Case Study In Xinjiang Research Articles

Evaluating agricultural water-use efficiency based on water footprint of crop values: a case study in Xinjiang of China

Efficient agricultural water use is crucial for food safety and water conservation on a global scale. To quantitatively investigate the agricultural water-use efficiency in regions exhibiting the complex agricultural structure, this study developed an indicator named water footprint of crop values (WFV) that is based on the water footprint of crop production. Defined as the water volume used to produce a unit price of crop (m3/CNY), the new indicator makes it feasible to directly compare the water footprint of different crops from an economic perspective, so as to comprehensively evaluate the water-use efficiency under the complex planting structure. On the basis of WFV, the study further proposed an indicator of structural water-use coefficient (SWUC), which is represented by the ratio of water-use efficiency for a given planting structure to the water efficiency for a reference crop and can quantitatively describe the impact of planting structure on agricultural water efficiency. Then, a case study was implemented in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. The temporal and spatial variations of WFV were assessed for the planting industries in 14 prefectures and cities of Xinjiang between 1991 and 2015. In addition, contribution rate analysis of WFV for different prefectures and cities was conducted to evaluate the variations of WFV caused by different influencing factors: agricultural input, climatic factors, and planting structure. Results from these analyses indicated first that the average WFV of planting industries in Xinjiang significantly decreased from 0.293 m3/CNY in 1991 to 0.153 m3/CNY in 2015, corresponding to an average annual change rate of −3.532%. WFV in 13 prefectures and cities (with the exception of Karamay) has declined significantly during the period of 1991–2015, indicating that agricultural water-use efficient has effectively improved. Second, the average SWUC in Xinjiang decreased from 1.17 to 1.08 m3/CNY in the 1990s, and then declined to 1.00 m3/CNY in 2011–2015. The value of SWUC was highly consistent with the relative value of WFV in most prefectures and cities, showing that planting structure is one of the primary factors affecting regional agricultural water-use efficiency. Third, the contribution rate of WFV variations from human factors including agricultural input and planting structure was much more significant than that from climatic factors. However, the distribution of agricultural input and the adjustment of planting structure significantly differed among prefectures and cities, suggesting regional imbalances of agricultural development. This study indicated the feasibility and effectiveness of controlling agricultural water use through increasing technical input and rational selection of crops in the face of impending climate change. Specifically, we concluded that, the rational application of chemical fertilizers, the development of the fruit industry, and the strict restriction of the cotton industry should be implemented to improve the agricultural water-use efficiency in Xinjiang.

Large Scale Agricultural Plastic Mulch Detecting and Monitoring with Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data: A Case Study in Xinjiang, China

Plastic mulching has been widely practiced in crop cultivation worldwide due to its potential to significantly increase crop production. However, it also has a great impact on the regional climate and ecological environment. More importantly, it often leads to unexpected soil pollution due to fine plastic residuals. Therefore, accurately and timely monitoring of the temporal and spatial distribution of plastic mulch practice in large areas is of great interest to assess its impacts. However, existing plastic-mulched farmland (PMF) detecting efforts are limited to either small areas with high-resolution images or coarse resolution images of large areas. In this study, we examined the potential of cloud computing and multi-temporal, multi-sensor satellite images for detecting PMF in large areas. We first built the plastic-mulched farmland mapping algorithm (PFMA) rules through analyzing its spectral, temporal, and auxiliary features in remote sensing imagery with the classification and regression tree (CART). We then applied the PFMA in the dry region of Xinjiang, China, where a water resource is very scarce and thus plastic mulch has been intensively used and its usage is expected to increase significantly in the near future. The experimental results demonstrated that the PFMA reached an overall accuracy of 92.2% with a producer’s accuracy of 97.6% and a user’s accuracy of 86.7%, and the F-score was 0.914 for the PMF class. We further monitored and analyzed the dynamics of plastic mulch practiced in Xinjiang by applying the PFMA to the years 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. The general pattern of plastic mulch usage dynamic in Xinjiang during the period from 2000 to 2015 was well captured by our multi-temporal analysis.

Regional spatial variability of root-zone soil moisture in arid regions and the driving factors — a case study of Xinjiang, China

Soil moisture is a key element of the hydrological cycle, and it significantly impacts the surface water and energy fluxes. However, a knowledge gap exists on the spatial variability of root-zone soil moisture at the regional scale in arid and hyperarid regions. Thus, soil moisture measurements at 142 sites were taken in Xinjiang (northwest China), and the relationships between soil moisture and 19 environmental factors were analyzed. The results showed that both absolute gravitational soil water content (SWC) and relative extractable water (REW) increased with increasing soil depth in the 0–100 cm soil profile. It generally decreased in the order of cropland > forestland > grassland > shrubland > bare land. Semivariograms suggested that SWC had moderate spatial dependence over a large range of 473–558 km, and REW was more randomly distributed at the regional scale in Xinjiang. Redundancy analysis suggested that environmental factors could explain 47.5%–50.9% of the variability of soil moisture, which was more strongly driven by land surface factors (p < 0.01) than by climatic factors (p > 0.05). Soil properties and other local variables explained, respectively, 40.7% and 32.3% of the variability of soil moisture in the 0–100 cm soil profile. Soil properties independently accounted for 12.8% and 28.1% of the variability in soil moisture in the 0–50 and 50–100 cm soil layers, respectively. Soil texture, field capacity, wilting point, organic carbon, bulk density, land use, and normalized difference vegetation index were the dominant factors influencing soil moisture variations.

Comparative Study of Environmental Assessment Methods in the Evaluation of Resources and Environmental Carrying Capacity—A Case Study in Xinjiang, China

Scientifically assessing the environmental carrying capacity (ECC) based on an evaluation of environmental quality standards (EQSs) holds great significance for establishing a long-term monitoring and early warning mechanism for resources and environmental carrying capacity (RECC) and for coordinating the sustainable development of ecological environments and regional economies. However, it remains unclear whether the evaluation of EQSs based on the short board effect is suitable for environmental assessments under different natural environments. In this research, Xinjiang is used as a case study. Based on the evaluation of EQSs, the atmospheric environmental carrying capacity (AECC), water environmental carrying capacity (WECC) and comprehensive environmental carrying capacity (CECC) are assessed using the short board effect and the weighted average. Additionally, the suitability of ECC evaluation in RECC evaluation is discussed. The results show the following: (1) In the atmosphere, the overload of inhalable particles (PM10) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is more serious, while in water, the overload of total nitrogen (TN) is more serious. (2) The percentages of the AECC, WECC and CECC in overloaded counties and cities based on the short board effect are 84%, 45%, and 51%, respectively, while the percentages based on the weighted average are 32%, 6% and 7%, respectively. (3) The extreme effects of a single pollutant can be eliminated by the weighted average, which is more suitable for environmental assessments in Xinjiang. (4) In evaluating RECC monitoring and early warning systems, weighted average evaluation is used to assess the elements, and short board effect evaluation is used in the comprehensive integration to prevent the influence of the amplification of a single index. Thus, the interference of non-key factors in the regional system on the final evaluation results is reduced.

Dynamics of echinococcosis transmission among multiple species and a case study in Xinjiang, China

Human echinococcosis is an emerging but neglected zoonotic disease caused by parasites of genus Echinococcus. Its morbidity and mortality keep increasing in recent years, partially due to poor understanding of transmission dynamics and lack of effective control strategies of the disease. This paper aims to provide a modeling framework for analyzing echinococcosis transmission among multiple species and investigating spread dynamics of echinococcosis infection in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), China. Based on the notions of compartmental and deterministic principles, a new echinococcosis transmission model is proposed, which incorporates the intrinsic interactions among intermediate hosts (IHs), definitive hosts (DHs), humans and echinococcus eggs (EEs). It is theoretically proved that the basic reproduction number R0 is the epidemic threshold, which determines the global stability of the disease-free and endemic equilibria. The model is validated with real data by applying retrospectively to the 2008–2012 seasonal echinococcosis infection in XUAR. It is found that the basic reproduction number in XUAR could be R0=1.69. If without control strategies, human incidence would keep increasing in the following years, reaching stable level at about 55,000 cases at the end of this century. Finally, the effects of transmission parameters are clarified by numerical simulations. It is observed that the interaction patterns among these species play a key role in echinococcosis transmission. The present study provides useful information to improve the understanding of echinococcosis transmission and further help control the disease.

Identification of Drought Events and Correlations with Large-Scale Ocean–Atmospheric Patterns of Variability: A Case Study in Xinjiang, China

This research analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of drought in Xinjiang (northwestern China) between 1961 and 2015 using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). Furthermore, the correlations between Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO)/El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and drought were explored. The results suggested an obvious trend toward aggravated drought, with a significant inflection point in 1997, after which the frequency of drought increased sharply. Spatially, the increase in drought occurred largely in southern and eastern Xinjiang, where occurrences of moderate and extreme drought have become more frequent during the last two decades, whereas northwestern Xinjiang and the Pamir Plateau showed wetting trends. Empirical orthogonal function analysis (EOF) of drought patterns showed a north–south antiphase and an east–west antiphase distribution. The positive (negative) phase of the AMO was related to increased (decreased) drought in Xinjiang, particularly after 1997. During a warm phase (El Niño), major droughts occurred over northern Xinjiang, but they lagged by 12 months. However, not all El Niño and La Niña events were responsible for drought events in northern Xinjiang during this period, and other drivers remain to be identified. This study suggests the possibility of AMO and ENSO links to drought in Xinjiang, but further analysis is needed to better understand such mechanisms.

Wake and performance interference between adjacent wind farms: Case study of Xinjiang in China by means of mesoscale simulations

To ameliorate the efficiency of wind farms, except assessing the wake effect between the wind turbines, the wake interference between the wind farms must be considered. Based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, the overall performance and power output characteristics, and wake interference effects between the adjacent wind farms in Hami region of Xinjiang province under real terrain and atmospheric conditions were investigated. The wind turbine drag parameterization (WTDP) scheme was elaborated. The results show that the wake of the whole field generally recovers at downstream 16.5 km under prevailing wind direction and annual average wind speed, and the frequency of power output around the rated power is up to 30%. Moreover, the disturbance induced by the wake effect of a large-scale wind farm on its downstream adjacent farm was quantitatively evaluated. Due to the impact of the upstream farm, the wake distance of the downstream wind farm is doubled. The influence on the power output presented a regularity of day-night alternation, with a higher frequency of great loss at night, dawn and evening. The average relative loss ratio reached 5.8%. This study is expected to provide a theoretical basis and engineering guidance for micrositing of wind farms.

Multi-Index Evaluation for Flood Disaster from Sustainable Perspective: A Case Study of Xinjiang in China.

The floods have undermined the sustainable construction of cities because of their sudden and destruction. To reduce the losses caused by floods, it is necessary to make a reasonable evaluation for historical floods and provide scientific guidance for future precaution. Previous research mainly used subjective/objective weights or barely made static analysis without considering the uncertainty and ambiguity of floods. Therefore, this study proposed a variable fuzzy recognition model, based on combined weights, to evaluate floods, including the determination of index weights and the choice of evaluation model. To make the index weights reflect both subjective experience and objective data, the combined weights were proposed and calculated based on the principle of minimum identification information. Then, the relative membership degree matrix and evaluation results can be worked out by the variable fuzzy recognition model. Conclusions indicated that the combined weights were more convincing than simply subjective or objective weights. Moreover, the variable fuzzy recognition model, by changing model parameters, got stable evaluation results of the sample data. Therefore, the model can improve the credibility of evaluation and the conclusions can provide reasonable suggestions for management departments.

Multi-scale assessments of droughts: A case study in Xinjiang, China

Understanding the multi-scale variation of drought is essentially important in drought assessment. Now, a comprehensive assessment is still lacking on the meteorological, ecological and hydrological drought perspectives. In order to better investigate multi-scale droughts, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of their long-term variation based on the two drought indices and observation data in Xinjiang, China, from 1961 to 2015. The two indices are the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). The results show that the SPI and SPEI are highly consistent for most stations and time scales in Xinjiang. Based on multi-scale and considered evaporative demand, the SPEI from 1961 to 2015 showed a wetting trend followed by a drying trend (as of 1997), giving an overall slight drying trend (−0.0122±0.0043 per year) for the 54-year period. We assessed the sensitivity of the two drought indices to precipitation (P) and potential evapotranspiration (PET) and found that the SPEI shows different sensitivity to P and PET. In arid regions characterized by high PET, drought severity is mostly determined by changes in PET. The intensified warming and diminished precipitation in Xinjiang that have been observed over the past two decades have resulted in SPEI-drought severity. These changes also amplify the risk of ecological drought. However, the hydrological drought was highly complex and not entirely comparable to the SPEI and SPI droughts. Hydrological records indicate that runoff in most rivers in the Tianshan Mountains has increased, whereas runoff in the Kunlun Mountains is either stable or has slightly decreased over the past 20years. A moderately high and statistically significant correlation between the runoff anomaly and the SPEI and SPI was revealed for four major rivers in the region. This implies that the accelerated river runoff in Xinjiang is a function of both precipitation and increasing glacier melt.

Relationship between energy consumption and economic growth based on grey relational model:a case study of Xinjiang

Deep understanding of the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is of vital importance for exploring the energy saving space in Xinjiang. Based on the data related to the energy consumption and economic growth in Xinjiang from 2005 to 2014 and by using the grey relational analysis method, the correlation between energy consumption in various industries with economic growth and the correlation of energy consumption types with economic growth in Xinjiang are analyzed. As indicated by the results of the analysis, firstly, the relational degrees between energy consumption and economic growth differ significantly among industries. Specifically, the industrial sector and construction industry present the same highest relational degree. Secondly, among the industrial sectors, the manufacturing sector energy consumption has the greatest relevance with economic growth and accounts for the largest proportion. Lastly, the relational degrees with economic growth also differ significantly among various energy consumption types. The coal energy consumption has the highest relational degree with economic growth, while petroleum energy consumption has the lowest relational degree. These illustrate two points. On one hand, the economic growth in Xinjiang has a factor input economic growth mode which strongly depends on energy. On the other hand, the structure of energy consumption in Xinjiang is not reasonable to some degree under the consideration of requirements of the national strategies. Based on this study, some policy implications regarding the industrial energy consumption, energy consumption types, and economic growth in Xinjiang are proposed.

Climate change, migration, and regional administrative reform: A case study of Xinjiang in the middle Qing Dynasty (1760–1884)

Based on historical records of extreme climate events and population densities in Gansu and Shaanxi, and information on climate change, populations, new cultivated cropland, and administrative system reform in Xinjiang, this study explores the interaction between climate change, migration, and regional administrative reform in the middle Qing Dynasty. The results showed that the surge in population migration from Gansu and Shaanxi to Xinjiang during 1760–1820 was caused by extreme climate events (droughts and floods) and population pressure in Gansu and Shaanxi. During 1760–1880, the climate in Xinjiang was unusually cold and humid, which was highly conducive to abundant regional water resources. This provided favorable conditions for farmland irrigation and further promoted agricultural cultivation, population growth, and town development within this region. Additionally, the interactions between climate change and the above-mentioned social factors, which acted as driving forces, spurred the reform in the administrative system of Xinjiang whereby the military administration system was transformed to a province administration system. Through this reform, the Qing government managed to restore peace and stability in Xinjiang. This study contributes to a better understanding of climate-related population migration and enhances our knowledge of the impact-response chain between climate change, ancient social developments, and political coping strategies, especially in regional administrative reform.

Response of vegetation NDVI to climatic extremes in the arid region of Central Asia: a case study in Xinjiang, China

Observed data showed the climatic transition from warm-dry to warm-wet in Xinjiang during the past 30 years and will probably affect vegetation dynamics. Here, we analyze the interannual change of vegetation index based on the satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with temperature and precipitation extreme over the Xinjiang, using the 8-km NDVI third-generation (NDVI3g) from the Global Inventory Modelling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) from 1982 to 2010. Few previous studies analyzed the link between climate extremes and vegetation response. From the satellite-based results, annual NDVI significantly increased in the first two decades (1981–1998) and then decreased after 1998. We show that the NDVI decrease over the past decade may conjointly be triggered by the increases of temperature and precipitation extremes. The correlation analyses demonstrated that the trends of NDVI was close to the trend of extreme precipitation; that is, consecutive dry days (CDD) and torrential rainfall days (R24) positively correlated with NDVI during 1998–2010. For the temperature extreme, while the decreases of NDVI correlate positively with warmer mean minimum temperature (Tnav), it correlates negatively with the number of warmest night days (Rwn). The results suggest that the climatic extremes have possible negative effects on the ecosystem.

新疆能源消费碳排放过程及其影响因素——基于扩展的Kaya恒等式

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 新疆能源消费碳排放过程及其影响因素——基于扩展的Kaya恒等式 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201410152033 作者: 作者单位: 广州地理研究所,中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,广州地理研究所 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 广东省科学院青年科学研究基金(qnjj201501); 广州地理研究所优秀青年创新人才基金(030) The process of energy-related carbon emissions and influencing mechanism research in Xinjiang Author: Affiliation: Guangzhou Institute of Geography,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:新疆,中国西部的欠发达区域,如何在保持社会经济持续快速发展的同时实现碳排放的减速增长是现阶段的重要发展命题,对于实现国家的减排目标有着至关重要的作用。通过对经典的Kaya恒等式进行扩展,并采用基于LMDI的完全分解模型,解析了1952年-2010年新疆的一次能源消费的碳排放的主要驱动因素。依据1952年以来新疆社会经济发展状况和碳排放总量演变特征,并结合一定的历史背景等,将新疆的一次能源消费的碳排放划分为6个演变阶段,定量分析了人口规模效应、经济产出效应、能源强度效应、能源结构效应和能源替代效应在不同发展阶段的贡献作用,主要的研究结论如下:(1)经济产出效应和人口规模效应是新疆碳排放增长的最主要贡献因子。(2)能源强度效应在1978年之前对碳排放的增长表现为正效应,主要原因是极低的能源利用效率和落后的生产工艺。改革开放之后,能源强度效应成为遏制碳排放增长的重要贡献因子。(3)能源结构效应和能源替代效应也是遏制新疆碳排放增长的主要贡献因子,但是其贡献作用还比较小,主要是因为可再生能源在能源消费总量中的比重还比较低和以煤为主的能源消费结构还没有发生根本性的改变。 Abstract:Reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) has become a primary concern for policy makers and government managers globally. China has become the world's largest primary energy consumer and carbon emitter after decades of rapid economic growth. Research on regional carbon emissions is crucial for China to achieve its reduction targets. Presently, the biggest challenge faced by the local government is to reduce carbon emissions, and ensure that it does not hinder social-economic development. This case study in Xinjiang, a less developed area in western China, aimed to determine the most important carbon emission contributors and analyze energy-related carbon emissions. Our estimates were based on the provincial and national energy statistics. Data resources available for the present study included statistics on populations, gross domestic product (GDP), and total energy consumption from 1952 to 2010. Carbon emissions due to energy consumption were calculated according to the method of the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. It was observed that the total energy consumption in Xinjiang increased from 0.393 Mtce in 1952 to 82.902 Mtce in 2010, representing a 210.95-fold increase over the period of 59 years. Energy-related carbon emissions in the area increased from 0.285 Mt in 1952 to 53.662 Mt in 2010, representing a 188.23-fold increase over the study period. We analyzed the changes in the total carbon emissions and carbon emissions structure from 1952 to 2010. Coal consumption was found to be the biggest contributor to total carbon emission in Xinjiang. The share of carbon emissions from coal consumption decreased until 2004, but increased afterward. The share of carbon emissions from natural gas increased steadily from 0.12% in 1954 to 8.66% in 2010. The Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) technique based on an extended Kaya identity was used to determine the five main energy-related carbon emissions in Xinjiang. We first used the LMDI method to decompose carbon dioxide emissions on a yearly basis. To understand of the factors influencing long-term carbon emissions, we divided the carbon emissions process into six stages based on the changing trends of socio-economic development and carbon emissions, historically. This method included measurements of the effects of population, affluence, energy intensity, renewable energy penetration, and emission coefficient for the different stages of the process. Decomposition results showed that affluence and population effects are the two most important contributors to increased carbon emissions, but their contributions are different in the special development period. Energy intensity was positive in curbing carbon emissions during the pre-reform period, but became relatively dominant after 1978. Renewable energy penetration and emission coefficients played important negative but relatively minor effects on carbon emissions. The insignificant effect of renewable energy penetration is largely attributed to the small shares of renewable energy, amounting to less than 6% of the total energy consumption. The emission coefficient effect plays a minor role in curbing carbon emissions, because the coal-dominated energy consumption structure has not fundamentally changed. An effective solution to these problems will help Xinjiang to reduce carbon emissions and environmental damage with economic growth. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Characteristics of meteorological disasters and their impacts on the agricultural ecosystems in the northwest of China: a case study in Xinjiang

Abstract Background In recent years, the meteorological extreme events have caused the direct economic losses and human mortality increased significantly. While there has been a paucity of information regarding trends in meteorological disasters in Xinjiang. Based on two extreme climate measurements, i.e., the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and the agricultural disaster area, the influence of meteorological disasters on agriculture were analyzed during the period 1960-2010. Results (1) Temperature extremes exhibited patterns consistent with warming, with a large proportion of stations having statistically significant trends. The warming trends in the indices derived using daily minimum temperatures were greater than those obtained using maximum temperatures. Most of the precipitation indices exhibited increasing trends across the region, and the increased precipitation was due to the increase in both precipitation frequency and intensity. (2) The drought indices increased significantly in most regions of Xinjiang, and the seasonal PDSI exhibited significant correlations with the annual PDSI. For the entire geographical study area, two contrasting periods were evident in the PDSI between 1961 and 2010. Wet conditions dominated from 1987 to 2010, whereas persistent drought conditions occurred from 1960 to 1986. (3) Increased climate extremes resulted in increased agricultural disaster area. During warm summers, the droughts intensified; the corresponding snowmelt flood also became stronger. In addition, the sharply reduced effective irrigation area exacerbated the increased agricultural disaster area. Conclusions Climate change has affected the local agricultural oasis ecosystem and the yield and quality of crops in Xinjiang, leading to increased instability in agricultural production.

The Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between Local Energy Demand and Supply-A case study of Xinjiang

Abstract This paper explores the relationship between the local energy demand and supply in Xinjiang. We first identify the phenomenon of “Local Energy Deficit” in Xinjiang, under the double pressure of the dramatic increase in the local energy outflow and industrial consumption. Secondly, we indicate the existing development pattern of local energy demand and supply will have been on, by the method of GM(1,1), during “the twelfth five-year” periods, In light of this, we present three constructive proposals.

Climate change and human activities: a case study in Xinjiang, China

We examined both long-term climate variability and anthropogenic contributions to current climate change for Xinjiang province of northwest China. Xinjiang encompasses several mountain ranges and inter-mountain basins and is comprised of a northern semiarid region and a more arid southern region. Climate over the last three centuries was reconstructed from tree rings and temperature series were calculated for the past 50 years using weather station data. Three major conclusions from these analyses are: (1) Although temperature varied considerably in Xinjiang over the last 200 years, it was non-directional until the last 50 years when a substantial warming trend occurred; (2) The semiarid North Xinjiang was representative of the northern hemisphere climate, while the more arid South Xinjiang resembled the southern hemisphere climate, meanwhile, (3) The entire Xinjiang province captured the global-scale climate signal. We also compared human contributions to global change between North and South Xinjiang, including land cover/land use, population, and greenhouse gas production. For both regions, urban areas acted as heat islands; and large areas of grassland and forest were converted to barren land, especially in North Xinjiang. Additionally, North Xinjiang also showed larger increase in population and greenhouse gas emissions mainly associated with animal production than those in South Xinjiang. Although Xinjiang province is a geographically coupled mountain–basin system, the two regions have distinct climate patterns and anthropogenic activities related to land cover conversion and greenhouse gas production.