Case Study Of Stockholm Research Articles

The role of battery electric vehicles in off-peak hour deliveries: Sustainability assessment of a case study in Stockholm

City logistics faces critical challenges in optimising resource management, utilising time effectively, and reducing costs, particularly in the context of growing environmental concerns. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Off-Peak Hour Deliveries (OPHD) have emerged as promising solutions. Despite considerable research efforts, more research is needed to evaluate the impacts of using BEVs during OPHD. To address this need, this paper describes how data from a case study in Stockholm were used to develop a comprehensive overview of the sustainability impacts of OPHD carried out with BEV. A multi-method approach was applied, including an indicator framework, Life Cycle Costing, and a Social Life Cycle Assessment to consider all sustainability dimensions holistically. Our findings reveal that, while BEVs are not yet cost-competitive with Internal Combustion Engine vehicles for daytime operations, OPHD can mitigate these costs by increasing the vehicle utilisation and distances travelled. Furthermore, OPHD with BEV can offer substantial benefits by increasing accessibility and reducing emissions. However, challenges such as increased employee-related transport costs and infrastructure needs must be addressed. The main contributions of this paper are practical, as we add knowledge about the impacts of OPHD using BEV, and methodological, as we used a multi-method approach to holistically assess sustainability impacts. Future research should focus on long-term impacts and refine assessment methods to support the sustainable development of urban logistics. This study highlights the importance of using holistic sustainability assessment to inform and enable stakeholders and decision-makers to leverage the full potential of OPHD when shifting to more sustainable transport.

The utopian logics of “Smart Stockholm”: Visibility, predictability, and controllability

What characterizes the ideal urban futures that are envisioned and promulgated within smart city initiatives today? This paper argues for the usefulness of utopia as a lens to examine contemporary urban development projects, specifically smart cities. Drawing on scholars upholding utopianism as key for critical scholarship, the paper explores narratives around smartness in Stockholm, Sweden, and the utopian logics embedded within these narratives. Based on an in-depth case study in Stockholm, the research points to utopian logics of visibility, predictability and controllability within smart city initiatives. These further point to a common tendency where planning is sought perfected–and believed to approach perfection through the supplantation of human planners by smart technologies. As urban planning is faced with pressing urban challenges and dwindling resources, “mere” brain capacity largely appears as too limited and as necessary to compliment with computerized intelligence.

Modular vehicle routing for combined passenger and freight transport

The continuous increase in urban deliveries and the ongoing urbanization of large cities require the development of efficient and sustainable transportation solutions. This study investigates the impact of modular vehicle concepts and the consolidation of different demand types in the route planning on the efficiency of the urban freight and passenger transportation system. Modularity is achieved by connecting multiple vehicles together to form a platoon. The consolidation of different demand types is realized by simultaneously consider passenger and freight demand in the optimization algorithm. The considered vehicles are specific for each demand type by can be connected freely, hence it is possible to transport different demand types in the same platoon. The cost terms in the problem formulation are comprised of travel time costs, travel distance costs, fleet size costs, and cost considering unserved requests. The modular vehicle operations are modeled in a novel pickup and delivery problem which is solved using CPLEX and Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search. In an extensive scenario study and case study in Stockholm, the potentials of the new modular vehicle type are explored for different spatial and temporal demand distributions. A parameter study on vehicle capacity, vehicle range and cost saving assumptions is performed to study their influence on the efficiency. The experiments carried out indicate a general cost savings of 48% due to modularity and an additional 9% due to consolidation. The reduction mainly stems from reduced operating costs and reduced trip duration, while the same number of requests can be served in all cases. Empty vehicle kilometers are reduced by more than 60% by consolidation and modularity. The proposed model and optimization framework can be used by companies and policy makers to identify required fleet sizes, optimal vehicle routes and cost savings.

Medical Doctors' Perceptions of the Media Coverage during the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Case Study in Stockholm.

The strain on healthcare systems including emergency departments increased substantially during the Covid-19 pandemic,negatively affecting healthcare workers and their well-being. The emotional distress experienced by healthcare staff during the pandemic was worsened by confusion and conspiracy theories that circulated in the news and online media. Reports on the pandemic and general consumption of media intensified as the public's demand for information increased. There is limited research on how doctors perceived media coverage, and how they were affected in their work. This study aimed to explore how medical doctors in emergency departments perceived the media coverage during the Covid-19 pandemic. Twelve doctors at two different emergency departments in Stockholm, Sweden, participated. Interview questions on media were asked as part of a more extensive questionnaire. Informants' responses were analysed qualitatively. The results indicate that doctors to some extent used media as a source of information, due to limited access to knowledge about the virus. Results further suggest that media coverage triggered fear of infection, caused worry and job strain. The doctors percieved that the media coverage on Covid-19 affected patient-seeking behaviour as well as the doctor-patient relationship. The findings can be relevant in preparation for future pandemics and considered in development of policy for media and emergency departments.

A U-Turn to the Future: Sustainable Urban Mobility since 1850 ed. by Martin Emanuel et al. (review).

Reviewed by: A U-Turn to the Future: Sustainable Urban Mobility since 1850 ed. by Martin Emanuel et al. Hans-Liudger Dienel (bio) A U-Turn to the Future: Sustainable Urban Mobility since 1850 by Martin Emanuel, Frank Schipper, and Ruth Oldenziel. New York: Berghahn, 2020. Pp. 340. This anthology aims at nothing less than summing up many years of research on the history of sustainable urban mobility since 1850, within the T2M (International Association for the History of Transport, Traffic and Mobility) and ToE (Tensions of Europe Network). It makes use of historical studies on the actual transformation toward more sustainable urban mobilities, thus breathing the spirit of the "Eindhoven School" into retrospective technology assessment (Johan Schot). The collected volume is divided into four sections, each with three chapters. A total of eighteen authors contribute, and the editors are involved in half of the chapters. Section 1 analyzes why and how urban and transport planning became a profession and academic discipline in Western Europe and the United States, driven by associations, which pushed imaginaries of individual motorized transport systems. They became dominant against narratives of [End Page 872] public transport systems and individual nonmotorized transport like walking and cycling in the twentieth century. This section does not acknowledge the strong visions for public transport systems in the late nineteenth century. It does show that throughout the twentieth century, a lively minority in Western cities continued to favor public transport and an urban atmosphere based on walking and cycling. City governments were often more positive about walking and cycling than transport experts. Swiss cities with a direct democracy culture kept their streetcars to ensure a majority at the ballot box. Thus, the section implicitly advocates more power for elected city governments. Section 2 looks at the history of twentieth-century sustainable urban mobility and presents fascinating case studies of how pedestrians and cyclists managed to scramble through urban transport infrastructures that gave them increasingly less room to maneuver. All three chapters underline that official transport statistics throughout the twentieth century more or less ignored nonmotorized urban transport. The authors recommend using other sources, like diaries and street photos, to verify the quantity and quality of cycling and walking in cities. Section 3 goes one step further and analyzes where and how urban public transport, walking, and cycling prevailed. Socialist cities maintained robust public transport because they could not afford the imaginaries of the West, while their transport planners had already switched to Western models of urban mobility. Frank Schipper interprets the strong movement toward urban parks as what Elizabeth Shove calls "pockets of persistence," though the park movement fits nicely into the separation of urban functions in a Charter-of-Athens city. Martin Emanuel demonstrates through a case study in Stockholm how the urban scenario combining pedestrians, cyclists, and public transport survived on many European cities' main roads, unlike in North America's urban sprawl. Section 4 harvests recommendations for future history projects and urban policies. It calls for new data collection of sustainable urban mobilities, including sources other than official statistics. Mimi Sheller highlights that a sustainable mobility policy can enlarge the inequality between rich and poor in the city. She suggests even more radical concepts to overcome this struggle for mobility justice. So far, mainly middle-class actors support her vision. The book breathes the social movement spirit of sustainable urban mobilities and sees history as an ally to support these movements. A UTurn to the Future examines individual mobility and competing imaginaries of driving, cycling, and walking, not focusing on public transport. It was published just before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Two years on, the book's strong push toward further individualization of transport makes even more sense. Our cities need new infrastructures for individual [End Page 873] sustainable urban mobilities. I agree that this exploration of the past 170 years of cultural policies for sustainable urban mobilities serves as a good resource for the U-turn. Hans-Liudger Dienel Hans-Liudger Dienel is professor in Work, Technology, and Participation at Berlin University of Technology, where he chairs the Sustainable Mobility Management MBA program. Dienel was president of T2M (2008–14) and is editor...

Care home managers' views on the media coverage of COVID-19 outbreaks in care homes for older adults: A case study in Stockholm.

The COVID‐19 pandemic has particularly affected older adults and resulted in high rates of infections and deaths in care homes. We have conducted a case study in which three managers of care homes for older adults in central Stockholm have shared their thoughts on the media coverage of care homes for older adults during the COVID‐19 pandemic. We analysed the data using conventional content analysis and identified three themes and five categories. The results show that the managers experienced the media coverage of care homes during the pandemic to be negative and incomplete, causing feelings of sadness and shame amongst themselves and their staff. The negative media coverage further generated added workload as they had to arrange for discussions to answer questions by staff and close relatives of the residents. Informants also thought that there is a lack of knowledge about the role of care homes and subsequently what to expect of them. Finally, informants reported that the pandemic might create an opportunity for system‐level policy changes. In light of this, we discuss possible victim blaming of staff and how greater public awareness of the care home sector could facilitate for a debate on policy changes and the low social status of caring for older adults.

Electromagnetic hypersensitivity close to mobile phone base stations- a case study in Stockholm, Sweden.

A previously healthy worker developed symptoms assigned to electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) after moving to an office with exposure to high levels ofanthropogenic electromagnetic fields (EMFs). These symptoms consisted of e.g. headache, arthralgia, tinnitus, dizziness, memory loss, fatique, insomnia, transitory cardiovascular abnormalities, and skin lesions. Most of the symptoms were alleviated after 2weeks sick leave. The highest radiofrequency (RF) field level at the working place was 1.72V/m (7,852μW/m2). Maximum value for extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) from electric power at 50Hz was measured to 285nT (mean 241nT). For electric train ELF-EMF at 16.7Hz was measured to 383nT (mean 76nT). Exposure to EMFs at the working place could be the cause for developing EHS related symptoms. The association was strengthened by the symptom reduction outside the working place.

Gentrification effects on housing prices in neighbouring areas

PurposeThis study aims to measure the occurrence of gentrification and to relate gentrification with housing values.Design/methodology/approachThe authors have used Getis-Ord statistics to identify and quantify gentrification in different residential areas in a case study of Stockholm, Sweden. Gentrification will be measured in two dimensions, namely, income and population. In step two, this measure is included in a traditional hedonic pricing model where the intention is to explain future housing prices.FindingsThe results indicate that the parameter estimate is statistically significant, suggesting that gentrification contributes to higher housing values in gentrified areas and near gentrified neighbourhoods. This latter possible spillover effect of house prices due to gentrification by income and population was similar in both the hedonic price and treatment effect models. According to the hedonic price model, proximity to the gentrified area increases housing value by around 6%–8%. The spillover effect on price distribution seems to be consistent and stable in gentrified areas.Originality/valueA few studies estimate the effect of gentrification on property values. Those studies focussed on analysing the impacts of gentrification in higher rents and increasing house prices within the gentrifying areas, not gentrification on property prices in neighbouring areas. Hence, one of the paper’s contributions is to bridge the gap in previous studies by measuring gentrification’s impact on neighbouring housing prices.

Long term performance monitoring and KPIs’ evaluation of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage system in Esker formation: Case study in Stockholm

The majority of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) systems studies have been conducted in aquifer systems located in large sand aquifers. Esker formation present a more challenging geometrical complexity compared to typical sand aquifers. This study aims to conduct comprehensive and long term performance evaluation of doublet type ATES system in esker geological formation in Stockholm, Sweden. The total heating and cooling used from the ATES are 673 MWh and 743 MWh respectively during the first 3 annual storage cycles of operation. The licensed total amount of water extraction and injection is 50 liters per second with undisturbed groundwater temperature of 9.5°C. Over the first three storage cycles, the average injection and extraction temperatures for the warm side are 13.3°C and 12.1°C, and for the cold side 7.6°C and 10.5°C. The average temperature differences across the main heat exchanger from the ATES side are 4.5 K during winter and 2.8 K during summer which is 4-5 degrees lower than the optimum value. The average thermal recovery efficiency over the first 3 storage cycles were 47 % and 60 % for warm and cold storages respectively. The data analysis indicated annual energy and hydraulic imbalances which results into undesirable thermal breakthrough between the warm and cold side of the aquifer. This was mainly due to suboptimal operation of the building energy system which led to insufficient heat recovery from the warm side, and subsequently insufficient cold injection in the cold wells, despite the building heating demand and the available suitable temperatures in the ATES. The cause of the suboptimal operation is the oversizing of the heat pumps which were designed to be coupled to larger thermal loads as compared to the ones in the final system implementation. As a result, the heat pumps could not be operated during small-medium loads. Additionally, the paper discusses the limitations of currently used energy and thermal key performance indicators (KPI) for ATES and propose an additional thermal KPI named heat exchanger efficiency balance (βHEX) that connects and evaluate the optimum operational point of temperature differences from both the building and ATES prospective. In addition to ATES energy and hydraulic KPIs, βHEX can contribute in providing more complete picture on the ATES-building interaction performance as well as highlights if the losses in energy recovery from ATES are due to the subsurface processes or building energy system operation which has been proven to be critical for the optimum ATES performance.

Impact of wastewater heat recovery in buildings on the performance of centralized energy recovery – A case study of Stockholm

New concepts and technologies are needed to upgrade conventional energy systems and cope with environmental challenges. However, while emerging new technologies may serve to improve energy efficiency at the local level, they might also have disruptive effects at the system level. This paper investigates the potentially disruptive impacts of upscaling local wastewater heat recovery at the building level on the performance of the wastewater treatment and district heating systems in Stockholm. A hybrid model based on data-driven and process-driven mathematical models was developed to simulate the performance of the wastewater system and interlinkages among different actors. Two types of technologies (heat exchanger and heat pump) and different technology penetration scenarios (10%, 20%, and 40%) are considered for heat recovery in buildings. If 20% of the buildings install heat exchangers, the amount of heat demand in buildings decreases by 3% and total heat losses in the sewerage network decreases by 2%. In the case of local heat recovery using heat pumps in 20% of the buildings, there is a 4% reduction in the heat demand in buildings and 3% decrease in total heat losses in the network. Meanwhile, the heat demand in the wastewater treatment plant increases by 2% (with heat exchangers) or 4% (with heat pumps). Moreover, the district heating company recovers 5% and 9% less heat from the wastewater treatment plant, respectively, as compared to current conditions. These findings indicate that enhanced heat recovery in buildings could have disruptive impacts on currently centralized energy and water service provision over time. This justifies closer consideration of the balance between local and system-level solutions as policymakers define goals for energy efficiency, and evaluate potential societal and economic implications of different alternatives.

Product-Service Systems and Sustainability: Analysing the Environmental Impacts of Rental Clothing

Business models like product-service systems (PSSs) often recognise different sustainability goals and are seen as solutions for the impacts of consumption and fast fashion, but there is a lack of evidence supporting the environmental claims of such business models for clothing. The research aimed to understand if rental clothing business models such as PSSs have the environmental benefits often purported by quantifying the environmental impacts of rental formal dresses in a life-cycle assessment (LCA) in a case study in Stockholm, Sweden. The effects of varying consumer behaviour on the potential impact of a PSS vs. linear business model are explored through three functional units and 14 consumption scenarios. How users decide to engage with clothing PSSs dictates the environmental savings potential that a PSS can have, as shown in how many times consumers wear garments, how they use rental to substitute their purchasing or use needs, as well as how consumers travel to rental store locations.

Integrating Demand Responsive Services Into Public Transport Disruption Management

High-capacity public transport services such as metro and commuter trains are efficient during normal operations but are vulnerable to disruptions. To manage disruptions, bridging buses are commonly called in to replace the rail-based service along the disrupted lines. These often take significant time to arrive and are costly to keep stand-by. Demand-responsive transport such as taxi can respond to demand almost immediately but is costly and must usually be arranged by the individual travelers. This study examines the integration and potential role of demand-responsive transport in disruption management. The analysis considers the impacts of limiting the serving area, varying the number of available vehicles, pursuing ride-sharing, as well as a system-of-systems approach with collaboration between taxis and bridging buses. Results of computational experiments on the case study of Stockholm, Sweden reveal that integration of demand-responsive transport in the disruption management can bring large positive benefits in terms of average and maximum waiting times for travelers. This is especially the case for strategies including ride-sharing. It is also shown that appropriate trade-offs between desired waiting times and costs can be achieved by collaboration of both bridging buses and demand-responsive transport. Additionally, more robust public transport with increased reliability during disruptions can increase sustainability as more people may choose public transport instead of private cars.

Understanding interactions between urban development policies and GHG emissions: A case study in Stockholm\xa0Region

Human-induced urban growth and sprawl have implications for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that may not be included in conventional GHG accounting methods. Improved understanding of this issue requires use of interactive, spatial-explicit social–ecological systems modeling. This paper develops a comprehensive approach to modeling GHG emissions from urban developments, considering Stockholm County, Sweden as a case study. GHG projections to 2040 with a social–ecological system model yield overall greater emissions than simple extrapolations in official climate action planning. The most pronounced difference in emissions (39% higher) from energy use single-residence buildings resulting from urban sprawl. And this difference is not accounted for in the simple extrapolations. Scenario results indicate that a zoning policy, restricting urban development in certain areas, can mitigate 72% of the total emission effects of the model-projected urban sprawl. The study outcomes include a decision support interface for communicating results and policy implications with policymakers.

Accessibility for All in Public Transport and the Overlooked (Social) Dimension—A Case Study of Stockholm

Sweden was early to develop legislation related to accessible public transport for disabled people in 1979 and can therefore be seen as a forerunner. However, recent findings reveal widespread barriers in the Swedish public transport system and large variations between different parts of the country. This paper draws on empirical material consisting of complaints regarding accessibility left by travellers in Stockholm to a local transit company and aims to provide an overview of the character of complaints and to identify common themes through a qualitative content analysis. The results show that the most commonly reported challenge relates to boarding or getting off the vehicles, where the drivers are mostly described as the underlying reason for those difficulties. The narratives describe how some drivers misuse (or do not use) the accessibility equipment or show an abusive or attitudinal behaviour. The results support the body of literature on the meaning of continuous work with accessibility issues in public transport. Varying views on disability may have had a substantial impact on the development of our societies and on how the issues of accessibility in the public transport system have been prioritised or handled. Thus, this study highlights existing social barriers and variations in individual capacities as important factors that influence the experiences of public transport users. The study recommends an increased focus on educating drivers and staff about how to accommodate different groups of travellers. The study also recommends that transport providers consider drivers’ working conditions (i.e., with the consideration of timetables and high time-pressure). Further research on how well accessibility adaptations in public transport actually work and how the users perceive them is necessary.

Passive house-concept apartments: sustainability evaluation in a case study of Stockholm, Sweden

The housing sector accounts for almost one-third of total energy use in Sweden; of this amount, the operation phase of a building is responsible for around 85% of its total energy use. The Swedish government aims to reduce the energy consumption in buildings by 50 % by the year 2050. One way to achieve this goal is the construction of the low-energy buildings. The purpose of the study has been to analyse the Blå Jungfrun passive house-concept, tenant occupied apartments in Stockholm, Sweden, through a blend of qualitative and quantitative research methodology. The Swedish energy-efficient buildings are considered as a platform for recommendations for improving the knowledge and practice of low-energy buildings grounded in sustainability science as the theoretical framework. The study has investigated the roles of the responsible architects and design features of the Blå Jungfrun. The economic viability of the apartments is calculated by the economic evaluation software OekoRat for a life span of 50 years. The annual energy requirements of the studied apartments are analysed in regard to their post-occupancy evaluations. The social inclusion of the Blå Jungfrun tenants is investigated considering the issue of their participation in planning stages of the apartments. The empirical findings of the study shows the inevitable correlations between the environmental, economic, and social dimensions of the passive house. The findings suggested that in order to achieve a successful sustainable system of the sustainable housing, a holistic approach in the low-energy buildings is necessary.

Hybrid solar PV/PEM fuel Cell/Diesel Generator power system for cruise ship: A case study in Stockholm, Sweden

Optimal design and performance analysis of renewable energy system to serve the cruise ship main and auxiliary power in Stockholm, Sweden is presented in this paper. The goal is to integrate renewable energy systems in small and large ships for greener and sustainable marine transport. The power load for the cruise ship was determined, and modeling and simulation analysis was used to investigate the daily and annual performance of the power system architectures including the efficiency and capacity factors of the energy conversion systems. The total electrical power generated from the solar PV, PEM fuel cell, and Diesel generator; the cost of electricity; and the greenhouse gas and particulate matter PM emissions were determined. The proposed renewable energy system offers a good penetration of renewable energy system (13.83%), and greenhouse gas and particulate emissions reduction (9.84% emissions reduction compared to baseline system using Diesel engines). The integration of renewable and clean power systems such as solar PV and PEM fuel cell (high electrical efficiency) is very attractive solution for onboard ship power generation. They are economically viable (reduce the cost of Diesel fuel), cleaner than the conventional gas turbine and internal combustion engines and reduce the dependency on fossil fuel.

Urban metal metabolism

There is an urgent need of comprehensive studies of total flow and accumulation of metals in the anthroposphere to assess present and future risks in urban areas. Here a case study of Stockholm is presented. The administrative boarder of Stockholm City was chosen as spatial system boarder. The work focused the urban metabolism of the metals cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn). This includes calculation of metal flows and stocks in various goods for different time periods. Further, emissions from these goods to the environment have roughly been calculated. It is possible to reconstruct the stock of goods even for a long time period. Here we have shown that the accumulation of metals in goods is most extensive. The emissions from the anthroposphere of Stockholm are so far small in relation to the stock. Thus, most environmental concern should be directed to manage the stock in order to minimise future environmental impact. Further, older areas of use often dominate the stock for goods with a long "life expectancy". Some of the goods, e.g. "dead cable", are today forgotten, and the responsibility for the good is unclear. This approach gives possibilities for pre early recognitions which is more pro active instead of re active.

Layering and parallel policy making – Complementary concepts for understanding implementation challenges related to sustainable mobility

This paper is focused on implementation challenges related to the integration of sustainable mobility in strategic local/regional land use and transport planning. The work was based on a case study of Stockholm, Sweden, focusing on four current plans and strategies of key importance for sustainable mobility. We identify and discuss implementation challenges related to sustainable mobility using a theoretical framework from the policy integration literature, with a focus on the dimensions of "layering", "drift" and "exhaustion" (Rayner & Howlett 2009). The empirical analysis led us to identify a complementary dimension which we call ‘Parallel policy making’. The parallel policy making reflects a fundamental lack of integration of sustainable mobility in policies and plans of strategic importance, which hinders effective policy integration. Altogether, we conclude that a better insight into the practice of parallel policy making is crucial for development of more effective implementation strategies for sustainable mobility in Stockholm and elsewhere.

Modeling the impacts of public transport reliability and travel information on passengers’ waiting-time uncertainty

Public transport systems are subject to uncertainties related to traffic dynamic, operations, and passenger demand. Passenger waiting time is thus a random variable subject to day-to-day variations and the interaction between vehicle and passenger stochastic arrival processes. While the provision of real-time information could potentially reduce travel uncertainty, its impacts depend on the underlying service reliability, the performance of the prognosis scheme, and its perceived credibility. This paper presents a modeling framework for analyzing passengers’ learning process and adaptation with respect to waiting-time uncertainty and travel information. The model consists of a within-day network loading procedure and a day-to-day learning process, which are implemented in an agent-based simulation model. Each loop of within-day dynamics assigns travelers to paths by simulating the progress of individual travelers and vehicles as well as the generation and dissemination of travel information. The day-to-day learning model updates the accumulated memory of each traveler and updates consequently the credibility attributed to each information source based on the experienced waiting time. A case study in Stockholm demonstrates model capabilities and emphasizes the importance of behavioral adaptation when evaluating alternative measures which aim to improve service reliability.

The EV paradox – A multilevel study of why Stockholm is not a leader in electric vehicles

Despite seemingly favourable conditions for alternative road-based transport technologies, progress on battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have been slow in Stockholm. We investigate why, applying the multilevel perspective for socio-technical transitions to a local case study of Stockholm. Using in-depth interviews with key actors we trace processes and discuss possible explanations at niche, regime and landscape levels. The results show that niche developments are clearly lacking, resulting in limited experience and knowledge of BEVs, and enduring conceptions among both policymakers and consumers. Regime actors are also ambivalent towards BEVs, leading to limited regime action with for example car companies moving more to Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles instead of BEVs. Finally, there is uncertainty as a result of a lack of strong policy signals for BEVs, in turn driven by policy makers’ aversion against technology-specific support. We outline what governance gaps need to be addressed to induce faster progress on BEV uptake.