Casein Phosphopeptide Research Articles

The light-responsive oxidase-like activity of MIL-125-NH2@Pd and its application in the determination of casein phosphopeptides

MIL-125-NH2 with uniform palladium distribution is synthesized through a simple solvothermal method. Based on the excellent light-responsive oxidase-like activity of MIL-125-NH2@Pd, a sensing strategy is developed for the selective detection of CPP.

Effect of Dentine Pretreatment with 38% Silver Diamine Fluoride and CPP-ACPF on Micro-Shear Bond Strength of Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement

The aim of the study is to evaluate the micro-shear bond strength and mode of failure of resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) placed on demineralized dentin pre-treated with 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP). In order to mount the premolars in acrylic blocks, 30 caries-free human premolars were divided mesio-distally into two equal halves.. Then the enamel was removed to expose the dentin and immersed in demineralizing solution for 96 h, which were then randomly allocated into three groups: Group-1: pretreatment with 38% SDF + RMGIC; Group-2: pretreatment with CPP-ACPF + RMGIC; and Group-3: No pretreatment + RMGIC (control). After the pre-treatment, resin modified glass ionomer cement was placed over the dentin surface using cylindrical mold. Then the micro-shear bond strength was evaluated using universal testing machine and mode of fracture was analyzed with stereomicroscopy. The micro-shear bond strength was found to be higher for the control group (35.73 ± 4.15) followed by SDF (28.39 ± 1.64) and CPP-ACPF (23.00 ± 2.17) and this difference was found to be statistically significant (p = 0.001). On analyzing the mode of failure, the adhesive type of failure was most common in all the groups and the difference in the percentages of mode of failure between the groups was not significant (p = 0.337). Application of 38% SDF and CPP-ACPF on demineralized dentin samples has shown to reduce the micro-shear bond strength of resin modified glass ionomer cement. Adhesive failures were the most common type of failures in both pretreated and untreated groups.

Concentration-dependent effect of carboxymethyl chitosan amorphous calcium phosphate on the surface hardness of primary tooth enamel.

To compare the effects of gels containing 2.5% and 5% carboxymethyl chitosan amorphous calcium phosphate (CMC-ACP) on the microhardness of primary tooth enamel. Twenty-four tooth specimens were demineralized with 37% phosphoric acid and divided into four groups: an untreated control group, a positive control group treated with casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate, and two groups treated with 2.5% and 5% CMC-ACP gel, respectively. The enamel surface hardness was then measured with a Vickers hardness tester. In terms of Vickers Hardness Number (VHN), the degree of alteration in tooth surface microhardness was 77.83 ± 13.44 in the 5% CMC-ACP group and 52 ± 6.93 in the 2.5% CMC-ACP group (P = 0.002). The inter-group difference in the surface hardness change was significant (P < 0.05). The 5% CMC-ACP gel increased the hardness of primary tooth enamel to a greater degree than the 2.5% CMC-ACP gel.

Reply to the 'Comment on "Deciphering calcium-binding behaviors of casein phosphopeptides by experimental approaches and molecular simulation"' by D. Horne, Food Funct., 2022, 13, https://doi.org/D2FO00808D.

The comment regarding a method we used to calculate the binding capacity of casein phosphopeptides (CPPs) with calcium. Dr. Horne stated that we overestimated the concentration of Ca2+. Indeed, peptides would bind with more calcium ions with the help of phosphate ions. However, in our statement, the binding capacity of CPPs with calcium we used included the binding with calcium in the presence of phosphate. In our solution, peptides sequester calcium phosphate to form soluble core-shell nanoclusters, preventing calcium phosphate precipitating. Even if the binding capacity of CPPs with calcium are overestimated as stated by Dr. Horne, these could not be a problem in deciphering calcium-binding behaviors. Phosphate was applied only in the optimizing and screening process presented in Fig. 1 and Table 1, other experiments (Fig. 2-5 in the commented article) did not include phosphate in the reaction system. Phosphate could not be a factor of these experiments.

Comment on "Deciphering calcium-binding behaviors of casein phosphopeptides by experimental approaches and molecular simulation" by M. Luo, J. Xiao, S. Sun, F. Cui, G. Liu, W. Li, Y. Li and Y. Cao, Food Funct., 2020, 11, 5284.

But this system is not as simple as depicted since co-precipitation of all three reagents occurs when CPP is included.

Enhancing the activity of biocatalysts supported on calcium phosphate by inducing mesoporosity with phosphopeptides

Preventing enzyme deactivation while increasing their accessibility by adsorption in mesopores remains a key challenge in the design of biocompatible supported enzymatic catalysts. Herein, it is expected that food-grade monomeric or polymeric glycopeptides containing organic phosphate groups (as casein phosphopeptide derivatives) enhances the entrapment of the enzyme over the one pot method of wet precipitation of calcium phosphate (CaP) leading to a biocompatible hybrid organic/inorganic catalyst. The supported catalyst was prepared by wet precipitation of calcium and phosphorous in the presence of either monomeric glycopeptide or polymeric glycopeptide. These organic glycopeptides had an influence on the electrostatic stabilization during the nucleation of calcium phosphate particles, as tracked by dynamic light scattering and by scanning electron microscopy.The phosphopeptide derivatives, were able to decrease the crystallization degree in calcium phosphate particles, as demonstrated by XRD and solid-state NMR analysis. Furthermore, according to N2 sorption data, the glycopeptide derivatives induced interparticle mesopores, which might be responsible of the enhanced enzymatic activity of the supported biocatalyst that improved from 52 (+/−19) NLU·g−1 without organic compound to 607 (+/−34) NLU·g−1.

Indirect Measurement of the Amounts of Casein Phosphopeptides Added to Dangmyon (Starch Vermicelli or Glass Noodle) as a Calcium-Absorption Enhancer

Industrial-scale Ca-fortified Dangmyon was manufactured with added casein phosphopeptides (CPP) to increase Ca adsorption in the intestine. Very low P content in eggshell Ca (egg Ca) and Dangmyon could make it possible to indirectly measure CPP content in Dangmyon. Partitions of the whole P present in Dangmyon were made into sweet potato, egg Ca, and CPP. The CPP content was obtained by multiplying CPP per P by the amount of P partitioned into CPP. It was found that 88.46% of CPP was obtained. However, when milk Ca, which was much higher in P, was added to fortify Dangmyon with CPP, it was found that the CPP content was either under- or over-estimated. Care must be taken when a much higher content of P as a Ca source is selected using this method. It was discovered that the added Ca and CPP were retained after cooking at boiling temperature; therefore, Dangmyon could be an excellent Ca and CPP carrier for humans.

Evaluation of the Efficacy of CPP-ACP Remineralizing Mousse in Molar-Incisor Hypomineralized Teeth Using Polarized Raman and Scanning Electron Microscopy-An In Vitro Study.

Remineralization of tooth enamel can be achieved by applying a complex of casein phosphopeptides and amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP). However, the efficacy and optimization of this agent in molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) lacks evidence. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of CPP-ACP tooth mousse in remineralizing MIH-affected enamel in an optimized 28-day protocol using polarized Raman microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The protocol was applied to two types of MIH opacities, white and yellow, and compared against sound enamel specimens before and after treatment. Data was analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc multiple comparisons test (p &lt; 0.05) for the Raman analysis. Hypomineralized enamel showed an improvement of its structure after CPP-ACP supplementation. In addition, Raman spectroscopy results showed a decrease in the depolarization ratio of the symmetric stretching band of phosphate (p &lt; 0.05 for both groups). In conclusion, there was an improvement in mineral density and organization of the hypomineralized enamel after treatment with CPP-ACP tooth mousse.

Synthesis and characterization of nano bioactive glass for improving enamel remineralization ability of casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP)

ObjectiveNanomaterials with superior properties such as high surface area over volume ratio are widely used in dentistry and medicine. This in vitro study was performed to synthesize and characterize nano bioactive glass (nBG) and to evaluate the effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) containing nBG (CPP-ACP@nBG) on enamel remineralization by its application to pH-cycled, synthetically demineralized enamel surfaces.Materials and methodsnBG particles were prepared by sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmittance electron microscopy (TEM) were used for nBG characterization. Synthetic CPP-ACP paste was prepared and nBG particles were added to it. To evaluate the degree of remineralization, 32 healthy human premolars were selected. The samples were randomly divided into 4 groups as: Group 1: Commercial CPP-ACFP (MI paste plus), Group 2: Synthetic casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate containing fluoride (CPP-ACP@F), Group 3: Synthetic CPP/ACP containing nBG (CPP-ACP@nBG), and Group 4: Control (received no treatment). The pastes were then applied on the tooth surfaces for 28 days. The Vickers microhardness of enamel surfaces was evaluated, and enamel surface morphology was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).ResultsX-Ray diffraction pattern (XRD) of the synthesized nBG show its crystalline nature with the Larnite crystalline mode. Transmittance electron microscope (TEM) microimage of the synthesized nBG shows its formation as less that 100 nm spherical nanoparticle with partial agglomeration. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirm the success formation of nBG with high purity. The results of this study showed that microhardness of the experimental groups was significantly higher than the control group (p ≥ 0.05). SEM images showed a layer of hydroxyapatite in the CPP-ACP@nBG, synthetic and commercial CPP-ACP@F remineralized groups.ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrated that CPP-ACP@F and CPP-ACP@nBG remineralize the surface of the demineralized enamel. Microhardness of the remineralized enamel in the CPP-ACP@nBG group was higher than synthetic and commercial CPP-ACP@F groups.

Evaluation of the Efficacy of CPP-ACP Remineralizing Mousse in MIH White and Yellow Opacities-In Vitro Vickers Microhardness Analysis.

Remineralization of tooth enamel can be partially achieved by the application of a casein phosphopeptides and amorphous phosphate (CPP-ACP) complex. However, evidence to support its effectiveness in Molar-incisor-hypomineralization (MIH)-affected teeth is scarce. The study’s aim is to evaluate the efficacy of CPP-ACP mousse in remineralizing MIH-affected enamel using a Vickers microhardness test. Two groups of enamel opacities of hypomineralized permanent teeth, white (group A) and yellow (group B) lesions (n = 14), went through a 28-day treatment protocol with GC Tooth Mousse. Before and after treatment, microhardness was measured in three different areas of each tooth (hypomineralized, transition, and outside the hypomineralized area). Data were analyzed using parametric and non-parametric tests with a significance of p < 0.05. The mean microhardness values increased in the hypomineralized and transition areas in both groups after the treatment protocol (in group A, 105.38 ± 11.70 to 158.26 ± 37.34; 123.04 ± 22.84 to 156.33 ± 35.70; in group B, 108.63 ± 14.66 to 143.06 ± 22.81; 132.55 ± 20.66 to 146.00 ± 12.88) and the differences pre/post-treatment were statistically significant within each group (p < 0.001 for both groups). Between groups, there was a statistically significant difference in the same areas (hypomineralized: p = 0.003; transition: p = 0.008) with a higher improvement in enamel hardness in group A. Topical application of CPP-ACP showed an increase in the physical strength of the hypomineralized and transition areas of MIH-affected enamel, likely due to an increase in mineral content.

NONFLUORIDATED REMINERALIZING AGENTS

Early diagnosis of dental caries is of paramount importance. If we are able to intercept caries lesion at subsurface level with the help of remineralizing agents, we can actually achieve a caries free mouth.Remineralization was ruled by fluorides from the 1960s. Since then it has been successfully remineralizing carious lesions &amp; has certain disadvantages like it is dependant on calcium and phosphate from saliva to accomplish this. Also overuse of fluorides can cause dental and skeletal fluorosis. This made researchers to explore nonfluoridated remineralizing agents.ACP compounds are considered prime candidates for remineralization therapy due to their high solubility under oral conditions and ability to rapidly hydrolyze to form apatite. Casein phospho-peptides are responsible for the high bioavailability of calcium from milk and other dairy products. CPP have the ability to bind and stabilize calcium and phosphate in solution, as well as to bind to dental plaque and tooth enamel. CPP stabilize ACP, localize ACP in dental plaque, thereby maintaining a state of supersaturation with respect to tooth enamel, reducing demineralization. TCP is a new hybrid material &amp; when TCP comes into contact with the tooth surface and is moistened by saliva, the protective barrier breaks down making calcium, phosphate and fluoride ions available to the tooth. Xylitol, sugar substitute especially in chewing gums which increases salivary flow rate and enhances the protective properties of saliva. Bioactive glass is made of synthetic mineral containing sodium, calcium, phosphorous and silica which are all elements naturally found in the body. Ozone can shift microbial flora from acidogenic bacteria to normal commensals allowing remineralization to occur. Nanohydroxyapatite, a bioactive and biocompatible material, functions by directly filling up the micropores in early caries lesions.On the basis of the available data authors have given an insight into different nonfluoridated remineralizing agents in this article.

Casein phosphopeptide-calcium chelate: Preparation, calcium holding capacity and simulated digestion in vitro

In this work, CPP-Ca chelate was synthesized by chelating casein phosphopeptide (CPP) and calcium and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The antioxidant activity and calcium holding capacity of CPP-Ca were evaluated and its secondary structure transition was monitored during gastrointestinal digestion by in situ Raman spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that calcium chelating rate reached 40 % and calcium ion was bound to CPP mainly through the interaction of carboxyl and amino groups. The result of calcium holding capacity confirmed the formation of calcium phosphate precipitates could be delayed by 10–15 min with increasing CPP concentration. In vitro simulated digestion revealed CPP-Ca exhibited excellent calcium solubility and its secondary structural changes occurred, especially α-helix and β-sheet content. These findings provided significant insights into enhancing bioavailability of calcium supplements and developing of calcium functional foods for human and animals.

Effects of Casein Phosphopeptide-Selenium Complex on the Immune Functions in Beagle Dogs

Simple SummaryAlthough the functions of casein phosphopeptide (CPP) and selenium (Se) as immunomodulators have been demonstrated, research on the regulation of pets’ immunity in the form of an organic combination of these two substances have yet to be reported, particularly in dogs. The purpose of this research was to look into the effects of the casein phosphopeptide-selenium complex (CPP-Se) on dog immunity. Our findings show that feeding a snack supplemented with CPP-Se for 30 days can increase the number of blood lymphocytes and improve the expression of cytokine-related genes in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). In addition, serum levels of cytokine-related proteins and immunoglobulins were increased. Furthermore, cell proliferation and expression of cytokine-related mRNAs were also increased when PBL was exposed to CPP-Se in vitro. Collectively, feeding CPP-Se strengthens various immune indicators in dogs, thereby enhancing immunity. This research provides theoretical support for the development of related functional foods and formulations to improve the immunity and health of dogs and other pets in the future.The health of pets is becoming a growing concern for the pet industry and its owners. Immunity is one of the foundational supports for health, thus developing a functional bioactive substance that can boost pets’ immunity is essential. Many studies have shown that casein phosphopeptide (CPP) and selenium (Se) can individually regulate immunity in many species, but there has been no reported research on the immunomodulatory function of casein phosphopeptide–selenium complex (CPP-Se). The objective of this study was to investigate the function of CPP-Se on immunomodulation in dogs. Twenty Beagle dogs were equally divided into two groups and fed either a control snack or a test snack supplemented with 0.03% CPP-Se for 30 days. Anticoagulated blood, serum and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were collected from dogs at 0 d, 10 d, 20 d and 30 d to detect the change in the number of immune cells and the expression of cytokine-related mRNAs and proteins. PBL isolated from blood were exposed to CPP-Se in vitro to measure the proliferative responses and cytokine-related mRNAs expression. During the time the test snack was fed, the number of lymphocytes increased significantly, whereas neutrophils and monocytes remained unaltered. The expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), CD4 molecule (CD4) and CD8α molecule (CD8α) was up-regulated, while interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was down-regulated, and interleukin-10 (IL-10) declined initially and subsequently increased. ELISA detection revealed a significant increment in serum IL-4, IL-6, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IFN-γ, except for IgG. Furthermore, CPP-Se treatment increased the proliferation and the expression of cytokine-related mRNAs in PBL cultured in vitro. This is the first study to demonstrate that CPP-Se can improve immunity in the dog.

CPP-ACP complex as a solution to the problem of complications after teeth bleaching - a literature review

Introductions and purpose: Teeth bleaching is an increasingly popular procedure that comes with its specific set of complications including damaged enamel, dentin hypersensitivity, and increased vulnerability to bacterial colonization. CPP-ACP complex possesses remineralizing and bacteriostatic properties as well as the ability to abolish dentin hypersensitivity. The aim of this study is to systematise the state of current knowledge on the use of casein phosphopeptide with amorphous calcium phosphate in combating complications after tooth bleaching.&#x0D; Description of the state of knowledge: The CPP-ACP complex used alone or in a protocol with a bleaching agent, in a way that is comparable to other products, abolishes post-operative dentin hypersensitivity by blocking the flow of dentino-pulpal tubular fluid. It restores the morphological properties of the tooth, by increasing the hardness of the bleached enamel, more effectively than fluoride agents. Casein phosphopeptide with amorphous calcium phosphate limits the penetration of the bleaching agent into the tooth chamber, thereby preventing the development of pulp inflammation. Moreover, because of its buffering properties, it prevents the development of caries on surfaces weakened by the bleaching process.

Preparation, characterization, and osteogenic activity mechanism of casein phosphopeptide-calcium chelate.

Casein phosphopeptides (CPPs) are good at calcium-binding and intestinal calcium absorption, but there are few studies on the osteogenic activity of CPPs. In this study, the preparation of casein phosphopeptide calcium chelate (CPP-Ca) was optimized on the basis of previous studies, and its peptide-calcium chelating activity was characterized. Subsequently, the effects of CPP-Ca on the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells were studied, and the differentiation mechanism of CPP-Ca on MC3T3-E1 cells was further elucidated by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The results showed that the calcium chelation rate of CPPs was 23.37%, and the calcium content of CPP-Ca reached 2.64 × 105 mg/kg. The test results of Ultraviolet–Visible absorption spectroscopy (UV) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that carboxyl oxygen and amino nitrogen atoms of CPPs might be chelated with calcium during the chelation. Compared with the control group, the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells treated with 250 μg/mL of CPP-Ca increased by 21.65%, 26.43%, and 28.43% at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively, and the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralized calcium nodules of MC3T3-E1 cells were notably increased by 55% and 72%. RNA-seq results showed that 321 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in MC3T3-E1 cells treated with CPP-Ca, including 121 upregulated and 200 downregulated genes. Gene ontology (GO) revealed that the DEGs mainly played important roles in the regulation of cellular components. The enrichment of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Database (KEGG) pathway indicated that the AMPK, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and Wnt signaling pathways were involved in the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. The results of a quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that compared with the blank control group, the mRNA expressions of Apolipoprotein D (APOD), Osteoglycin (OGN), and Insulin-like growth factor (IGF1) were significantly increased by 2.6, 2.0 and 3.0 times, respectively, while the mRNA levels of NOTUM, WIF1, and LRP4 notably decreased to 2.3, 2.1, and 4.2 times, respectively, which were consistent both in GO functional and KEGG enrichment pathway analysis. This study provided a theoretical basis for CPP-Ca as a nutritional additive in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis.

Effect of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate and calcium glycerophosphate on incisors with molar-incisor hypomineralization: Across-over, randomized clinical trial.

Within the scope of minimally invasive dentistry, the use of different biocompatible remineralization agents on incisors affected by molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) gains importance. To evaluate the effect of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate (CPP-ACFP) and calcium glycerophosphate (CaGP) in mineral density (MD) of white/creamy and yellow/brown demarcated opacities on incisors affected by MIH by means laser fluorescence (LF). As a cross-over, randomized trial, twenty-two children with 167 incisors affected by MIH were recruited and randomly assigned to one of the two different agents and crossed over to other agents with two weeks washout in between. Incisors were examined by using LF at all before and after three months periods. The results of the paired t-tests for determining the period effect between the baseline findings showed significant difference in white/creamy and yellow/brown demarcated opacities of LF values for both groups (p <0.05). The difference between both groups according to after categorization of 20% increasing in MD in the percent of change before and after application on LF values; was not found statistically significant in white/creamy (p =0.970) and yellow/brown (p =0.948) opacities. The primary outcome was CPP-ACFP and CaGP had a positive effect in decreasing hypomineralization on MIH-affected enamel for three months period.

Comparison of Remineralization Effect of Casein Phosphopeptide Amorphous Calcium Phosphate and Sodium Fluoride on Enamel Surface after Orthodontic Debonding: An In vitro study

OBJECTIVE: To compare the result of "casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate" with "sodium fluoride" (900 ppm) in remineralization of enamel after orthodontic debonding. METHODOLOY: This study was performed on premolars. Teeth were distributed into 3 groups A, B and C. The baseline microhardness of samples was measured. To create artificial demineralization, all samples were dipped in demineralizing solution. Surface microhardness (SMH) was re-measured for demineralization. Then, CPP-ACP was applied on teeth of gp B and NaF (900 ppm) was applied on teeth of gp C for remineralization. All teeth were cycled between deionized water and surface treatment for 12 weeks. The SMH of gp B and gp C was re-measured for remineralization. Paired t-test and Independent t-test were practiced to match MH before and after demineralization while keeping P value &lt; 0.05. One way ANOVA was practiced to match mean difference in baseline MH and after demineralization. RESULTS: The baseline SMH of enamel decrease after demineralization. After application of test materials, mean SMH increased by 230.2 VHN and 207.5 VHN respectively. The %age of SMHR reveal the recovery rate of 41.2% in CPP-ACP and 19.1% in NaF group. CONCLUSION: For treating post orthodontic demineralized lesions, a remineralizing cream having casein phosphopeptide stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate is useful with some mineral and aesthetic improvements. KEYWORDS: Casein Phosphopeptide Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP), Sodium Fluoride (NaF), Surface Microhardness (SMH), Vickers Hardness Number (VHN), Rmineralization.

Long-term evaluation of early-enamel lesions treated with novel experimental tricalcium silicate paste: A 2-year randomized clinical trial.

The aim of the current study is to evaluate the remineralization potential of experimental tricalcium silicate (TCS) paste in comparison with more popular remineralizing agents like silver diamine fluoride potassium iodide (SDF-KI) and casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on early enamel lesions. Forty-five patients in the age range of 15-50 years had early enamel lesions on the buccal surface of molar teeth. The patients were randomly divided into three treatment groups (SDF-KI, CPP-ACP, and TCS group) with 15 patients per group. Lesions were evaluated clinically by DIAGNOdent pen immediately and after 3,6,12, and 24 months of treatment. The study was completed with 45 patients and 92 teeth. Twice-daily application of CPP-ACP and TCS paste showed a significant remineralization effect on early enamel lesions after 24 months (p< 0.001). Also, annual application of SDF-KI showed a significant remineralization effect after 24 months (p< 0.001). There was a significant difference between (SDF-KI and CPP-ACP) and (SDF-KI and TCS) at the different follow-up periods 3,6,12, and 24 months (p< 0.001). Meanwhile, there was no significant difference between CPP-ACP and TCS at the mentioned follow-up periods (p> 0.05). TCS showed potential remineralization for early enamel lesions. Experimental TCS is a promising remineralizing agent for management of early enamel lesions.

Comparative Evaluation of Hydroxyapatite Fluoride and Casein Phosphopeptide Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Fluoride as Remineralizing Agents in Primary Teeth Using pH Cycling and Single-Sectioning Technique

Background: Hydroxyapatite and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate are known to remineralize subsurface carious lesions. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of topical application of hydroxyapatite fluoride (HF) and caseinphosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride paste (CPP-ACPF) in bringing about remineralization changes in artificially induced carious lesions of primary teeth using pH cycling and single-sectioning technique. Materials and Methods: Seventy extracted deciduous teeth were divided into two groups: Group A: HF (Remin Pro) n = 35 and Group B: CPP-ACPF (Tooth Mousse Plus®) n = 35. The samples were immersed in demineralizing solution for 96 h followed by pH cycling for 10 days which included cycles of demineralization and remineralization of their respective groups. Results: Intergroup comparison of the change in the mean value after demineralization and remineralization showed statistically highly significant difference as the change in Group A HF was 213.52 ± 113.17 (standard deviation [SD]) as compared to that in Group B (CPP-ACPF) 76 ± 57.22 (SD). Conclusion: HF was found to be better when compared to CPP-ACPF for tooth remineralization.

Orally administered covalently-assembled antioxidative peptide nanoparticles for inflammatory bowel disease therapy

Hypothesis: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammation disease and still faces many therapeutic challenges, such as ineffective treatments, antibiotic resistance, and systematic toxicity. In order to improve the therapeutic efficacy of IBD, it is thus urgent to develop efficient, non-toxic and conveniently-administrated nanoagents to replace the currently used medicines. Casein phosphopeptide (CPP) has been found capable of chelating transition metal ions to suppress reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, showing the potential for the treatment of IBD. However, CPP easily suffers from hydrolysis and enzymatic degradation, which limits its further clinical application. Covalent assembly of CPP to form nanoparticles (GCPP NPs) may be an efficient way to enhance the CPP stability in physiological environment and finally improve its capability of in vivo antioxidation and IBD treatment.Experiments: We synthesized GCPP NPs through covalent assembly of Genipin and CPP, followed by characterizing their physicochemical properties. GCPP NPs were incubated under different physiological conditions including phosphate buffered saline, cell culture media, simulated gastrointestinal fluid for evaluation of stability. Cytotoxicity and antioxidation activities of GCPP NPs were tested in vitro under the 3T3 cell line using the ABTS and MTT assays, respectively. Finally, a DSS-induced mouse colitis model was established to assess specific accumulation and good therapeutic efficacy of GCPP NPs via an oral administration strategy.Findings: GCPP NPs are robust and stable to overcome easy degradation of CPP even under the harsh gastrointestinal environments, which are adapted for oral administration. As-prepared GCPP NPs show benign antioxidant activity to scavenge ROS. Meanwhile, nanoscale GCPP NPs can passively accumulate and maintain at inflamed sites. The body weight and colon length of DSS-induced colitis mice treated by GCPP NPs perform a rehabilitation trend. These results indicate that GCPP NPs, as peptide-based therapeutic nanoagents, have great potential in the anti-inflammatory treatment of IBD by oral administration.