Case Study In Norway Research Articles

A comparative analysis of the carbon footprint in green building materials: a case study of Norway.

This paper critically examines the carbon cycle and environmental impacts associated with building materials, encompassing diverse impact categories for both midpoint and endpoint scenarios. The research encompasses a comparative analysis of five distinct scenarios, contrasting the environmental performance of green against conventional counterparts. Notably, previous research endeavors did not investigate the effects of varying percentages with and without phase change materials (PCM). The primary objective is to assess the impact of integrating phase change materials (PCM) with varying percentages of fly ash (20% and 35%) on energy consumption and carbon emissions, particularly in cold climates like Norway. The study employs the ReCiPe2016 Midpoint (E) method, which offers a robust life cycle assessment (LCA) framework aligned with European standards, making it particularly suitable for this context. Energy Plus, within the Design Builder software, was used to simulate and calculate the impact of PCM on energy efficiency. The findings underscore those environmental impacts attributed to green buildings amount to 9.79 × 104 kg of CO2 equivalent, while conventional buildings account for 1.04 × 105 kg of CO2 equivalent. Furthermore, among the cases studied, the optimal scenario pertains to a green building utilizing 35% wind ash cement and PCM, resulting in the equivalent of 9.68 × 104 kg of CO2 emissions. Remarkably, the best-case scenario involves a green building boasting a robust steel interior structure and aluminum windows, whereas the worst-case scenario entails a typical building devoid of PCM implementation. Furthermore, energy consumption analysis indicates that scenario 5, which utilizes PCM and 35% fly ash, achieves a 15% reduction in cooling energy and a 6.9% reduction in heating energy compared to scenario 3, resulting in an annual energy consumption of 97,453.09 kWh.

Georeferenced X (formerly twitter) data as a proxy of mobility behaviour: case study of Norway

Georeferenced messages on social media represent a powerful data source to gain a different perspective for estimating mobility behaviour, which is still mainly based on travel surveys. These data are openly available, yet few studies have explored their potential. This paper assesses the feasibility of large-scale Twitter data as a proxy of human mobility behaviour to complement traditional travel surveys, and for calibration and validation of transport models. Almost 12 million Tweets from more than 90,000 users were further analysed to detect the trip patterns at municipality level in Norway from 2012 to 2022. Results showed that the mobility patterns changed between 2014 and 2019 for the travel survey, as for 2019 most of the reported trips were short and concentrated in the densely populated areas of the country, where most respondents lived, triggering a lack of information for certain areas. In contrast, Twitter data presented a more stable data source along both years with similar population distribution and average trip length. Although Twitter data have limitations in relation to the socio-demographic information of the users, it could complement the travel survey given the broader spatial and temporal distribution of this large-scale data.

A comparative assessment of sewage sludge valorization via anaerobic digestion and supercritical water gasification: A techno-economic case study in Norway

This study compared the performance of supercritical water gasification (SCWG) to conventional anaerobic digestion (AD) for treating sewage sludge from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Based on plant data from a WWTP in Norway, kinetic-based process models have been developed in Aspen Plus® to investigate the energy and economic feasibility of AD and SCWG for sewage sludge (SS) treatment. The findings showed that low ambient temperatures significantly reduced the energy efficiency of the AD, while their effect on the SCWG process was negligible. At the average ambient temperature of 7 °C and SS concentration of 7 wt%, AD and SCWG achieved thermal energy self-sufficiency (TES) of 0.76 and 0.63, respectively. Under these conditions, the AD and SCWG had energy conversion efficiencies (η) of 25.8% and 46.6%, respectively. However, increasing the SS content in the SCWG to 15 wt% improved the TES to 1.22 and η to 73.2%, making it a more attractive alternative to the AD.At 7 wt% SS concentration, the AD and SCWG processes required an investment cost of $ 4.08 million and $ 6.83 million, respectively. Under the study assumptions, neither AD nor SCWG proved profitable, revealing negative net present values (NPV) and operating costs of $0.96 million and $0.92 million, respectively.

Can an Industry-Led infrastructure development strategy facilitate electric truck Adoption?

Reverse logistics plays a critical role in sustainable development and circular economy by transforming waste into value. However, transporting large volumes of waste and recyclables generates significant carbon emissions. This paper explores an industry-led strategy for charging infrastructure development, which integrates the reverse logistics network designs with a network of charging stations to promote electric trucks (E-trucks) adoption and reduce carbon footprints in transportation. Our model optimizes operational costs while ensuring accessibility to charging infrastructure. A case study in Norway demonstrates that, despite higher operating costs due to additional charging stations, the adoption of E-trucks can decrease total reverse logistics costs by 0.18%—2.37% and cut carbon emissions by 16.3%—17.6%. These findings support the economic viability and environmental benefits of this strategy for advancing sustainable practices in transportation, and it further highlights the interdependencies between logistics network design and charging infrastructure planning.

Success factors for interventions to reduce low-value imaging. Six crucial lessons learned from a practical case study in Norway

BackgroundSubstantial overuse of health care services is identified and intensified efforts are incited to reduce low-value services in general and in imaging in particular. ObjectiveTo report crucial success factors for developing and implementing interventions to reduce specific low-value imaging examinations based on a case study in Norway. Materials and methodsMixed methods design including one systematic review, one scoping review, implementation science, qualitative interviews, content analysis of stakeholders’ input, and stakeholder deliberations. ResultsThe description and analysis of an intervention to reduce low-value imaging in Norway identifies six general success factors: 1) Acknowledging complexity: advanced knowledge synthesis, competence of the context, and broad and strong stakeholder involvement is crucial to manage de-implementation complexity. 2) Clear consensus-based criteria for selecting low-value imaging procedures are key. 3) Having a clear target group is critical. 4) Stakeholder engagement is essential to ascertain intervention relevance and compliance. 5) Active and well-motivated intervention collaborators is imperative. 6) Paying close attention to the mechanisms of low-value imaging and the barriers to reduce it is decisive. ConclusionReducing low-value imaging is crucial to increase the quality, safety, efficiency, and sustainability of the health services. Reducing low-value imaging is a complex task and paying attention to specific practical success factors is key.

A two-level decision-support framework for reverse logistics network design considering technology transformation in Industry 4.0: a case study in Norway

Reverse logistics network design is a complex decision-making problem that involves the reuse, repair, remanufacturing, and recycling of end-of-life (EOL) under the tradeoff among conflicting objectives. The cutting-edge technologies in Industry 4.0 are now leading to an unprecedented and dynamic transformation of reverse logistics systems, which, however, further complicates the initial network design. In this paper, a two-level decision-support framework combined with both optimization and dynamic simulation is proposed to balance the cost, environmental impact, and service level in smart and sustainable reverse logistics network design under a dynamically evolving and stochastic environment. The results of a real-world case study in Norway show that the method can better support robust strategic decisions, eliminate dominated/near-dominated solutions, and yield holistic performance analyses considering smart reverse logistics transformation. The proposed two-level decision-support framework can better analyze the impact of the technology transformation of Industry 4.0 on reverse logistics systems, while it also provides a fundamental structure for digital reverse logistics twin.

Effect of partition walls on the vibration serviceability of cross-laminated timber floors

The current standards need more specific serviceability criteria for Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) floors. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of a relevant case study in Norway, which presented unexpectedly high accelerations in the CLT floors after construction. The lack of a sufficiently detailed design process resulted in the poor vibration performance of the floors, which partially compromised their functionality. The paper thoroughly investigates and discusses the experimental dynamic characterization of seven CLT floors within the considered building. The authors estimated the modal parameters and serviceability metrics based on both Eurocode 5 (EC5) and the new draft version of it. Specifically, the authors compared the analytical predictions of the fundamental frequency and the root mean square acceleration against the corresponding experimental estimations. Using a sensor-roving approach, a dense sensor configuration was adopted to describe seven floors’ mode shapes and serviceability metrics. These metrics include mean square acceleration and Vibration Dose Value. The scenarios examined in this study shed light on the significance of partition walls, a factor not considered in the practical design for serviceability verifications. The presence of partition walls can enhance the vibration comfort of timber floors by providing a stiffening effect, leading to a significant increase in the first fundamental frequency. A parametric finite element model was developed using OpenSeesPy to investigate this phenomenon further. The model, firstly validated against selected experimental results, is employed to assess the influence of partition walls on floor dynamics. The model predicts the increase in the first frequency caused by randomly generated partition walls. The paper proposes an empirical expression calibrated on the simulated data to estimate the relative increment of the floor’s fundamental frequency based on the partition walls’ layout. This formulation can be included in the analytical expression enclosed in the EC5 draft to predict the fundamental frequency of timber floors.

Fisheries and aquaculture by-products: Case studies in Norway, United States, and Vietnam

Fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO) have historically come from capture fisheries, although supply from capture fisheries is constrained and demand for FMFO is increasing. Fish production losses and by-products are an alternative raw material for FMFO, however, there is little systematic data collected on the use of these raw materials and limited knowledge about barriers to their use in FMFO production. This study collected data on production losses and by-products from seven fisheries and aquaculture sectors that are important in supplying the US seafood market. From 2019–2021, quantitative surveys (n=47 businesses), semi-structured qualitative interviews (n=31 businesses), and secondary data were collected for the study period of 2014–2018. There was significant variation in utilization of production losses and by-products across sectors (range: 37–99 %), and overall, the aggregate utilization rate was 72 %. Scale appeared to be the most important factor leading to use of production losses and by-products. Aquaculture industries in this study had a large and relatively steady supply of by-products year-round, which made investments in FMFO plants worthwhile and led to moderate to high rates of by-product utilization. Wild-caught fisheries in this study had lower rendering rates due to short fishing seasons, smaller scales, operations in remote locations, and regulations that allow dumping of by-products. There were several examples of companies that invested in rendering plants because it was profitable to sell the rendered waste, while other sectors and industries require better coordination and policy supports to make use of this valuable resource.

Recognising the need for biodiversity knowledge for engineering students – a case study in Norway

Purpose The purpose of this study is to understand how to improve the recognition of biodiversity knowledge for engineering students, using a case study in the context of Norway. Design/methodology/approach A case study based on an elective course for engineering students was carried out. The course is related to sustainability and also explicitly focuses on biodiversity topics and causality for loss of biodiversity. Data was collected through questionnaires to students to understand their motivations and perceptions about the course, and through interviews with study programme coordinators, to understand their perspectives regarding sustainability and biodiversity education for engineering programmes. Findings Three main conclusions are established: the best approach is to incorporate biodiversity content into existing courses, rather than having a specific course dedicated to biodiversity; more knowledge on biodiversity is seemingly increasing the understanding of its importance, thus, students should be exposed to these topics early in their studies; and some strategies to improve the current course are related to being more specific on how to deal with biodiversity in different contexts (such as working life and different industries), offering a higher number of examples, and linking biodiversity with other environmental impacts. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to address the recognition of biodiversity knowledge in engineering programmes at a Norwegian university. The case study provides valuable insights that can be used to improve the integration of biodiversity knowledge into engineering programmes. Moreover, the methods used provide innovative and more reliable tools to better address the perceptions of stakeholders.

Load configuration impact on energy community and distribution grid: Quantifying costs, emissions and grid exchange

Energy communities are emerging across Europe, and each country is currently in the process of forming regulations for their integration into the electricity grid. The efficacy of energy communities depends upon various factors, including member demographics, technological aspects, load profiles, solar irradiation, and spot prices within the community’s geographical location. Notably, existing studies on energy communities predominantly focus on residential load profiles, with limited exploration into their impact on the distribution grid. This article aims to contribute to the existing literature by investigating the benefits of energy communities and their grid impact under diverse member configurations. Our approach involves the development of an optimisation model incorporating battery energy storage and shiftable loads, aimed at minimising the operational costs of energy communities over a one-year period. Case studies in Norway and Spain, with different load configurations: residential, commercial, and mixed load, are undertaken, utilising real hourly measurements to identify operational variations influenced by geographical location and seasonal fluctuations in load and photovoltaic (PV) generation. Additionally, we quantify the costs, CO2 emissions, and self-consumption rates for energy communities. Furthermore, we assess the distribution grid impact in terms of import and export dynamics. The results underscore the substantial influence of load configurations on member benefits and distribution grid impacts, attributable to the inherent correlation between load and PV generation. In the context of energy community benefits, commercial loads demonstrate the best outcomes in Norway, whereas residential loads exhibit superior results in Spain. Conversely, concerning distribution grid impact, commercial loads prove most advantageous in Norway, while mixed loads yield the best results in Spain. Overall, our findings indicate that Spanish energy communities consistently achieve more substantial reductions in costs and CO2 emissions compared to their Norwegian counterparts, irrespective of the load configuration. This study contributes valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders involved in the development and regulation of energy communities across Europe.

Exogenous-spatial scale techno-economic methodology for energy application assessment based on levelized cost of electricity: A case study in Norway

Amidst the escalating electricity prices in Norway and Europe, a compelling need arises for alternative and sustainable energy solutions. This study introduces a novel techno-economic method to assess micro-combined heat and power (m-CHP) systems, specifically those powered by Micro Gas Turbines (MGTs). Employing both numerical and experimental analyses, the investigation focuses on the techno-economic viability of MGT-based m-CHP systems fueled by natural gas (NG) and a blend of NG-H2 (23 % Vol.%). A 20-year operational lifespan serves as the basis for calculating the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCoE) and comparing it with grid-based electricity costs. The technical model relies on 3 kW MGT experiments and numerical system modelling using IPSEPro® software. Economic modelling involves developing a cost model and employing a unique Techno Economic Analysis (TEA)-rooted methodology for LCoE calculation. Through 16 techno-economic scenarios, substantial cost-benefit advantages of m-CHP systems over grid-based electricity are demonstrated, supported by point LCoE values. To address uncertainties, a “Risk and Uncertainty” analysis is conducted using Monte-Carlo Simulation, generating a LCoE distribution. This method incorporates the standard deviations and mean values of key parameters, ensuring economic consistency and reliability with minimal fluctuations. Findings reveal negligible variation from the expected LCoE at 100 % power with NG, providing 98 % accuracy in assessing cost-benefit. The final result yields a Ceq, LCoE of 1.42 Current NOK/kWh (0.13 USD/kWh) and 1.19 constant NOK/kWh (0.11 USD/kWh). In contrast to grid electricity costs (2.54 NOK/kWh (0.24 USD/kWh) with current NOK and 1.78 NOK/kWh (0.17 USD/kWh) with constant NOK, the analysis underscores the significant and sustained cost benefits of m-CHP systems. Moreover, the proposed methodology offers flexibility for transitioning to a “carbon-neutral” operation with hydrogen (H2) as its prices decrease.

A scalable method for identifying key indicators to assess urban environmental sustainability: A case study in Norway

Urbanization presents numerous societal challenges and exacerbates environmental issues. It is crucial to comprehend the current state and future direction of cities to formulate strategies and actions that mitigate negative consequences while ensuring a prosperous future for citizens. This study presents a universally applicable method for selecting indicators to gauge urban environmental sustainability. It aims to aid in structuring thinking for understanding and implementing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) within urban settings, using Norway as a case study but with a clear potential for broader applications. To achieve this, a comprehensive literature survey was conducted to gain insight into how urban environmental sustainability is conceptualized and operationalized in Norway. This involved assessing the key environmental challenges, as well as the strategies and action plans associated with them. Standardized sustainable cities' indicators served as references, which were then tailored to the municipal level to address the identified environmental challenges specific to Norwegian cities. Furthermore, the study discussed the proposed indicators for tracking the progress and state of these specific environmental challenges. In doing so, it establishes a foundation for comprehending environmental issues and establishing connections between indicators and environmental strategies and action plans in the urban sustainability context. Importantly, the methodologies and indicators we have unveiled in this study are designed to be applicable to cities beyond Norway, offering a scalable and adaptable approach for evaluating environmental challenges internationally. This work proposes a novel approach for evaluating the status and trends of environmental challenges by employing targeted indicators. These indicators can be expanded to include social and economic dimensions, enabling decision-makers and stakeholders to prioritize actions towards urban sustainability.

Numerical analysis, design and application of a decentralized ventilation system with a heat recovery unit adapting to Nordic climates: A case study in Norway

This research investigated the energy efficiency of decentralized ventilation (DV) systems in cold weather conditions in comparison to centralized ventilation (CV) systems, focusing on three locations in Norway. The study found that DV systems with higher heat recovery unit (HRU) efficiency consumed less thermal and fan energy due to shorter air distribution pathways, utilizing a hybrid natural ventilation strategy in mild climates, and simpler space zoning for ventilation. This study proposes to determine a suitable ventilation system for adapting to cold climate. These methodologies are presented in three major parts: 1) ventilation energy demands of DV and CV systems in Norway, 2) performance of the heat recovery unit in the DV system, and 3) numerical analysis of the total ventilation energy demand of the DV system in cold climates using occupant ratio and existing measured data.The results showed specific time periods when it is ideal to use a fan-assisted NV system in cold climates, and in local conditions, 4–20% per year could benefit from a fan-assisted NV system using DV technology. A DV system with 0.7 HRU efficiency can save up to 14.5% of total HVAC energy compared to a CV system. The HRU heating efficiency played a crucial role in thermal ventilation energy demands in cold weather, while the cooling efficiency had no significant effect on energy demands. However, if a hydronic heating and cooling coil is added to the DV system, it consumes more than 9.08% of energy than using a pump. The energy-saving performance of the DV system decreases significantly if its HRU efficiency is below 50%, and there is no real advantage of using the DV system over the CV system in such cases. Nonetheless, the DV system can be utilized in various working conditions to conserve energy, such as different occupancy ratios, individual room space zoning, and indoor air pollution rates.

Configurations of Care Work: Fragile Partnerships in the Co-Production of Long-Term Care Services

Over the last decade, authorities in several Western countries have stated their ambitions to increase the share of volunteers contributing alongside professionals in the future long-term care (LTC) sector, but the introduction of volunteers as co-producers of care services is sparsely investigated. This article is based on an empirical case study in Norway and investigates how co-production is translated into practice in diverse settings. Our findings demonstrate that understandings of voluntary work were fragmented. Co-production appears as a fragile partnership with an unclear understanding of the roles, expectations, and opportunities among the various parties who had different purposes/agendas and limited knowledge. To successfully provide added value in coproducing care, agents need to understand the whole picture and context, and build a common understanding of ‘why’ coproduce.

Incorporating smell into children's museums: Insights from a case study in Norway

AbstractWe report on how we integrated smell into the classic children's story ‘The Three Little Pigs’ to enhance a public children's museum exhibition. The study employed Wenger's (1998) social theory of learning as its conceptual framework. It aimed to enhance children's sensory experience in a local Norwegian museum through a collaboration between academia and the industry. We used five abstract smells that were included in five wooden boxes and strategically placed around an adventure trail inside the museum (science factory). In this article, we reflect on the exhibition choices and findings, and recommendations for future children's exhibitions combining odors and narrative.

Renewable hydrogen and synthetic fuels versus fossil fuels for trucking, shipping and aviation: A holistic cost model

Potential carbon neutrality of the global trucking, shipping and aviation sectors by 2050 could be achieved by substituting fossil fuels with renewable hydrogen and synthetic fuels. To investigate the economic impact of fuel substitution over time, a holistic cost model is developed and applied to three case studies in Norway, an early adopter of carbon-neutral freight transport. The model covers the value chains from local electricity and fuel production (hydrogen, ammonia, Fischer–Tropsch e-fuel) to fuel consumption for long-haul trucking, short-sea shipping and mid-haul aviation. The estimates are internally consistent and allow cross-mode and cross-fuel comparisons that set this work apart from previous studies more narrowly focused on a given transport mode or fuel. The model contains 150 techno-economic parameters to identify which components along the value chains drive levelized costs. This paper finds a cost reduction potential for renewable fuels of 41% to 68% until 2050, but carbon-neutral transport will suffer asymmetric cost disadvantages. Fuel substitution is most expensive in short-sea shipping, followed by mid-haul aviation and long-haul trucking. Cost developments of electricity, direct air capture of carbon, vehicle expenses, and fuel-related payload losses are significant drivers.

Can an influential and responsible investor indeed be influential through responsible investments? Evidence from a $1 trillion fund

Via a case study of Norway’s sovereign wealth fund (GPFG), the world’s largest stockowner, we find that such a high-profile fund can immediately influence market prices through its ESG announcements. After assessing that the product or conduct of a portfolio constituent is in serious contravention of its ethical guidelines, the GPFG can divest from that firm or place it on an observation list and make after-the-fact public announcements. For both cases, we empirically investigate market reactions via the pricing and trading volume of the affected firms’ stocks. Our results show a robust and significant average abnormal return of −0.31% for the firms on the announcement date. To disentangle the price effects, we condition on the rationale of each announcement and demonstrate that it indeed plays a role. Specifically, firms announced for their conduct face a larger magnitude of price reaction than those announced for their product. We, however, find no evidence of any effect of the announcements on trading volume. Nevertheless, we find some evidence suggesting that higher trading volume and more recent announcements are associated with more negative abnormal returns.

Kindness in Architecture: The Multispecies Co-Living and Co-Design

The research’s main objective is to explore and encourage modes of architectural practice that can foster multispecies co-living to reduce biodiversity loss and increase the quality of life for both human and nonhuman inhabitants of architecture. This is achieved through conceptual discussions, comprehensive architectural case studies and work-based design explorations that support cross-species co-living in the context of Eastern Norway (Østlandet)—a geographical region of south-eastern Norway consisting of the counties Vestfold, Telemark, Viken, Oslo and Innlandet. A pluralistic method builds on analytical, critical and work-based explorative studies consisting of two parts: (a) historical and contemporary case studies in Norway that support modes of cross-species co-living and (b) design explorations by the second author investigating the operational potential of kindness in architecture. The notion of kindness in this research is built upon an understanding of the amalgam of concepts: solidarity, kinship and being kind, explained in the article’s introduction. The potential for designing with and for nonhumans to reinvigorate modes of co-living and support existing habitats is investigated, focusing on the ways three bird species relate to a specific building in Eastern Norway due to their habitat needs in the region: Cyanistes caeruleus, Eurasian blue tit (blåmeis in Norwegian); Passer montanus, Eurasian tree sparrow (pilfink in Norwegian); and Delichon urbicum, northern or common house martin (taksvale in Norwegian). The research contributes to ongoing discussions within architectural discourse regarding multispecies inhabitation and architecture’s role in the current biodiversity crisis and provides insight into both historical and contemporary/ongoing design solutions for multispecies co-living.

Counter-Revolutionary Strikebreaking in Interwar Europe, 1918–1929: The Role of Norway, Christopher Fougner, and Samfundshjelpen

ABSTRACT This article explores the Counter-Revolution beyond the violent paramilitary reaction in Central- and Eastern Europe in 1918–1921. To this end it looks at the case study of Norway, and the organization Samfundshjelpen (Society Aid). Norway is situated in the context of the broader upheaval the continent faced in the wake of the First World War and the Russian Revolution, highlighting that Scandinavia in no way comprised an isolated island immune from political developments in the rest of Europe. In 1920 Society Aid was founded with help from the state, an officer-led strikebreaking organization with a counter-revolutionary agenda. The model for this organization was the German Technische Nothilfe, a daughter organization of the Berlin Freikorps. These organizations quickly developed into a transnational strikebreaking network that comprised virtually every major country in Europe, with regular conferences, correspondence, and other exchanges. The Samfundshjelpen archive shows that its leading figure, Captain Christopher Fougner, played a dynamic role in this network, and helped transfer counter-revolutionary ideas, knowledge, techniques, and organizational forms to Norway and beyond. This reveals Norway played an unexpectedly prominent role in this hitherto unexplored part of the interwar Right, highlighting the importance of integrating regions like Scandinavia in European interwar political history.

Adaptive reuse of industrial heritage building – comparative life cycle assessment using a case study in Norway

Materials production dominates the total Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the construction industry. On the other hand, most existing building stocks are expected to last for the next 30 years, which can contribute to increasing resource efficiency, reducing environmental impact, and creating social, cultural, and economic values for society. Therefore, it becomes vital to investigate the environmental impacts of adaptive reuse of existing buildings using a life cycle approach. The objective of this study is to explore the environmental performance of adaptive reuse of an industrial heritage building compared to new construction using a life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The environmental impacts of the selected case study are evaluated using four scenarios, with two adaptive reuse scenarios, a warehouse or an office building and two new construction scenarios, a new warehouse or a new office building. One-Click LCA is used as an LCA tool, and the scenarios are compared by total carbon footprint, life cycle models, GHG emissions per building elements and material types. The results show that among the four scenarios, the adaptive to warehouse scenario is the best adaptation option with considerably lower environmental impact, followed by the adaptive office scenario. This paper highlights that adaptation of existing industrial heritage buildings, with the least materials replacement option, is worthwhile. The further evaluation needed for the study’s limitation is also highlighted for data efficiency and potential for further research.