishes and preferences.ConclusionsWhile truth disclosure to patients is considered an ethical norm in many cultures, such as in the U.K. and the U.S., the practice of concealing or partially revealing severe medical prognoses to patients is an actual medical practice in Bangladeshi society. This study emphasises the importance of recognising a patient’s active involvement and respecting the cultural values that shape family involvement in medical decision-making. These findings may have significant policy and practical implications for promoting patient autonomy within Bangladeshi family dynamics and religious-based cultural values.

A place in the sun: Farmers' co-benefits from solar irrigation in Bangladesh

Solar irrigation pumps (SIPs) are gradually replacing diesel pumps in relatively water-intensive agricultural production systems and geographies to reduce carbon emissions from food systems. However, beyond its climate change mitigation potential and fulfillment of Nationally Determined Contributions commitments, the adoption of solar irrigation also has direct co-benefits for farmers. Taking the case of Bangladesh and anchored on primary data collected among solar and diesel pump users, this article analyses the role access to solar irrigation has on household and farm-level outcomes. The propensity score matching and inverse probability matching approaches identify a positive effect of SIP access on food security and profitability from dry-season paddy for adopters. Different transmission channels are explored to explain these co-benefits. Lower costs of irrigation and labor are identified as the strongest pathways. This analysis strengthens the case for investments toward the solarization of agriculture in developing countries where it delivers significant development co-benefits in addition to climate change mitigation benefits. The valuation of the farmers' co-benefits, along with global climate mitigation impacts, also highlights the potential role of such programs toward climate justice.

Dengue outbreak 2023 in Bangladesh: From a local concern to a global public health issue.

Dengue, a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes, has become a substantial public health issue in Bangladesh. The high population density and subtropical-tropical climate of the nation create conducive environments for the transmission of the virus. The recent increase in dengue cases in Bangladesh prompts an inquiry into the potential for the virus to progress into an epidemic manifestation. Bangladesh is prone to dengue outbreaks due to a multitude of contributing factors. To commence, the virus is endemic to tropical and subtropical regions, and climate change is contributing to the expansion of its range. Additionally, the high population density in Bangladesh amplifies the vulnerability to dengue transmission. Intimate human proximity elevates the probability of contracting mosquito stings and transmitting viruses. The escalating incidence of dengue in Bangladesh is substantiated by the growing count of documented cases. The emergence of severe dengue is a contributing aspect that raises concerns about the potential worldwide consequences of the disease. It could potentially head from Bangladesh to neighboring nations via an infected individual. There exist apprehensions due to the substantial employment of Bangladeshi laborers overseas, compounded by the presence of foreign laborers within Bangladesh. The endeavor to control dengue in Bangladesh continues to face ongoing challenges. This review addresses the complexities of dengue transmission, assesses Bangladesh's readiness for managing epidemics, analyzes risk factors associated with dengue, and suggests preventive measures to mitigate the possibility of worldwide consequences of dengue originating within the nation.

Development of instructional design principles for using ICT in resource-limited learning environments: a case of Bangladesh

The integration of ICT in education in developing countries has become a significant focus in various ODA projects and educational research. With the increasing demand for teachers to incorporate ICT in their classrooms, the precise methods for effectively integrating ICT resources have not been thoroughly explored. Therefore, this research aimed to develop the most optimal instructional design principles that may systematically guide teachers in planning their lessons using ICT, specifically in the context of Bangladesh. By employing the design and development research method, this research developed an initial set of instructional design principles based on literature review and field research, then elaborated on the principles through three sets of internal validation tests and a usability test by conducting in-depth interviews to confirm the applicability of the principles in real classroom settings in Bangladesh. The final version of instructional design principles is composed of five components, ten principles, and 22 specific guidelines. Two distinct features of the principles are discussed for further research. In discussion, this research underscores the necessity of providing practical instructional design principles to guide teachers in effectively utilizing ICT, particularly within a resource-limited learning environment like Bangladesh.

Integration of IPC/WASH critical conditions into quality of care and quality improvement tools and processes: Bangladesh case study

Unsafe patient care in hospitals, especially in low- and middle-income countries, is often caused by poor infection prevention and control (IPC) practices; insufficient support for water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH); and inadequate waste management. We looked at the intersection of IPC, WASH, and the global initiative of improving health care quality, specifically around maternal and newborn care in Bangladesh health facilities. We identified 8 primary quality improvement and IPC/WASH policy and guideline documents in Bangladesh and analyzed their incorporation of 30 subconditions under 5 critical conditions: water; sanitation; hygiene; waste management/cleaning; and IPC supplies, guidelines, training, surveillance, and monitoring. To determine how Bangladesh health care workers implemented the policies, we interviewed 33 informants from 16 public and private facilities and the national level. Bangladesh’s 8 primary guidance documents covered 55% of the 30 subconditions. Interviews showed that Bangladesh health facility staff generally rely on eight tools related to quality improvement (five); IPC (two); and supportive supervision (one) plus a robust supervision mechanism. The stakeholders identified a lack of human resources and environmental hygiene infrastructure and supplies as the main gaps in providing IPC/WASH services. We concluded that the Bangladesh government had produced substantial guidance on using quality improvement methods to improve health services. Our recommendations can help identify strategies to better integrate IPC/WASH in resources including standardizing guidelines and tools within one toolkit. Strategizing with stakeholders working on initiatives such as universal health coverage and patient safety to integrate IPC/WASH into quality improvement documents is a mutually reinforcing approach.

Social Work Field Practicum in the Time of Social Distancing: A Case of Bangladesh

Field practicum is an integral part of social work education. Social work students are typically placed with social service organisations to put into practice what they have learned in the classroom and to acquire new skills in the practice setting. However, the COVID-19 pandemic limited face-to-face communications, which affected on-site internships. The purpose of this article is to examine the difficulties in conducting social work field practicum during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Based on the in-depth interviews with purposively selected three social work academics, five field practicum students, and three field placement agency supervisors, this article identified the challenges of conducting field practicum during the pandemic. The implications of analysis include creation of a regulatory body and the development and adoption of innovative strategies by social work educators and schools.

The Political Economy of Policy Response to COVID-19: The Case of Bangladesh

The Political Economy of Policy Response to COVID-19: The Case of Bangladesh

The challenge in managing working capital in an emerging economy: The case of Bangladesh

The paper seeks to determine whether management can offset an increase in the age of inventory with a reduction in the age of receivables, and which variable is more important in managing the overall cash conversion cycle. Using data from 2011 to 2020 on 77 non-financial companies listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange, we applied the generalized method of moments regression with a specific goal of examining the impact of receivables and inventory on profitability. When limiting the total amount tied up in working capital is a goal, a legitimate question is whether a firm can limit the total amount tied up in receivables alone, with inventory alone, or net the total reduction. Both variables should have a similar financial cost of working capital. This paper strongly indicates that in managing working capital, the focus needs to be on receivables management. Losing control of receivables will impact profitability much more than managing inventory, and the option to balance an increase in the age of receivables through a decrease in inventory is generally not possible. The results also indicate that larger firms generally do a better job than smaller firms.

The emergence of training programmes for the garment industry: Analysing the cases of Bangladesh, Cambodia and Sri Lanka from a historical‐institutionalist perspective

The emergence of training programmes for the garment industry: Analysing the cases of Bangladesh, Cambodia and Sri Lanka from a historical‐institutionalist perspective

Comprehensive Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Dynamics in Bangladesh: Infection Trends and Variants (2020-2023).

The first case of COVID-19 was detected in Bangladesh on 8 March 2020. Since then, the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) has implemented various measures to limit the transmission of COVID-19, including widespread testing facilities across the nation through a laboratory network for COVID-19 molecular testing. This study aimed to analyze the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in Bangladesh by conducting COVID-19 testing and genomic surveillance of the virus variants throughout the pandemic. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from authorized GoB collection centers between April 2020 and June 2023. The viral RNA was extracted and subjected to real-time PCR analysis in icddr,b's Virology laboratory. A subset of positive samples underwent whole-genome sequencing to track the evolutionary footprint of SARS-CoV-2 variants. We tested 149,270 suspected COVID-19 cases from Dhaka (n = 81,782) and other districts (n = 67,488). Of these, 63% were male. The highest positivity rate, 27%, was found in the >60 years age group, followed by 26%, 51-60 years, 25% in 41-50 years, and the lowest, 9% in under five children. Notably, the sequencing of 2742 SARS-CoV-2 genomes displayed a pattern of globally circulating variants, Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron, successively replacing each other over time and causing peaks of COVID-19 infection. Regarding the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, it was observed that the positivity rate increased with age compared to the under-5 age group in 2020 and 2021. However, these trends did not remain consistent in 2022, where older age groups, particularly those over 60, had a lower positivity rate compared to other age groups due to vaccination. The study findings generated data on the real-time circulation of different SARS-CoV-2 variants and the upsurge of COVID-19 cases in Bangladesh, which impacted identifying hotspots and restricting the virus from further transmission. Even though there is currently a low circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in Bangladesh, similar approaches of genomic surveillance remain essential for monitoring the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants or other potential pathogens that could lead to future pandemics.

Optimal control analysis for the Nipah infection with constant and time-varying vaccination and treatment under real data application

In the last two decades, Nipah virus (NiV) has emerged as a significant paramyxovirus transmitted by bats, causing severe respiratory illness and encephalitis in humans. NiV has been included in the World Health Organization’s Blueprint list of priority pathogens due its potential for human-to-human transmission and zoonotic characteristics. In this paper, a mathematical model is formulated to analyze the dynamics and optimal control of NiV. In formulation of the model we consider two modes of transmission: human-to-human and food-borne. Further, the impact of contact with an infected corpse as a potential route for virus transmission is also consider in the model. The analysis identifies the model with constant controls has three equilibrium states: the NiV-free equilibrium, the infected flying foxes-free equilibrium, and the NiV-endemic equilibrium state. Furthermore, a theoretical analysis is conducted to presents the stability of the model equilibria. The model fitting to the reported cases in Bangladesh from 2001 to 2015, and the estimation of parameters are performed using the standard least squares technique. Sensitivity analysis of the model-embedded parameters is provided to set the optimal time-dependent controls for the disease eradication. The necessary optimality conditions are derived using Pontryagin’s maximum principle. Finally, numerical simulation is performed to determine the most effective strategy for disease eradication and to confirm the theoretical results.

Rabies control in Bangladesh and prediction of human rabies cases by 2030: a One Health approach

Bangladesh is making progress toward achieving zero dog-mediated rabies deaths by 2030, a global goal set in2015. Drawing from multiple datasets, including patient immunisation record books and mass dog vaccination (MDV) databases, we conducted a comprehensive analysis between 2011 and 2023 to understand the effectiveness of rabies control programmes and predict human rabies cases in Bangladesh by 2030 using time-series forecasting models. We also compared rabies virus sequences from GenBank in Bangladesh and other South Asian countries. The estimated dog population in Bangladesh was determined to be 1,668,140, with an average dog population density of 12.83 dogs/km2 (95% CI 11.14-14.53) and a human-to-dog ratio of 86.70 (95% CI 76.60-96.80). The MDV campaign has led to the vaccination of an average of 21,295 dogs (95% CI 18,654-23,935) per district annually out of an estimated 26,065 dogs (95% CI 22,898-29,230). A declining trend in predicted and observed human rabies cases has been identified, suggesting that Bangladesh is poised to make substantial progress towards achieving the 'Zero by 30' goal, provided the current trajectory continues. The phylogenetic analysis shows that rabies viruses in Bangladesh belong to the Arctic-like-1 group, which differs from those in Bhutan despite sharing a common ancestor. Bangladesh's One Health approach demonstrated that an increase in MDV and anti-rabies vaccine (ARV) resulted in a decline in the relative risk of human rabies cases, indicating that eliminating dog-mediated human rabies could be achievable. The study was supported by the Communicable Disease Control (CDC) Division of the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.

Who plans for women? Representation of power in planning for climate change adaptation in Bangladesh

Gender considerations have been part of climate change adaptation planning in the Global South for the last two decades. Despite this, studies have reported a gap in understanding how organisations incorporate people's diverse experiences of climate risks into planning and implementing adaptation strategies, particularly for women disproportionately impacted by climate risks. Taking the case of Bangladesh, this study contributes to this knowledge gap by exploring the representation of power in organisational decision‐making arenas concerning adaptation planning. The investigation involved an analysis of five major national adaptation guidelines and 22 projects conducted in Bangladesh, in addition to in‐depth interviews with 36 development practitioners. This article argues that adaptation planning is a top‐down organisational process in Bangladesh. Decisions are undertaken in ‘inner circles’ involving experts, bureaucrats and top officials of major national NGOs and often fail to include the voices of diverse social groups affected by intersecting inequalities, including ethnicity, disability, religion, locality and, in particular, gender. The study elaborates on the need for a major change to planning and decision‐making processes to achieve adaptation planning and strategies that effectively reflect women's diversified and localised realities and allow them to respond to climate risks adequately.

Exploring Livelihood Trajectories: Stories from Migrant Women in Bangladesh

In the face of various challenges, mobility emerges as a long-standing adaptive strategy. This is also the case in Bangladesh, where internal mobility in particular is often employed to maintain a living in response to the loss of livelihoods at the place of origin. However, research exploring the changes in migrant women’s livelihoods through their internal mobility in Bangladesh, and how their agency and the social structures come to influence this, is limited. This article addresses this gap by exploring the livelihood trajectories of migrant women through their internal mobility, intending to enhance the comprehension of the nuanced daily lives and livelihood experiences of Bangladeshi migrant women. Drawing on the stories of four women who relocated to the town of Mongla, the findings reveal the diverse and evolving strategies they employ to sustain a living through their internal mobility, showcasing the particularity of each livelihood trajectory. The findings suggest that migrant women’s distinct livelihood trajectories are influenced by their varying levels of agency, often enhanced through their mobility, and potentially increasing their capacity to alter their life circumstances. However, given constraining gender roles and expectations, they face limited livelihood options. In this article, I show that a comprehensive examination of both the individual and the broader social contexts of migrant women’s livelihoods is essential to gain deeper insights into their differing ways of making a living through mobility. Such insights may foster the comprehension of how they position themselves, between their livelihoods, different agency levels, and gender roles and expectations.

Acquired Hemophilia A (AHA): A Rare Bleeding Disorder In a Tertiary Care Hospital In Dhaka, Bangladesh

Acquired Hemophilia A (AHA) is a rare bleeding disorder. This results from autoantibodies to factor VIII (FVIII) that neutralizes the ability of factor VIII. This causes potentially severe bleeding episodes that carries a high risk of morbidity and mortality. Acquired Hemophilia usually occurs over 60 years of age or in postpartum period and associated with other autoimmune conditions. The diagnosis should be suspected when patients with new onset of bleeding without prior personal or family history of bleeding. The hallmark of this condition is mucocutaneous bleeding leading to ecchymosis, malena, hematoma, hematuria and spontaneous oozing from wounds. Management should uphold both hemostatic therapies to minimize bleeding and immune modulation strategies to re-establish immune tolerance to factor VIII. Here we present an older male case of such Acquired Hemophilia A without history of previous anticoagulant therapy as well as family history or personal history of bleeding episodes. The patient has got hemiarthroplasty with prosthesis with bone cementing due to fracture neck of femur. After 10th post-operative day he was diagnosed with clot retention in catheter in-situ and oozing from wound site after 12th post-operative day. His laboratory reports showed prolongation of Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Prothrombin Time (APTT). His factor VIII was very low level and factor VIII inhibitor showed the time depended inhibitor presence. Thus diagnosed as Acquired Hemophilia A (AHA), the rare case in Bangladesh. He was managed with medications that resulted in normalization of factor VIII level. J MEDICINE 2024; 25: 173-175

Lesson from the Perspectives of Farmers about Problems of Agricultural Production: A Case of Rural Bangladesh

Lesson from the Perspectives of Farmers about Problems of Agricultural Production: A Case of Rural Bangladesh

The Linkage Between Government Expenditure and National Income: the Case of Bangladesh

Objective: This study examines the applicability of Keynesian and Wagner's law in terms of gross national expenditure (GNE) and gross national income (GNI) in Bangladesh. Theoretical Framework: According to Wagner's Law, a country's government spending rises in tandem with its national income. The opposite is true, according to the Keynesian Law, which claims that government spending increases GDP. Methodology: This study is a quantitative and secondary data based analysis. It makes use of time series data spanning the years 1981 to 2020. All variables' data were gathered from the World Bank's compilation of global development indicators. In order to exclude years with outlier data, the current study did not include variables' data from 1971 to 1980 (The abnormality occurred in 1971 for the war of liberty; in 1974 for the Famine and in 1975 for the political violence). Once the sequence of integration with ADF had been determined; the ARDL bounds testing technique and Granger causality test were used. Results and Discussion: According to the findings of the ARDL bounds test, there is a long-term correlation between government spending and gross domestic product. Government spending likely contributes significantly to the causes of national income, according to the slope coefficients from long-run equations. Granger causality findings show that government spending and national income have a one-way causal link but not the other way around. Research Implications: One possible explanation for this result is that recent government spending on development projects boost up the national income. Originality/Value: We contribute to the literature in two important ways. The first contribution is that we focus on more robust estimation methodologies. Unlike previous studies of Bangladesh context, we apply ARDL bounds test approach to co-integration. In addition to having advantageous small sample characteristics, the ARDL limits testing approach does not necessitate the same order of integration in the variables. With these considerations, this technique suits better in case of Bangladesh given that data would be of a small span. And second, we examined both of the Wagner’s Law and Keynesian Law for Bangladesh with two separate equations, unlike the previous studies on Bangladesh who investigated the Wagner’s equation only.

Comparative analysis and machine learning predictions of cervical cancer incidence: A multi-national study

This proposal presents a comprehensive investigation of cervical cancer frequency and patterns, with a focus on a multi-national perspective, particularly highlighting the circumstance in Bangladesh. Utilizing a mix of auxiliary information survey, comparative investigation, and predictive modeling, this study sheds light on the worldwide landscape of cervical cancer, emphasizing disparities in rate, screening hones, and healthcare framework. The inquire about utilizes machine learning calculations, especially linear regression, to extend future patterns of cervical cancer in Bangladesh up to 2050. Moreover, an in-depth examination of statistical, clinical, and treatment characteristics of 223 cervical cancer patients in Bangladesh offers basic bits of knowledge into components affecting results. Key discoveries uncover noteworthy fluctuations in treatment and discovery techniques over nations, underscoring the requirement for more harmonized worldwide healthcare approaches. The predictive analysis indicates a potential stabilization in cervical cancer cases in Bangladesh, suggesting a positive trend due to ongoing healthcare efforts. This proposition contributes to the existing body of information on cervical cancer, giving profitable bits of knowledge for healthcare arrangement definition and execution precisely in resource-limited settings.

Time Series Analysis of Poverty Reduction Indicators: Case of Pakistan, India and Bangladesh

This paper investigated the indicators of poverty reduction. The independent variables are financial development, military expenditure, remittances, trade openness and world oil prices. A time series analysis was conducted from 1980 to 2016. The ADF and Phillip-Perron unit root tests were applied to find the level of co-integration. The study researched the long-run relationship between independent and dependent variables by applying the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bound testing approach. The order of integration according to the unit root test is mixed for the variables. In all three countries, the ARDL bound testing approach found the long-run relationship between poverty and its indicators.