Case Of Denmark Research Articles

Chef and sommelier’s share in Michelin star success: The case of Denmark

Enjoying a meal at a Michelin restaurant is quite a satisfying experience for consumers; working at one of these prestigious restaurants is similarly satisfying for a chef and sommelier. Chefs have long been the dominant factors in restaurants. In recent years, it has been observed that the sommeliers have become the partners of chefs in this important role. This study includes executive chefs, head chefs, sommeliers, and head sommeliers working at 11 different Michelin restaurants in Denmark with 1 and 2 stars. The findings confirm the recent contribution of sommeliers, which is mentioned in the related literature. In addition, the findings of this study indicate that the success of a chef in receiving a Michelin star and keeping it is mostly affected by the physical elements such as crew, materials, and presentation. Sommeliers, on the other hand, contribute to this success through abstract service elements such as the harmony of different elements on the table, food & wine harmony, menu tasting and increasing experience quality. It has also been determined that the impact of sommeliers on restaurant management will increase soon as they are the faces, in a sense ‘models’ of restaurants and they make unique contributions to customer satisfaction.

Tensions between research performativity and higher education as a nationalist public good: the case of Denmark, welfare chauvinism, and status competition

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the tension between two political rationalities coordinating Danish higher education (HE) - a nativist politics of belonging and that of status competition and its technologies of university rankings, citation indexes, and performance management, explored historically drawing on Gramscian conjunctural analysis. The paper argues that Danish academics were invited into a performative culture of world-class research, university rankings and citation indexes, and the dominance of English as the valued scientific language. Simultaneously a political consensus has developed around restricting international student access to Danish HE and reducing English-medium education in a context of hostility towards migrants generally. Consequently, Danish HE has been constituted as a nationalist public good with neoliberal characteristics.

Improving the Accuracy of Biologic Drug Survival Data: The Increasing Prevalence of Off-Label Dosing Must Be Considered when Reporting Drug Effectiveness and Safety

Improving the Accuracy of Biologic Drug Survival Data: The Increasing Prevalence of Off-Label Dosing Must Be Considered when Reporting Drug Effectiveness and Safety

Comparison of Source Attribution Methodologies for Human Campylobacteriosis.

Campylobacter spp. are the most common cause of bacterial gastrointestinal infection in humans both in Denmark and worldwide. Studies have found microbial subtyping to be a powerful tool for source attribution, but comparisons of different methodologies are limited. In this study, we compare three source attribution approaches (Machine Learning, Network Analysis, and Bayesian modeling) using three types of whole genome sequences (WGS) data inputs (cgMLST, 5-Mers and 7-Mers). We predicted and compared the sources of human campylobacteriosis cases in Denmark. Using 7mer as an input feature provided the best model performance. The network analysis algorithm had a CSC value of 78.99% and an F1-score value of 67%, while the machine-learning algorithm showed the highest accuracy (98%). The models attributed between 965 and all of the 1224 human cases to a source (network applying 5mer and machine learning applying 7mer, respectively). Chicken from Denmark was the primary source of human campylobacteriosis with an average percentage probability of attribution of 45.8% to 65.4%, representing Bayesian with 7mer and machine learning with cgMLST, respectively. Our results indicate that the different source attribution methodologies based on WGS have great potential for the surveillance and source tracking of Campylobacter. The results of such models may support decision makers to prioritize and target interventions.

A cervical screening initiative for elderly women in Denmark

To assess outcome of a one-time human papillomavirus (HPV)-screening in 2017 of Danish women aged 70+. Women born 1947 or before were personally invited to have a cell-sample collected by their general practitioner. Screening- and follow-up samples were analyzed in hospital laboratories in the five Danish regions and registered centrally. Follow-up procedures varied slightly across regions. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 (CIN2) was recommended treatment threshold. Data were retrieved from the Danish Quality Database for Cervical Cancer Screening. We calculated CIN2+ and CIN3+ detection rates per 1000 screened women, and number of biopsies and conizations per detected CIN2+ case. We tabulated annual number of incident cervical cancer cases in Denmark for the years 2009-2020. In total, 359 763 women were invited of whom 108 585 (30% of invited) were screened; 4479 (4.1% of screened, and 4.3% of screened 70-74 years) tested HPV-positive; of whom 2419 (54% of HPV-positive) were recommended follow-up with colposcopy, biopsy and cervical sampling, and 2060 with cell-sample follow-up. In total, 2888 women had histology; of whom 1237 cone specimen and 1651 biopsy only. Out of 1000 screened women 11 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11-12) had conization. In total, 579 women had CIN2+; 209 CIN2, 314 CIN3, and 56 cancer. Out of 1000 screened women five (95% CI: 5-6) had CIN2+. Detection rate of CIN2+ was highest in regions where conization was used as part of first-line follow-up. In 2009-2016, number of incident cervical cancers in women aged 70+ in Denmark fluctuated around 64; in 2017 it reached 83 cases; and by 2021 the number had decreased to 50. The prevalence of high-risk HPV of 4.3% in women aged 70-74 is in agreement with data from Australia, and the detection of five CIN+2 cases per 1000 screened women is in agreement with data for 65-69 year old women in Norway. Data are thus starting to accumulate on primary HPV-screening of elderly women. The screening resulted in a prevalence peak in incident cervical cancers, and it will therefore take some years before the cancer preventive effect of the screening can be evaluated.

Prenatal, Intrapartum, and Neonatal Factors Increase the Risk of Eosinophilic Esophagitis.

Early-life exposures have been associated with an increased risk of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE); however, most studies to date have been conducted at referral centers and are subject to recall bias. By contrast, we conducted a nationwide, population-based and registry-based case-control study of prenatal, intrapartum, and neonatal exposures, using data collected prospectively through population-based Danish health and administrative registries. We ascertained all EoE cases in Denmark (birth years 1997-2018). Cases were sex and age matched to controls (1:10) using risk-set sampling. We obtained data on prenatal, intrapartum, and neonatal factors, i.e., pregnancy complications, mode of delivery, gestational age at delivery, birthweight (expressed as a z-score), and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission. We used conditional logistic regression to compute the crude and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of EoE in relation to each prenatal, intrapartum, and neonatal factor, thus providing an estimate of incidence density ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI). In the 393 cases and 3,659 population controls included (median age at index date, 11 years [interquartile range, 6-15]; 69% male), we observed an association between gestational age and EoE, peaking at 33 vs 40 weeks (aOR 3.6 [95% CI 1.8-7.4]), and between NICU admission and EoE (aOR 2.8 [95% CI 1.2-6.6], for a NICU hospitalization of 2-3 weeks vs no admission). In interaction analyses, we observed a stronger association between NICU admission and EoE in infants born at term than in preterm infants (aOR 2.0 [95% CI 1.4-2.9] for term infants and aOR 1.0 [95% CI 0.5-2.0] for preterm infants). We also observed an association between pregnancy complications and EoE (aOR 1.4 [95% CI 1.0-1.9]). Infants who were very growth restricted at birth had an increased rate of EoE (aOR 1.4 [95% CI: 1.0-1.9] for a z-score of -1.5 vs a z-score of 0). Mode of delivery was not associated with EoE. Prenatal, intrapartum, and neonatal factors, particularly preterm birth and NICU admission, were associated with development of EoE. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the observed associations.

Imagining and building the nation through citizenship education: an interculturalist perspective on the case of Denmark

ABSTRACT Citizenship education in Denmark is considered as having a long history, not least as an important part of the folk high school tradition. More recently, it has become an important ingredient in the process for immigrants to obtain Danish citizenship. The focus of this paper is to analyse how the above types of citizenship education build on a particular imagining of the nation by engaging with the tradition and content of citizenship education as linked with the folk high schools and the preparation for the citizenship test. This is analysed within a critical interculturalist perspective and with Denmark as case.

Forging a friction

The article explores the development of e-lending models for digital books (e-books and digital audiobooks) in public libraries from a comparative perspective, analysing cases in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Special attention is placed on the actors involved in developing e-lending models and the variations across Scandinavia. First, the legal prerequisites of digital books, licensing culture and policy context are linked. Next, the phenomenon of e-lending and e-lending models are introduced and discussed as a form of artificial friction. Then, based on a review of international and Scandinavian grey literature, the paper provides three chronological overviews of e-lending model development, seen as an interplay between publishers and public libraries. The comparison highlights the similarities between the three countries but also differences in preference for a particular e-lending model in involvement of policy actors, and in pace and character of the analysed processes. Differences are primarily attributed to variances in established collaboration practices between the identified actors of cultural policy, to already existing regulatory frameworks, and to the maturity of the digital book market.

Multidimensional sustainability assessment of pig production systems at herd level – The case of Denmark

Pig production systems vary in their ability to meet key sustainability goals such as lowered environmental impact, lowered climate impact, reduced land use, economic viability, and improved animal welfare. These goals are not fully aligned and may require trade-offs to be made. The aim of the paper is to quantify these potential trade-offs.Using Denmark as the study case, we assess the standard pig production system and four existing alternative systems, and in addition the impact of a range of manure handling technologies. Drawing on farm data from an almost industry-wide certification scheme, environmental and climate impact are estimated per kg live weight using the life-cycle approach. Antibiotic use is assessed by calculating weighted average doses consumed within the herd, and animal welfare is assessed with a recently developed benchmarking tool. Finally, productions costs are estimated using herd-level production data combined with farm-level cost estimates.We find that the five pig production systems perform differently in the sustainability dimensions at herd level. We also find that there is a trade-off between the sustainability dimensions, as no one production system dominates the others in all dimensions.Across the systems analysed, reduced climate impact goes to some extent hand-in-hand with cost effectiveness. However, there are negative correlations between animal welfare and production costs and, especially, animal welfare and the environment.These dilemmas affect both regulatory and market-driven schemes, and where the production and marketing of niche products is concerned difficult decisions will need to be made. Improvements in environmental impact will reduce performance in animal welfare or vice versa – and it will do so regardless of cost.

The sleeping giant who left for America: Danish land inequality and emigration during the age of mass migration

What is the role of access to land for the decision to emigrate? We consider the case of Denmark between 1868 and 1908, when a large number of people left for America. We exploit the fact that the Danish agrarian reforms between 1784 and 1807 had differential impacts on the class of landless laborers around the country, and use detailed parish-level data police protocols of emigrants; population censuses and land registers to show that areas with a more unequal distribution of land witnessed greater emigration. We demonstrate a sizable effect: a one standard deviation increase in the Theil index implies an increase in emigration of 18 percent above the mean.

Breaking out of the expatriate bubble in Denmark: insights from the challenge of making connections with local Danes

PurposeThe social context of expatriation is crucial for expatriate success, including for building local host country national (HCN) social network support that can facilitate effective adjustment through information exchange. However, expatriates have particular difficulties in breaking out of the expatriate bubble and building social ties with HCNs in certain countries, especially in Scandinavia. This paper focuses on the case of Denmark and explains why many expatriates find it difficult to make social connections with Danes.Design/methodology/approachThis study involves a meta-ethnography of literature on Danish culture, as well as semistructured interviews with a total of 16 expatriates in Denmark.FindingsThree main cultural elements are identified as crucial for explaining the difficulty expatriates face in connecting with Danes, namely homogeneity, the value placed on equality and the public–private divide. The homogeneity and inward-looking mentality make it more difficult for outsiders to break into the social circle. Outsiders have to earn the trust that is difficult to obtain, reflecting Denmark's high score on GLOBE's institutional collectivism.Practical implicationsIn light of the challenges that many expatriates face in creating a new social network abroad, organizations can support them in several ways. The authors discuss context-specific strategies for making new social connections in Denmark, which may be usefully applied in other countries.Originality/valueThis study focuses on the context of expatriate social network formation and shows that cultural differences in socializing affect the ease with which expatriates can make connections with HCNs, who can have a positive impact on expatriate adjustment and performance success.

Hepatitis C time trends in reported cases and estimates of the hidden population born before 1965, Denmark and Sweden, 1990 to 2020.

BackgroundAccording to the World Health Organization, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection should be under control by 2030.AimOur aim was to describe the size and temporal changes in reported cases of chronic HCV infection in Denmark and Sweden and to estimate the size of the hidden (undiagnosed) population born before 1965.MethodsWe extracted all HCV infections reported to national surveillance systems in Denmark and Sweden from 1990 to 2020. Prediction of the size of the hidden HCV-infected population was restricted to the cohort born before 1965 and cases reported up to 2017. We applied a model based on removal sampling from binomial distributions, estimated the yearly probability of diagnosis, and deducted the original HCV-infected population size.ResultsDenmark (clinician-based) reported 10 times fewer hepatitis C cases annually than Sweden (laboratory and clinician-based), peaking in 2007 (n = 425) and 1992 (n = 4,537), respectively. In Denmark, the birth year distribution was monophasic with little change over time. In recent years, Sweden has had a bimodal birth year distribution, suggesting ongoing infection in the young population. In 2017, the total HCV-infected population born before 1965 was estimated at 10,737 living persons (95% confidence interval (CI): 9,744-11,806), including 5,054 undiagnosed, in Denmark and 16,124 (95% CI: 13,639-18,978), including 10,580 undiagnosed, in Sweden.ConclusionsThe reporting of HCV cases in Denmark and Sweden was different. For Denmark, the estimated hidden population was larger than the current national estimate, whereas in Sweden the estimate was in line with the latest published numbers.

Territorial stigmatization and housing commodification under racial neoliberalism: The case of Denmark's ‘ghettos’

The relation between racialization and neoliberalism is relatively unexplored in urban geography, especially in the context of social democratic welfare regimes. This article aims to bridge this gap by applying the concept of racial neoliberalism, here referring to a co-constitutive relation between racialization and neoliberalism, to Denmark. Conceiving the country's so-called ‘ghetto’ politics as an expression of racial neoliberalism, the article retraces the development of this politics over the first two decades of the 21st century. I argue that territorial stigmatization and commodification of marginalized non-profit housing areas have been two co-constitutive expressions of racial neoliberalism that have intensified during this historical period. Examining three key policy moments through various grey literature, the article demonstrates how stigmatization has served to justify commodification, while the failure of the latter has been followed by intensified and bureaucratized stigmatization leading to new commodification efforts until culminating in the infamous 2018 ‘Ghetto Law’.

Metformin Use and the Risk of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms in a Danish Population Based Cohort

INTRODUCTION The peroral antidiabetic drug metformin (MT) is primarily prescribed for hyperglycaemia due to insulin-resistance in type-2 diabetes mellitus or metabolic syndrome and is a widely used drug worldwide. Use of MT has been associated with reduced cancer risk and mortality in meta-analyses (Gandini et al, 2014). Constitutive activation of the JAK-STAT pathway by the recurrent gain-of-function mutation JAK2V617F is a hallmark of MPN and has been related to the formation of bone marrow fibrosis by altering the bone marrow microenvironment. Preclinical studies of MT have shown antileukemic activity in myeloid neoplasms by activating the AMPK-mTOR-pathway, downregulating JAK2/STAT signaling, and mitochondrial activity suggesting MT as a possible treatment option in MPN (Biondani & Peyron, 2018; MacHado-Neto et al, 2018; Kawashima & Kirito, 2016). Recently, the phase II study Fibromet failed to demonstrate effect of MT in reversing bone marrow fibrosis in myelofibrosis. However, significant down regulation of the JAK-STAT-pathway and cytokine production were demonstrated (Campos et al, 2021). Currently, the association between MT use and the risk of MPNs remains to be elucidated. METHODS We conducted a nationwide population-based nested case-control study to compare MT use among patients diagnosed with MPN between 2010 and 2018 and a matched population without MPN in the Danish general population to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for MPN associated with MT use. We utilized five large nationwide Danish health registries to obtain data on exposure, outcome, and covariates for adjustment. The index date was defined as the date of MPN diagnosis and cases were identified using the National Chronic Myeloid Neoplasia Registry covering >90% of MPN cases in Denmark (Bak et al, 2016). Controls were selected by incidence density sampling (five to one) from the Danish general population matched on age, gender, and calendar year. Data on MT exposure were collected from the Danish National Prescription Registry. "Ever-use” was defined as a minimum of one prescription before the index date and "Long-term use” as >5 years of MT use (assuming an intake of the WHOs defined daily dose for MT at 2000 mg plus 25% to account for minor prescription variations and incompliances). Exposure to MT, comorbidity, and concomitant drug use were disregarded 12 months prior to the index date to avoid reverse causation. By conditional logistic regression analysis, we obtained ORs and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) adjusted for study design (age, gender, and index date) and fully adjusted ORs (aORs) (see footnote in Table 2 for adjusted variables). RESULTS The study population included a total of 3,816 cases and 19,080 matched controls (Table 1). Exposure assessment categorized 7.0% of cases and 8.2% of controls as "Ever-users” of MT resulting in an aOR for MPN of 0.70 (95% CI, 0.61-0.81). Long-term users were rare and comprised 1.1% of cases and 2.0% of controls resulting in an aOR for MPN 0.45 (0.33-0.63). When assessing the duration of MT exposure, we found a trend towards a dose-response relationship (<1 year: aOR 0.79 [0.62-1.00]; 1-4.99 years: 0.78 [0.64-0.95]; 5-9.99 years: 0.42 [0.29-0.61]; >10 years: 0.56 [0.30-1.03]); however, this was not statistically significant for the >10 years category, most likely due to small numbers. In stratified analyses the protective effect of long-term MT use was consistent according to gender with aOR of 0.37 (0.23-0.60) and 0.56 (0.36-0.89) for males and females, respectively, compared to males and females without MT use. In a subgroup analysis the effect was consistent across all age groups and MPN-subtypes. However, aORs did not reach statistical significance for age <60 years, myelofibrosis, and MPN unclassifiable (Table 2). CONCLUSION In this study we found an inverse association between MT use and risk of MPNs indicating a potential protective effect of MT on the development of MPNs. The protective effect was most pronounced for long-term use, older age (≥60 years) and for polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. Whether this effect is causal should be determined interventional studies. Figure 1View largeDownload PPTFigure 1View largeDownload PPT Close modal

Screen-based home care visits, care work and old age in the Scandinavian welfare state - the case of Denmark

Screen-based home care visits, care work and old age in the Scandinavian welfare state - the case of Denmark

Guillain-Barré syndrome following influenza vaccination: A 15-year nationwide population-based case-control study.

Influenza vaccination may increase the risk of developing Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) due to an elicited immune response, but the exact magnitude and duration of risk is unclear and hence the aim of this study. We conducted a retrospective nationwide population-based case-control study of prospectively collected data on all patients with first-time hospital-diagnosed GBS in Denmark between 2002 and 2016 and 10 age-, sex- and index date-matched population controls per case. The primary exposure was incident influenza vaccination 1 month prior to admission with GBS. We used medical registries to ascertain a complete hospital contact history of pre-existing morbidities. To examine duration of GBS risk, we repeated the analysis for five consecutive 1-month risk periods following vaccination. Of the 1295 GBS cases and 12,814 controls, 20 cases (1.5%) and 119 controls (0.9%) had received an influenza vaccination within the last month, yielding a comorbidity-adjusted odds ratio of 1.9 (95% confidence interval 1.1-3.2) for GBS. Stratified analyses by calendar time, gender and age showed similar results. The increased risk of GBS was largely confined to 1 month following influenza vaccination. The population-attributable fraction of GBS from influenza vaccination in Denmark was 0.4%. Influenza vaccination was associated with a slightly elevated risk of GBS occurrence within 1 month after vaccination. However, only 1.5% of GBS cases in Denmark are associated with recent influenza vaccination. Thus, the benefit of influenza vaccines in preventing influenza infections and associated morbidity and mortality needs to be weighed against the small absolute risk of GBS.

Cost–benefit of a state-road charging system: The case of Denmark

We examine the welfare economic performance of fast charging infrastructure investments in Denmark by comparing the monetary value of waiting-time savings from increasing capacity with the cost of investment. Waiting-time calculations are based on interactions between a generalised queuing system and a microscopic space–time model of charging demand. The model allows calculating waiting-time distributions for a given capacity of chargers, leading us to determine the capacity required to fulfil different waiting-time guarantees and their welfare economic performance. The waiting-time distribution is a function of many key variables such as the speed of penetration, future charging speeds, and battery range of EVs. Since such inputs are highly uncertain, 24 scenarios for charging demand in 2030 are considered. These are based on different assumptions concerning technology and behaviour. We find that an efficient waiting-time guarantee, based on maximum waiting times, is approximately 10 min for a baseline scenario. • Planning of a fast-charging infrastructure for EVs for an entire country. • Micro-simulation framework with information-sharing. • Optimisation of sizing and placement accounting for cost of investment. • Investigation of cost–benefit performance of different service guarantees. • Optimal expected utilisation levels of chargers are between 20%–35%.

The bureaucratisation of the university: The case of Denmark

The literature on ‘academic capitalism’ and the ‘entrepreneurial university’ has paid little attention to the role and function of bureaucracy or has considered it something different from the New Public Management (NPM) that has accompanied neoliberal reforms in higher education over the last decades. Following a brief account of the theory and history of bureaucracy, the article examines the institutional, intellectual, pedagogic, and psychic repercussions of the NPM that was introduced in Danish universities in 2003, and turned them into what has been often called ‘knowledge companies’ (vidensvirksomheder). As a result of these reforms, the paper shows, academicians have been transformed into competitive entrepreneurial clerks, striving for assignments and resources, bound by contracts, thoroughly surveilled for their productivity and performance through special software, and entangled in a web of bureaucratic relations which has removed all spaces of logos that distinguish a university, according to its European tradition.

A green transition-oriented balancing model for the gas system with intra-day restrictions: Case of Denmark

In order to achieve ambitious decarbonisation targets, not only the electric power system, but also the natural gas system needs to be decarbonised through the adoption of renewable energy sources. One main barrier for the decarbonised gas system is its balancing once highly fluctuating renewable sources are integrated. The balancing models today are mostly based on the daily balancing mechanism in which incentives are given to the shippers (market players) to stay within specified flexibility margins. However, the shippers are allowed to deviate, and often the transmission systems operators must balance the system to maintain its integrity. In this work, a balancing model is proposed for gas systems based on the within-day obligations. The balancing model gives a strong incentive to the shippers to balance their portfolios within the day. The simulations are conducted on the Danish gas transmission system and the real data streams are included. The results have shown that the proposed balancing model is promising for future scenarios, and a decrease of the accumulated system imbalance by around 98% is accomplished compared to the conventional balancing model. Moreover, the proposed balancing model prevents large deviations in the flow and limits the shippers’ access to the available flexibility.

1156-P: Ischaemic Heart Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Before and After Diagnosis: Impact on Expected Lifetime and Trends 1996–2020

Background: Complications can be present at type 2 diabetes (T2D) diagnosis or develop later. We describe trends in burden of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in T2D. Methods: T2D cases in Denmark 1996-2020 in a national diabetes register were used. Events of IHD 1994-2020 were from the National Patient Register. Prevalence of IHD at time of T2D was described by a binomial model. New IHD and death during follow-up were analysed by rate models and used to estimate the time in the states (no IHD / IHD at T2D / IHD after T2D) . Results: 410,4 persons with T2D 1996-2020 were included; 61,378 with pre-existing IHD. Prevalence of IHD at T2D diagnosis was increasing 1.7%/year. Incidence rates of IHD after diagnosis was decreasing 5.7%/year. Mortality among T2D persons without IHD decreased 5.7%/year; for those with IHD it decreased 3.5%/year. During the first years, expected lifetime was 8.1 and 8.8 years for men diagnosed at age 65 in 1998 and 2018, respectively. Time without IHD was 6.2 and 6.9 years, with new IHD 0.9 and 0.5 years and with preexisting IHD 1.0 and 1.5 years in 1998 and 2018. We saw an increase in expected lifetime, partly as increase in lifetime with preexisting IHD. Similar patterns were seen for women and for persons diagnosed in other ages. Conclusions: We saw an increase in expected lifetime, as well as decreasing mortality rates regardless of IHD status. Prevalence of IHD at the time of diagnosis was increasing, possibly due to more detailed diagnoses of IHD; in our data only IHD complications after 1994 are included which may be a partial explanation of the increase in prevalent IHD at the date of T2D diagnosis. In general the IHD burden in T2D in Denmark is decreasing. Disclosure B.Carstensen: Stock/Shareholder; Novo Nordisk A/S. K.K.Clemmensen: Employee; Novo Nordisk A/S, Research Support; AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Stock/Shareholder; Lundbeck, Novo Nordisk A/S. H.Amadid: Stock/Shareholder; Novo Nordisk.