Case Study Of Cameroon Research Articles

A Trivariate Causality Test: A Case Study in Cameroon

In this paper, we examine the causal relationship between diesel consumption, CO2 emissions and GDP in Cameroon during the period 1975-2008. Cointegration and vector error-correction modelling techniques are used in this study. ADF tests show that the series, after logarithmic transformation, are non-stationary and integrated of order one.This study finds the presence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between the variables. The results of the Granger-causality tests for time series have been estimated.

Multimycotoxin analysis in urines to assess infant exposure: A case study in Cameroon

This study was conducted to investigate mycotoxin exposure in children (n=220, aged 1.5–4.5years) from high mycotoxin contamination regions of Cameroon and to examine the association between the mycotoxin levels (in total 18 analytes) and several socio-demographic factors and anthropometric characteristics. A cross-sectional study was conducted in six villages in Cameroon with 220 children. Mycotoxins and their metabolites were detected in 160/220 (73%) urine samples.There were significant differences in the mean contamination levels of ochratoxin A (p=0.01) and β-zearalenol (p=0.017) between the two agro-ecological zones investigated. Likewise significant differences were observed in the mean levels of aflatoxin M1 (p=0.001) across the weaning categories of these children. The mean concentration of aflatoxin M1 detected in the urine of the partially breastfed children (1.43ng/mL) was significantly higher (p=0.001) than those of the fully weaned children (0.282ng/mL).Meanwhile, the mean concentrations of deoxynivalenol (3.0ng/mL) and fumonisin B1 (0.59ng/mL) detected in the urine of the male children was significantly (p value 0.021 for deoxynivalenol and 0.004 for fumonisin B1) different from the levels detected in the urine of female children; 0.71ng/mL and 0.01ng/mL for deoxynivalenol and fumonisin B1 respectively. In this study, there was no association between the different malnutrition categories (stunted, wasting and underweight) and the mycotoxin concentrations detected in the urine of these children.However, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that children in Cameroon under the age 5 are exposed to high levels of carcinogenic substances such as fumonisin B1, aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A through breastfeeding. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of its kind carried out in West Africa to determine multi-mycotoxin exposure in infants.

‘With a Friend like this . . .’: Shielding Cameroon from Democratization

The following paper uses the case-study of Cameroon to examine how critical donors can shield their close allies from pressure to pursue political liberalization. As the wave of democratic reform swept through Africa in the early 1990s, similar to that going through North Africa and the Middle East today, domestic opposition pushed the ruling clique in Cameroon towards pluralism. However, in this case, instead of encouraging democracy, France helped President Paul Biya to maintain his grip on power. As will be demonstrated, massive amounts of French aid helped the regime survive both internal and external pressure for change. Under a political conditionality approach other secondary donors tried to use their foreign assistance to help push for liberal-democratic reforms in Cameroon. However, such efforts are frequently undermined by what the donor perceives as its self-interest. This research attempts to illustrate this general point by examining the relationship between Cameroon and France and the maintenance of authoritarianism in the defense of common interests.

Social influence and leadership in the present context of personnel management. Case study in Cameroon

Dans le contexte actuel de direction des personnes, la bonne articulation de l’influence sociale et du leadership constitue un véritable défi à relever. Partagées entre la rupture d’avec les modes de management classiques et la fidélité au management traditionnel, les organisations se trouvent de plus en plus insérées dans un champ où s’expriment diverses rationalités toujours plus complexes. Les modes d’exercice du leadership semblent en fait subir l’influence de l’environnement social et culturel dans lequel ils s’expriment, ce qui consacre un certain relativisme qui vise à recommander désormais un ré-encastrement social du leadership. Les enjeux actuels de la direction des personnes placent les organisations au cœur d’une remise en question nécessaire, du moment où les valeurs de la démocratie semblent orienter les problématiques actuelles. Dès lors, une redéfinition de l’influence sociale et du leadership, qui tienne compte des élaborations théoriques et des constations empiriques s’impose, en vue de déboucher sur une culture d’entreprise négociée qui rende plus réelle l’optimisation du capital humain.

Improving the Quality of Service Delivery in a Public Service Workflow Based on the Ant Theory: A Case Study in Cameroon

AbstractIn this paper, we draw on Ant theory to define a protocol dealing with load balancing between employees for an efficient management of available human resources in the public sector in developing countries in order to achieve a better quality of service management. Throughout the definition of the protocol, we present an illustrative example in the Ministry of Public Service and Administrative Reform (MPSAR) in Cameroon. The paper ends by highlighting the improvement observed in the civil servants’ file processing workflows at MPSAR in terms of the number of files processed before and after the introduction of the protocol. The paper also ends by pointing out that the defined protocol can be used by various human resource managers of organizations in developing countries to better manage their employees.

An emerging donor in education and development: A case study of China in Cameroon

This paper analyzes China's new approaches of education aid to Africa through a case study of Cameroon. China's cooperation has been characterized by different discourses and different historic relationships with recipient countries than those of traditional donors. Sino-African policies have gone through different stages, each connected to wider political and economic realities. Currently, a broadening of China's engagement with Africa can be noticed through increasing aid packages and the inclusion of African countries other than those that had traditionally been close to China. Cameroon has been one of the countries that have had a relatively extended cooperation with China. Four types of Chinese education aid to Africa are illustrated by this paper: (i) Confucius Institutes, which are providing language and culture-related training in host countries; (ii) longer term scholarships and short-term training for Africans in China; (iii) school construction; and (iv) stand-alone education projects. By analyzing how these three different types of aid are taking place in Cameroon, various and apparently contradictory strategies and discourses materialize.

Contemporary Matriarchies in Cameroonian Francophone Literature: “On est ensemble,”by Cheryl Toman, andLegal Oppositional Narrative: A Case Study in Cameroon, by Stephen L. Bishop

<i>Contemporary Matriarchies in Cameroonian Francophone Literature: “On est ensemble,”</i>by Cheryl Toman, and<i>Legal Oppositional Narrative: A Case Study in Cameroon</i>, by Stephen L. Bishop

Willingness to pay for treatment with highly active antiretroviral (HAART) drugs: a rural case study in Cameroon

This paper reports on the willingness of HIV/AIDS patients to pay for the most affordable triple therapy combination of antiretrovirals in a local setting in Cameroon. Questionnaires were used to evaluate willingness to pay, and patients who could still afford their medication 6 months after the survey were also investigated, to give an indication of actual ability to pay. In addition, oral interviews were carried out for clarification. In all, 84 patients out of a total of 186 were involved in the study. Results indicated that more men (39%) were willing to pay than women (22%), although more women (56%) were afflicted than men. Willingness to pay was directly dependent on cost with 69%, 22% and 9% of respondents indicating willingness to pay $1, $2 and $3 a day respectively. After 6 months of treatment, 22% of patients were still on therapy. A majority of patients stopped taking the drugs after 6 months due to financial constraints. Apart from cost, stigma, disbelief and side-effects of medication were found to be the main factors militating against willingness to pay. Improved counselling and provision of information, reduced cost of drugs including laboratory tests, and destigmatisation programmes are recommended to improve patients' ability to pay for antiretrovirals.

Digital Libraries in the Central African Sub-region: A Case Study of Cameroon

Valuable research is being carried out in the developing countries but researchers are hampered by not being able to access, use, and share essential scientific information. Nurturing a capability for creating local information collections is an effective strategy for sustained long-term human development as knowledge fostering cultural and scientific exchange can be assembled, thus increasing international understanding. Digitization offers the promise of increasing access to resources while preserving the original information. Digital libraries provide access to an integrated collection of print, electronic, and multimedia resources delivered seamlessly and transparently to users regardless of their physical location or the location and ownership of the information. This paper looks at the current state and future perspective of digital libraries in Cameroon, which is a reflection of the situation in the Central African sub-region where she is the leading nation. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of digitization and proposes an urgent overhauling of the information infrastructure to lay down the basis of knowledge acquisition, storage, transfer, and management; else the notion of digital libraries will continue to be a myth. We need to start now to begin our journey on this revolutionary and evolutionary path toward this future learning environment.

Digital Libraries in the Central African Sub-region: A Case Study of Cameroon

Valuable research is being carried out in the developing countries but researchers are hampered by not being able to access, use, and share essential scientific information. Nurturing a capability for creating local information collections is an effective strategy for sustained long-term human development as knowledge fostering cultural and scientific exchange can be assembled, thus increasing international understanding. Digitization offers the promise of increasing access to resources while preserving the original information. Digital libraries provide access to an integrated collection of print, electronic, and multimedia resources delivered seamlessly and transparently to users regardless of their physical location or the location and ownership of the information.This paper looks at the current state and future perspective of digital libraries in Cameroon, which is a reflection of the situation in the Central African sub-region where she is the leading nation. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of digitization and proposes an urgent overhauling of the information infrastructure to lay down the basis of knowledge acquisition, storage, transfer, and management; else the notion of digital libraries will continue to be a myth. We need to start now to begin our journey on this revolutionary and evolutionary path toward this future learning environment.

Performance characteristics of lateritic soil bricks fired at low temperatures: a case study of Cameroon

This work represents an effort to study the improvement of physical and mechanical properties of some Cameroonian lateritic soil bricks by stabilization through heat (at very low temperatures), with a view to finding their suitability for the construction of walls of simple houses. Contrary to previous studies which were focused on stabilization with additives (lime, cement, bentonite, etc.), no admixture is used here. The effect of homogenization obtained by crushing raw materials to reduce particle size, the cohesion of clay present in raw materials and the cementitious binder resulting from the transformation of some mineral phases at low temperatures have been exploited. The laboratory test results are promising.

The peopling of Sub-Saharan Africa: The case study of Cameroon

The peopling of Sub-Saharan Africa: The case study of Cameroon

The peopling of sub-Saharan Africa: the case study of Cameroon.

This study analyzes the distribution of ten protein genetic polymorphisms in eighteen populations from the most densely inhabited areas of Cameroon. The languages spoken belong to three different linguistic families [Afro-Asiatic (AA), Nilo-Saharan (NS) and Niger-Kordofanian (NK)]. The analysis of variation of allele frequencies indicates that the level of genetic interpopulation differentiation is rather low (F(st) = 0.011 +/- 0.006) but statistically significant (p < 0.001). This result is not unexpected because of the relatively small geographic area covered by our survey. This value is also significantly lower than the one estimated for other groups of African populations. Among the factors responsible for this, we discuss the possible role of gene flow. There is a considerable genetic differentiation among the AA populations of north Cameroon as is to be expected because they all originated from the first agriculturists of the farming "savanna complex." The Podowko and Uldeme are considerably different from all the other AA groups, probably due to the combined effect of genetic drift and isolation. In the case of the Wandala and Massa, our analyses suggest that genetic admixture with allogeneous groups (especially with the Kanuri) played an important role in determining their genetic differentiation from other AA speaking groups. The Bantu speaking populations (Bakaka, Bamileke Bassa and Ewondo, NK family, Benué Congo subfamily) settled in western and southern Cameroon are more tightly clustered than AA speaking groups. This result shows that the linguistic affinity among these four populations coincides with a substantial genetic similarity despite their different origin. Finally, the Fulbe are genetically distinct from all the populations that belong to their same linguistic phylum (NK), and closer to the neighboring Fali and Tupuri, eastern Adamawa speaking groups of north Cameroon.

The Absence of National Languages in Education and Its Consequences: A Case Study of Cameroon

The Absence of National Languages in Education and Its Consequences: A Case Study of Cameroon

Vulnerability of forest resources to global climate change: case study of Cameroon and Ghana

Vulnerability of forest resources to global climate change: case study of Cameroon and Ghana

A rapid mapping technique for the prevalence and distribution of onchocerciasis: a Cameroon case study.

A rapid and cheap method for mapping the endemicity levels of onchocerciasis in both forest and savanna areas, where the vectors are members of the Simulium damnosum complex, is described. The selection of the study communities is based on a general understanding of the vectors' ecology and biassed towards those at highest risk of onchocerciasis, although there must be adequate geographical coverage. In a case study in Cameroon, prevalences were determined, using the non-invasive nodule palpation technique, in samples, each of 30-50 adult males, from 49 villages in six study areas in Cameroon. The method proved effective in the rapid mapping of onchocerciasis distribution in all areas studied, in which the distribution patterns varied from the classical linear to diffuse, and in one area with an anomalous distribution. The method should prove of value in the design of national onchocerciasis control programmes.

People's participation in environmental projects in developing countries

This paper presents a number of lessons learnt about people's participation in environmental projects. As analytical tools five dimensions of participation are distinguished. These dimensions are: social reach, functional reach, decision power, direction of participation and motivation of participants. On the basis of a case study in Cameroon, it is shown how the long-term success of a centralistic conservation project is threatened by a situation of conflict between people and nature, resulting from the same project. Two cases of participatory approaches of conservation and development in Kenya and India are described and 12 lessons are presented. Nature conservation can be successfully combined with the provision of benefits for local communities, however, only if certain conditions are met. Agreements between government and local communities should be jointly designed with the participation of direct users of resources (social reach) and providing them with sufficient decision power and responsibilities to manage their resources sustainably (functional reach). This often requires a decentralization of present management responsibilities. Social control mechanisms may encourage local people to respect resource use restrictions. In the case study in India this is referred to as “social fencing”. The motivation of participants is a crucial factor for the success of social fencing. It appeared to work in India on the condition that local people had been able to participate from the start in the design of agreements and on the condition that a more equal reallocation of exploitation rights had been established.

Social Class and Academic Performance: A Cameroon Case Study

The debate over educational selectivity in Africa has so far been inconclusive as regards identifying a definite tendency toward the emergence of a class-based selection system.' One reason for this inconclusiveness lies in the preference researchers exhibit for studying secondary school and university students over primary pupils. By concentrating on the very few who have survived the selection process we ignore the major features of that process, namely, variations in access to primary school, take-up and dropout rates, and secondary school entrance examination performance. The growth of primary enrollment levels in Africa makes the transition from primary to secondary school increasingly central in the selection process. A major piece of research in this area found that, in Uganda, the highest levels of performance in the secondary school entrance examination were among pupils from the least developed, traditionally oriented rural areas.2 Studies of examination performance at the secondary level have shown similar correlations in the unexpected direction.3 Such findings have led observers to conclude that class subcultures which might