Case Study In Philippines Research Articles

Bi-objective optimization of biochar-based carbon management networks

Abstract Biochar is the carbon-rich solid product derived from thermochemical processing of biomass. Its application to soil can sequester atmospheric carbon, leading to negative net emissions, while also improving agricultural yield. Biochar-based carbon management networks thus have the potential for scalable contributions to climate change mitigation efforts. However, it is necessary to allocate biochar of suitable quality to appropriate sinks, based on contaminant tolerance limits of soil. In this work, the network is modelled as a bi-objective mixed integer linear programming model, with profit and carbon sequestration as the objective functions. The model calculates the optimum allocation of biochar such that their prescribed limits for the contaminants are met. A Philippine case study is solved under different scenarios to illustrate the practical use of the developed model. The results provide useful insights for the rational decision-maker to arrive at the most preferred solution among the Pareto optimal choices. Comparison of the two scenarios substantiate the significance of unique sequestration factor as an additional parameter in the model to account for the interactions between the soils and biochars so that the maximum sustainable potential of biochar in climate change mitigation can be properly assessed.

The Evaluation of Regional Instability to Climate Change Based on the PSA Model—A Case Study of Philippines

In recent years, the ever-changing climate has caused natural disasters in various countries to occur frequently. Climate change has become one of the factors that have caused this country to be vulnerable. This article mainly quantitatively studies how climate change affects regional instability. A comprehensive indicator evaluation method is used to establish a PSA model. The country's vulnerability is defined in terms of the dimensions of pressure, sensitivity, and adaptive capability. This article selected Philippines as the research object, and based on the data processing by PSA model, we obtained the Fragile State Index (FSI) of Philippines in the past ten years. It has found that the flooding in 2012 has made it more vulnerable to Philippines and the results of the analysis are in line with the actual situation. Then, the K-means clustering algorithm is used to get a tipping point (0.5) that can define whether it is fragile or not. What's more, the critical point is verified to be reasonable. Finally, under the guidance of the data of the three dimensions and first-class indicators, the intervention measures that the country should take to address climate change are proposed to reduce regional instability.

Deriving the rainfall threshold for shallow landslide early warning during tropical cyclones: a case study in northern Philippines

Rainfall-induced landslides (RILs) have been a source of social and economic disruption in the mountainous Baguio area in northern Philippines. Prolonged heavy rainfall usually happens during tropical cyclone and southwest monsoon activity. A pragmatic approach to RIL mitigation is to develop rainfall-based early warning. We implemented a modified regression method to derive the empirical minimum intensity (I)–duration (D) threshold I = 6.46 D −0.28 and a normalized ID threshold NI = 0.002 D −0.28 for rainfall duration ranging between 24 and 264 h. Using a separate data set to evaluate the applicability of the threshold, 93% of the landslide-triggering rainfall events fell above the derived threshold. RILs also occurred when 24-h rainfall was 0.02–28% of the mean annual precipitation or after accumulating at least 500 mm of rainfall from the onset of the rainy season. The thresholds may be further refined as more landslide data become available in the future.

Technology and Labor Trafficking in a Network Society: General Overview, Emerging Innovations, and Philippines Case Study

This research report is the first to investigate the relationship between technology and labor trafficking. New information and communication technologies (ICTs) have become an integral part of the networks that underpin labor trafficking in the 21st Century. Yet little research exists on the impact of technology in exacerbating or addressing the isolation, fraud, force, and/or coercion so often at the heart of trafficking cases. There is a lack of evidence-based research on any relationship between technology and labor trafficking either within or across national borders. To effectively intervene in labor trafficking, the impact of technology needs to be by policy makers, governments, NGOs, researchers, and the private sector.Throughout the world, the rapid diffusion of technologies, such as social media, mobile devices, and the Internet, is impacting social, economic, and political life at an unprecedented scale. We live in a “network society” where technology and the flow of information are crucial forces of global social change. The network perspective helps us examine labor trafficking in a new way – not only as an economic, regulatory, or legal problem but as an issue driven by the technologies connecting networks of actors. This project found that technology provides a crucial infrastructure for an array of both positive and negative social interactions surrounding labor trafficking. The Philippine case study demonstrates how individuals are incorporating technology into systems of trust, for example, going online to search for information about jobs, employers, and recruiters. Yet the adoption of new technologies can produce unexpected points of vulnerability and new gaps in information. In unscrupulous online recruitment, traffickers are able to exploit the vulnerabilities of job seekers through greater access to or control over information. Social isolation is exacerbated when mobile phones are confiscated or online access is restricted by employers. The research also includes technology and labor trafficking in global supply chains and disaster and crisis situations. Recommendations and guiding principles are offered for the government, NGO, academic, and private sectors.

사서 자격시험 제도의 도입 방안에 관한 연구

ABSTRACT To meet the higher needs for a new role of libraries in informa tion society, professionalization of librarians who are core human resource of libraries is essen tial. Under the present circumstance that one can acquire a librarian license if he/she completes th e required whole courses only, librarian license system should be improved and innovated. The purposes of this study are to investigate the surveys on librarian license system and the statistics of production and employment of librarians and to suggest a new librarian license examination as a remedy of the present system and a continuing professional education and an examination for license renewal. Based upon the investigation of a case study of the Philippines librarian licensure system, this study suggests some countermeasure which should be considered and discussed for the improvement and innovation of the present librarian lic ensure system. 키워드: 사서 자격, 전문성, 사서자격제도, 사서자격시험, 계속교육Librarian License, Professionalization, Librarian Licensure System, Librarian Licensure Examination, Continuing Education

Using the Analytical Network Process in Porter's Five Forces Analysis – Case Study in Philippines

This study investigates and demonstrates the quantitative indicator from combination of analytical network process (ANP) and Porter's five forces. The quantitative indicator can base on the weightage from supermatrix. It shows the priority for firm to face on the changing. The integration of ANP and fiver forces can set up a series of procedure to evaluate the current strategy by chosen the most important criteria. The evaluation framework is based on (i) multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) analysis which can determine the proper alternative from the series of criteria with regard to various conflicting forces, and (ii) analytic network process (ANP) method which can consider the effect of feedback and variance dependence. It supports the case firm in identifying the optimal strategy under global environment changing to gain a wide-ranging and actual execution.

Corporate Governance in Transition and Developing Economies: A Case Study of the Philippines

Corporate Governance in Transition and Developing Economies: A Case Study of the Philippines

Involving stakeholders in developing sustainability indicators for farming systems: a Philippine case study

Small-scale farmers in the Philippines have an average landholding of 2 ha and often no secure land tenure. Many cultivate unsuitable upland areas, leading to erosion and sometimes dramatic landslides. To evaluate sustainability of different farming systems with the involvement of local stakeholders, sustainability indicators were used in this study to compare three different farming systems on Leyte, Philippines. First, local criteria were identified with farmers and other stakeholders (from university, local government and NGOs) in group discussions and interviews, arranged within the sustainable livelihoods framework. Secondly, criteria were ranked by farmers and other stakeholders and analysed statistically to test for relevance regarding comparison of farming systems. Fifteen indicators were chosen for comparison. The results show that farmers practising tree farming were better off with regard to the chosen indicators, but it is difficult to assess why tree farmers are better off, based on these indicators only.

Soil Conservation Decisions and Upland Corn Productivity: A Philippine Case Study

This paper empirically investigates whether farmers who adopt soil conservation measures derive productivity gains. A twelve-year (1994-2006) panel data in Bukidnon, Philippines was used to quantify the indirect relationship between soil conservation technology adoption and upland corn productivity. A two-stage econometric analysis was done. First, the probability of adoption was estimated. The associated inverse Mill’s ratio obtained from the first stage was used to correct the second stage endogenous switching stochastic frontier model estimation of the determinants of corn yield. Results showed that in normal times, upland corn productivity is positively affected by abatement of soil erosion. Results further suggest that farmers adopting soil conservation technologies become less flexible in their land use decisions during periods of drought, thereby experiencing lower yields than the non-adopters.

Warwick Anderson, Colonial pathologies: American tropical medicine, race, and hygiene in the Philippines, Durham and London, Duke University Press, 2006, pp. ix, 355, illus., £64.00, $84.95, (hardback 0-8223-3804-1) ; £14.99, $23.95 (paperback 0-8223-3843-2).

Warwick Anderson, Colonial pathologies: American tropical medicine, race, and hygiene in the Philippines, Durham and London, Duke University Press, 2006, pp. ix, 355, illus., £64.00, $84.95, (hardback 0-8223-3804-1) ; £14.99, $23.95 (paperback 0-8223-3843-2).

Deepening Stakeholders’ Commitment for Better Schools: A Philippine Case-Study

Deepening Stakeholders’ Commitment for Better Schools: A Philippine Case-Study

Brothers in distress: Revolving capital flows of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand

The paper examines hypothesized linkages between external borrowings and capital flights as presented in [Boyce, J. K. (1992). The revolving door? External debt and capital flight: Philippine case study. World Development, 20(3), 335–349]. The results for Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand show that large sums of capital flowed in and out of these economies in a revolving door fashion. The findings suggest the necessity for sound domestic management as well as effective international involvement in capital flows.

The Philippines case study

Most TB patients in the Philippines are treated by private practitioners who do not conform to the international standard of TB care.1 We established a private-public mix DOTS (PPMD) centre to engage private physicians in the DOTS strategy.2 The cure rate in new cases was 83.9% and failure was 0.01%, with corresponding rates in previously treated cases of 58.6% and 39.7%, respectively. All isolates from the treatment failures were MDR-TB, indicating failure of previous TB treatment outside DOTS. As a DOTS-Plus pilot project, the Green Light Committee (GLC) of the working group on multidrug-resistant TB provided this PPMD access to second-line anti-TB drugs (SLDs) and technical assistance. Our experience illustrates the challenges in MDR-TB management.

The Philippines case study

The Philippines case study

Economic development and environmental management in the uplands of Southeast Asia: challenges for policy and institutional development

AbstractUsing a Philippine case study site, the forces driving the recent evolution of economic behavior and institutional arrangements in upland and forest margin areas of Southeast Asia are considered. In early modern development, subsistence agriculture using long‐phase forest–fallow rotations and regulated by customary law was replaced by more intensive, commercially oriented farming systems, a process heavily influenced by internal migration to the agricultural frontier. Traditional land and resource use institutions were quickly displaced during this shift—both de facto, through the actions of colonists, and de jure, through the state's assertion of ownership over forests and uplands and the introduction of private title to agricultural lands. Yet the effective implementation of natural resource use constraints lagged substantially behind the pace of agricultural development and forest exploitation, resulting in a period in which high demand for such resources coincided with virtually open access. These processes were noticeably subject to the influence of policies and reforms affecting markets, prices, and institutions.

First principles of the MameLuke multi-actor modelling framework for land use change, illustrated with a Philippine case study

This paper presents the first principles of the MameLuke framework, an agent-based modelling framework for studying environmental issues and land use and cover change (LUCC). The MameLuke framework enhances the understanding of the relationship between societal processes and LUCC by modelling individual and group decisions and human–environment interactions. The framework allows for the transformation of real-life stories into computerised models following a predetermined sequence. By doing so, the framework allows for a truly integrative approach, because it is not bound to any particular scientific discourse. Even better, the framework enables its users to combine scientific discourses regarding human decisions and behaviour on multiple scales and levels. The agents (actors and locations) in the framework are heterogeneous. This heterogeneity of agent behaviour is established by dividing the agents into categories. If an agent is a member of an agent category or combination of categories, it has access to a defined set of implementable actions. The actions are constructed out of potential option paths (POPs) and potential option nodes (PONs). The whole of POPs represent a theoretical construct of agent behaviour and decisions that the framework user wishes to explore. The POP defines a sequence of PONs. The PON is a transaction interface between an initialising agent and a recipient agent where they exchange material and immaterial capital. This paper explains the basic architecture of the MameLuke framework and shows its applicability with a model of a Philippine case study. This case study concerns the dynamics of migration and deforestation. It is part of a larger study on land use change in the San Mariano watershed area at the forest fringe of the Sierra Madre mountains in the Philippines.

Potential health benefits of Golden Rice: a Philippine case study

Golden Rice has been genetically modified to produce beta-carotene in the endosperm of grain. It could improve the vitamin A status of deficient food consumers, especially women and children in developing countries. This paper analyses potential impacts in a Philippine context. Since the technology is still at the stage of R&D, benefits are simulated with a scenario approach. Health effects are quantified using the methodology of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Golden Rice will not completely eliminate the problems of vitamin A deficiency, such as blindness or increased mortality. Therefore, it should be seen as a complement rather than a substitute for alternative micronutrient interventions. Yet the technology could bring about significant benefits. Depending on the underlying assumptions, annual health improvements are worth between US$ 16 and 88 million, and rates of return on R&D investments range between 66% and 133%. Due to the uncertainty related to key parameters, these results should be treated as preliminary.

Potential health benefits of Golden Rice: a Philippine case study

Golden Rice has been genetically modified to produce beta-carotene in the endosperm of grain. It could improve the vitamin A status of deficient food consumers, especially women and children in developing countries. This paper analyses potential impacts in a Philippine context. Since the technology is still at the stage of R&D, benefits are simulated with a scenario approach. Health effects are quantified using the methodology of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Golden Rice will not completely eliminate the problems of vitamin A deficiency, such as blindness or increased mortality. Therefore, it should be seen as a complement rather than a substitute for alternative micronutrient interventions. Yet the technology could bring about significant benefits. Depending on the underlying assumptions, annual health improvements are worth between US$ 16 and 88 million, and rates of return on R&D investments range between 66% and 133%. Due to the uncertainty related to key parameters, these results should be treated as preliminary.

False Prophets? Mutant NGOs and Philippine Environmentalism

Nongovernmental organization (NGO) popularity has led to the emergence of NGO-like organizations that seek to acquire a stake in that popularity. Mutant NGOs are established for ostensibly moral and altruistic purposes but their main purpose is primarily to promote the political and economic interests of sponsors. This essay explains the nature and function of these impostors and considers the possible benefits accruing to affiliated elites in the environmental sector. A Philippine case study conveys some of the dynamics surrounding the mutant NGO. I briefly consider the response of Philippine NGOs to mutant counterparts. The findings raise intriguing questions about the wider politics of NGO-elite relations.

A Critical Review of Buffer Zone Theory and Practice: A Philippine Case Study

As populations increase and forest areas decline, protected areas are being defined in an attempt to preserve remnants of original flora and fauna. This is problematic where local populations exist within or close to protected area boundaries. These people are often compelled to exploit protected area resources to survive. Theoretically, socioeconomic activities and projects directed at buffer areas can decrease pressure on protected areas and provide opportunities for local populations to become active in their management. This research studied a group of rice farmers and laborers in a remote village in the Philippines to ascertain whether potential increases in farmer income affect pressure for production within the national park. From in-depth interviews, field visits, and wealth and status ranking, our case study substantiates some of the claims made by other authors, but goes further to more comprehensively implicate land tenure as a central issue in this particular situation.