Case Study Of Tanzania Research Articles

Science, Technology, and the Politics of Knowledge: The Case of China’s Agricultural Technology Demonstration Centers in Africa

Summary Agricultural Technology Demonstration Centre (ATDC) has been considered as an alternative model to pursue sustainability of Chinese foreign aid to African countries in the new era. This paper attempts to examine the ATDC scheme, particularly focus on the knowledge construction at macro level of design and the knowledge encounter at micro level of daily operation based on the case studies in Tanzania, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique. Our study finds multiple facets of the ATDC, i.e., the cleavage between the macro-level of policy design and micro level of implementation realities; the interplay between knowledge and politics, and appearance of possible alternative development pathways stimulated by ATDCs in African countries. The paper argues that even though the ATDC is a technology-centered scheme, it is inevitably a social and political process in implementation, resulting in the discontinuity of the policy results. With a whole set of ideas and imaginaries being delivered, frustrated, and negotiated, the ATDC creates a very different vision to the established CG system, or the western bilateral aid programs. As an embodiment of a “traveling technocratic rationality”, the ATDCs are important sites for negotiations over knowledge and politics, and the meanings of aid, investment, and development, as part of the wider playing out of China’s engagement in Africa.

E-commerce applications in the tourism industry: A Tanzania case study

Tourism which is regarded as information intensive sector is the mostly affected sector by technology revolution and its traditional trading structures have been totally changed. The adoption and use of e-commerce in tourism sector is regarded as a tool to widen market reach and improve efficiency and effectiveness of business operations. The degree of impact of e-commerce use on business performance depends on the intensity of its usage in organization’s key value-chain activities. However, the intensity of e-commerce use is influenced by technological, organizational and environmental (TOE) contextual factors. Based on TOE model and the existing literature on post-adoption use of e-commerce, a set of factors that affect the intensity of e-commerce use in Tanzanian tourism sector was identified. A survey was conducted with 181Tanzanian tourism firms that have already adopted e-commerce and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. The findings indicated that the scope of e-commerce use has a positive impact on business performance in terms of improved internal processes, competitive position, customer service delivery, overall business performance and increased customer base. The scope of e-commerce use is affected positively by pressure intensity and perceived benefits and negatively by barriers to e-commerce use. The findings have highlighted key areas that require immediate actions from both the government and private sector in order to promote a successful growth of e commerce in the country.

E-Commerce Trend in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Tanzania

As the World Wide Web (www) has grown so is the number of eCommerce merchants has also grown. As there are some very well-known and high profile eCommerce success stories so are many, many failures. The Internet has become an important channel for business success, and as such it is becoming the channel for communications and transactions. This has led to growth in eCommerce; and as this has grown so has the concerns about security. Often said security and trust are main reasons for consumers not purchasing from internet. Unlike traditional commerce absence of physical clues and physical interaction in the online environment make it more difficulties to establish trust with the consumers. Hence it more important for online venders to learn how to manage customer‟s trust in eCommerce. Although creating a customer‟s trust on online is a challenge for most eCommerce companies. This paper presents the results of the initial work of the study on A Novel framework for Assuring Secure eCommerce Transactions in developing countries with Tanzania as a case study.

Potential of household environmental resources and practices in eliminating residual malaria transmission: a case study of Tanzania, Burundi, Malawi and Liberia.

The increasing protection gaps of insecticide-treated nets and indoor-residual spraying methods against malaria have led to an emergence of residual transmission in sub-Saharan Africa and thus, supplementary strategies to control mosquitoes are urgently required. To assess household environmental resources and practices that increase or reduce malaria risk among children under-five years of age in order to identify those aspects that can be adopted to control residual transmission. Household environmental resources, practices and malaria test results were extracted from Malaria Indicators Survey datasets for Tanzania, Burundi, Malawi and Liberia with 16,747 children from 11,469 households utilised in the analysis. Logistic regressions were performed to quantify the contribution of each factor to malaria occurrence. Cattle rearing reduced malaria risk between 26%-49% while rearing goats increased the risk between 26%-32%. All piped-water systems reduced malaria risk between 30%-87% (Tanzania), 48%-95% (Burundi), 67%-77% (Malawi) and 58%-73 (Liberia). Flush toilets reduced malaria risk between 47%-96%. Protected-wells increased malaria risk between 19%-44%. Interestingly, boreholes increased malaria risk between 19%-75%. Charcoal use reduced malaria risk between 11%-49%. Vector control options for tackling mosquitoes were revealed based on their risk levels. These included cattle rearing, installation of piped-water systems and flush toilets as well as use of smokeless fuels.

Road Safety and Pavement Management: a case study of Tanzania

The implementation of pavement management seems to ignore road safety, with its focus being mainly on infrastructure condition. Safety management as part of pavement management should consider various means of reducing the frequency of vehicle crashes by allocating corrective measures to mitigate accident exposure, as well as reduce accident severity and likelihood. However, it is common that lack of accident records and crash contributing factors impedes incorporating safety into pavement management. This paper presents a case study for the initial development of pavement management systems considering data limitations for 3000 km of Tanzania’s national roads. A performance based optimization utilizes indices for safety and surface condition to allocate corrective measures. A modified Pareto analysis capable of accounting for annual performance and of balancing resources to achieve good surface condition and low levels of safety was applied. Tradeoff analysis for the case study found the need to assign 30% relevance to condition and 70% to road safety. Safety and condition deficiencies were corrected within 5 years with the majority of improvements dedicated to surface treatments and some geometric corrections. Large investments for correcting geo-metric issues were observed in years two and three if more money was made available.

Mobile Phone Based RIMS for Traffic Control a Case Study of Tanzania

Vehicles saturation in transportation infrastructure causes traffic congestion, accidents, transportation delays and environment pollution. This problem can be resolved with proper management of traffic flow. Existing traffic management systems are challenged on capturing and processing real-time road data from wide area road networks. The main purpose of this study is to address the gap by implementing a mobile phone based Road Information Management System. The proposed system integrates three modules for data collection, storage and information dissemination. The modules works together to enable real-time traffic control. Disseminated information from the system, enables road users to adjust their travelling habit, also it allows the traffic lights to control the traffic in relation to the real-time situation occurring on the road. In this paper the system implementation and testing was performed. The results indicated that there is a possibility to track traffic data using Global Positioning System enabled mobile phones, and after processing the collected data, real-time traffic status was displayed on web interface. This enabled road users to know in advance the situation occurring on the roads and hence make proper travelling decision. Further research should consider adjusting the traffic lights control system to understand the disseminated real-time traffic information.

EHealth Strategy Development: A Case Study in Tanzania

Many developing countries have used different frameworks, some ad hoc and some more formal, to develop their national eHealth strategies. There is increasing interest in eHealth strategy in developing countries, as well as a move to a more integrated and less fragmented set of eHealth solutions that contribute to health objectives and outcomes. Developing a national eHealth Strategy from the national health sector priorities should lead to implementation of sustainable eHealth solutions. Some existing frameworks for developing national eHealth strategies can be difficult to implement effectively. This paper presents how an alternative country eHealth Strategy framework was applied in Tanzania to develop the Tanzania eHealth Strategy 2013–2018. This alternative framework begins with reviewing Tanzania’s Health Sector Strategic Plan III (2009–2015) priorities and goals, from which the eHealth strategy’s priorities and goals are developed. The process is informed by the current state of eHealth and the proposed future state of eHealth. It defines the vision, mission, and guiding principles, well-defined strategic objectives and actions, a high-level roadmap, and an appropriate monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework. The application of this alternative eHealth strategy development framework is based on theories of business process re-engineering, strategy development, and complex systems analysis.

From ‘criminals of the earth’ to ‘stewards of the environment’: The social and environmental justice of Fair Trade gold

The recent emergence of the Fairtrade certification of gold in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa promises a radical new direction for the environmental governance of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM). In doing so, it aims to tackle the longstanding environment and development challenges of the sector which mainstream policy has failed to alleviate. The move towards more responsible ASM practices is premised on the strategic deployment of a Fair Trade discourse that argues for its operators to be recognized not as criminals, but as valued and formalized parts of their broader economies. It is argued in this paper that this development intervention should be read within a social and environmental justice framework, one which directly answers the call from political geography for ‘compelling accounts’ of positive representations of the sector.Through a discourse analysis of 10years of media reports, interviews and recorded life histories of key ASM and Fair Trade stakeholders in Tanzania, it shows how three strands of justice (conceptualized in terms of fairer distribution, procedure and recognition) are articulated by the Fair Trade gold movement and critically assesses the politics behind such a deliberate strategy. In particular, it argues that recognition is a key part of justice that has been underplayed by erstwhile analyses of Fair Trade. Through a case study of Tanzania, it is concluded that although significant progress has been made in terms of arguing for greater recognition for ASM operators, there remains a need to better link discourse with practice in establishing greater distributional justice.

Towards automated road information framework a case study of Tanzania

Abstract Traffic congestion problem has been noticed to have a serious impact on the economy of the country in terms of time wastage, energy consumption costs, human loss and environmental effects. Different strategies have been used so far all over the world as shown in the literature review. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is a multi-technology approach that can help to handle the issues and create a complete congestion reduction framework. This paper presents a case study for implementing automated road management system using networks in Tanzania, where three cities highly affected by traffic congestion have been studied. Study results show that these cities have not yet implemented new technologies in road traffic management; instead the traffic is controlled using traffic police officers and traffic lights only. The traffic lights use an old technology that cannot manage traffic in relation to the real-time situations. This study proposes components for a framework, which will assist automation in road traffic management. From the review of various existing ITS of which Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) and Advanced Travel Information System (ATIS) are subsystems, we have identified the possibility to integrate the two sub-systems within the framework. Three-phase traffic theory has been referred, FOTO and ASDA models are applied to the automatic recognition and tracking of congested spatiotemporal traffic patterns on roads.

Insecticide resistance mechanisms associated with different environments in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae: a case study in Tanzania.

BackgroundResistance of mosquitoes to insecticides is a growing concern in Africa. Since only a few insecticides are used for public health and limited development of new molecules is expected in the next decade, maintaining the efficacy of control programmes mostly relies on resistance management strategies. Developing such strategies requires a deep understanding of factors influencing resistance together with characterizing the mechanisms involved. Among factors likely to influence insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, agriculture and urbanization have been implicated but rarely studied in detail. The present study aimed at comparing insecticide resistance levels and associated mechanisms across multiple Anopheles gambiae sensu lato populations from different environments.MethodsNine populations were sampled in three areas of Tanzania showing contrasting agriculture activity, urbanization and usage of insecticides for vector control. Insecticide resistance levels were measured in larvae and adults through bioassays with deltamethrin, DDT and bendiocarb. The distribution of An. gambiae sub-species and pyrethroid target-site mutations (kdr) were investigated using molecular assays. A microarray approach was used for identifying transcription level variations associated to different environments and insecticide resistance.ResultsElevated resistance levels to deltamethrin and DDT were identified in agriculture and urban areas as compared to the susceptible strain Kisumu. A significant correlation was found between adult deltamethrin resistance and agriculture activity. The subspecies Anopheles arabiensis was predominant with only few An. gambiae sensu stricto identified in the urban area of Dar es Salaam. The L1014S kdr mutation was detected at elevated frequency in An gambiae s.s. in the urban area but remains sporadic in An. arabiensis specimens. Microarrays identified 416 transcripts differentially expressed in any area versus the susceptible reference strain and supported the impact of agriculture on resistance mechanisms with multiple genes encoding pesticide targets, detoxification enzymes and proteins linked to neurotransmitter activity affected. In contrast, resistance mechanisms found in the urban area appeared more specific and more related to the use of insecticides for vector control.ConclusionsOverall, this study confirmed the role of the environment in shaping insecticide resistance in mosquitoes with a major impact of agriculture activities. Results are discussed in relation to resistance mechanisms and the optimization of resistance management strategies.

Auditing Practices and Organizational Efficiency in Local Government Authorities: A Case Study of Tanzania

The study investigated and adds to our understanding of auditing practices and their contributions towards organizational efficiency in the context of Local Government Authorities (LGAs) in emerging and less developed countries. The research explored the manner and extent to which auditing practices interact in a multiple stakeholder scenario. The research was conducted in four local government authorities in Tanzania. The findings of this research revealed that there was a Wrestling for internal efficiency in the LGAs. Wrestling for internal efficiency is a product of the perceived dream of having LGAs which are efficient, effective, transparent and accountable. Despite a persistent decline in the performance of the LGAs, various LGAs’ actors believed that effective LGAs could be attained if the internal actors in LGAs played their parts effectively and efficiently. The study contributes to the existing debate posed by Power (1994) about whether audits can deliver what they promise in the form of greater accountability, efficiency or quality, or whether they, in fact, fuel the problems? In addition, the study provides practical evidence about how auditing can be used as an instrument to foster organizational efficiency. From the substantive theory of wrestling for internal efficiency, it was observed that auditing has a substantial role to play in achieving organizational efficiency. For example, the research uncovered that audit has increased interactions among actors, through participatory audits and the use of audit reports by various stakeholders. It was also revealed that in the LGAs, auditing was found to be a catalyst for a number of reforms and measures introduced by the Central Government, including migrating to the use of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSASs) and the appointment of an Internal Auditor General in Tanzania. Furthermore, the external overseeing bodies, particularly the Local Authorities Accounting Committee (LAAC) and the External Auditor, emerged as the most useful overseeing bodies to make the LGAs’ actors perform. The close relationship between the LAAC’s and the External Auditor’s functions were found to increase Executives’ accountability in the LGAs.

The Two‐Tier Bargaining Model Revisited: Theory and Evidence from China's Natural Resource Investments in Africa

In recent years, foreign direct investment (FDI) in natural resource industries by Chinese firms in Africa has increased rapidly. The strategic importance of the natural resource sector to host country governments produces considerable bargaining over entry and operating terms, with attendant political risks. Using case studies in Tanzania, we find that the Chinese government and firms engage in a bargaining model different from traditional models. Specifically, they engage in a modified one‐tier bargaining model in which the Chinese government represents the collective interests of Chinese natural resource firms to negotiate with the host country government. In exchange for investment deals in the natural resource sector, the Chinese government offers a package with loans that support multiple‐purpose development projects in various sectors, with a focus on infrastructure. Chinese firms act as a group to fulfill the Chinese government's commitments to the host country government. We discuss the boundary conditions for this Chinese‐style bargaining model and its relationship to political risk. We conclude that the Chinese model has unique elements, although they are likely limited to resource investments in developing countries.

Party matters: the institutional origins of competitive hegemony in Tanzania

Electoral authoritarianism has emerged as a primary mode of authoritarian rule in the post-Cold War era. It is also a notably heterogeneous phenomenon, in terms of both its impact upon incumbents and the quality of contestation. This article investigates a specific type of electoral authoritarian outcome, a competitive hegemony. In competitive hegemonies regimes are able to dominate elections by large vote margins, but with comparatively much lower levels of electoral fraud and coercion. Using a case study of Tanzania and its ruling party Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), this article argues that distinct investments made under single-party rule into party institutionalization and the incorporation of subsistence-based peasants provided CCM with additional sources of elite cohesion, strong mobilization capacity, and therefore greater stability. The article shows how during multiparty elections elite defection has in fact been minimal, and voting patterns largely coincide with infrastructural investments made as part of Tanzania's socialist development programme, ujamaa. Moreover, while Tanzania's opposition parties have made important strides in recent years in terms of institutionalization, they are still precluded from competing effectively in large portions of the country where demand for new parties is low.

Analysis of the Determinants of Trade Balance: Case Study of Tanzania

The study focuses on the Analysis of the Main determinants that have an impact on trade balance. Specifically this study focus on the main cause of Trade deficit in Tanzania by analyzing the impact of Foreign Direct Investment(FDI),Human Capital Development(HCD),Household Consumption Expenditure(HCEXP), Government Expenditure (GEXP),Inflation (INF),Natural Resources Availability (NRA),Real Exchange Rate (REX) and Foreign Income(WY) and Trade Liberization (TLB) etc.In this study The Ordinary Least Square method (OLS) under the E-View 7.1 software has been used for the econometric analysis with a sample period spanning from 1980-2012. The literature reviews of the previous researchers have the mixed results on the factors in questions. However this study tried to use more variables that have rarely been explored specifically in Tanzania and found out that the main influencing factors for the case of Tanzania are Foreign Direct Investment(FDI),Human Capital Development (HCD),Household Consumption Expenditure(HCEXP), Government Expenditure (GEXP),Inflation (INF),Natural Resources Availability (NRA),Foreign Income(WY) and Trade Liberization(TLB) so suggested policy measures should focus on them to reduce the trade deficit in the Tanzanian economy.

Lessons Learned From A Decade Of Partnership Between PEPFAR And The Global Fund: A Case Study From Tanzania

The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief was intended to be complementary to existing US work to fight HIV/AIDS through the broader multilateral efforts of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria. This article explores the history of this collaboration, highlighting lessons learned through a case study of Tanzania and challenges overcome through ongoing improvements, such as ensuring reliable access to antiretroviral drugs. Improved communication and a more formalized partnership between PEPFAR's bilateral efforts and the Global Fund have been key to improving health outcomes in Tanzania, and this case can be used as a model for other countries. If PEPFAR is reauthorized in 2013, its partnership with the Global Fund should be further formalized and expanded.

Implementing a global fund for feed-in tariffs in developing countries: A case study of Tanzania

Feed-in tariffs are the world’s most prevalent renewable energy policy and have driven approximately 75% of the world’s installed PV capacity and 45% of the world’s wind energy capacity. Although approximately 28 developing countries have enacted national feed-in tariffs, market growth in developing countries has been slow because of a range of technical, regulatory, and financial barriers. This paper uses the Global Energy Transfer Feed-in Tariff (GET FiT) concept to explore potential international support for renewable energy in developing countries. This paper reviews the GET FiT concept and discusses the key mitigation strategies that it proposes to employ. The paper also provides a short case study of how GET FiT might be targeted to support a feed-in tariff policy in a specific developing country, Tanzania.

Decoupled Implementation of New-Wave Land Reforms: Decentralisation and Local Governance of Land in Tanzania

Decentralisation is a key element in the new wave of land reforms that have been introduced in sub-Saharan Africa. However, not much research has been carried out into their implementation at the local level. Consequently, reforms are described in old-fashioned terms. Through comparative case studies in Tanzania, this article unpacks implementation as a process consisting of multiple administrative layers and potential actors. It concludes that implementation is slow and uneven due to the decoupling of layers within the formal land administration. Greater attention should be directed towards the local level as a part of the land administration structure.

Trends in Immunization Completion and Disparities in the Context of Health Reforms: The case study of Tanzania

BackgroundOf global concern is the decline in under five children mortality which has reversed in some countries in sub Saharan Africa (SSA) since the early 1990 s which could be due to disparities in access to preventive services including immunization. This paper is aimed at determining the trend in disparities in completion of immunization using Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS).MethodsDHS studies randomly selected representative households from all regions in Tanzania since 1980 s, is repeated every five years in the same enumeration areas. The last three data sets (1990, 1996 and 2004) were downloaded and analyzed using STATA 9.0. The analysis included all children of between 12-23 months who would have completed all vaccinations required at 12 months.ResultsAcross the time periods 1990, 1996 to 2004/05 the percentage of children completing vaccination was similar (71.0% in 1990, 72.7% in 1996 and 72.3% in 2005). There was no disparity in completion of immunization with wealth strata in 1990 and 1996 (p > 0.05) but not 2004. In 2004/05 there was marked disparity as most poor experienced significant decline in immunization completion while the least poor had significant increase (p < 0.001). All three periods children from households whose head had low education were less likely to complete immunization (p < 0.01).ConclusionEquity that existed in 1990 and more pronounced in 1996 regressed to inequity in 2005, thus though at national level immunization coverage did not change, but at sub-group there was significant disparity associated with the changing contexts and reforms. To address sub-group disparities in immunization it is recommended to adopt strategies focused at governance and health system to reach all population groups and most poor.

Indian Generics Producers, Access to Essential Medicines and Local Production in Africa: An Argument with Reference to Tanzania

Much analysis of the supply chain for essential medicines to Africa assumes broad sustainability of low-cost generics supply from Indian manufacturers. We use Indian data and interviews to question this assumption. In a case study of Tanzania, we then argue for the necessity and feasibility of enhanced local production of essential medicines. We identify key industrial policy interventions, including industrial protection and active government purchasing; public goods including legislative and regulatory frameworks and training; and encouragement and facilitation of joint ventures. We show that a basis has been laid for these activities, and identify the urgency and difficulty of the policy challenge. There are lessons for the Tanzanian case from Indian industrial history, and policy space is provided by Tanzania's Least Developed Country status. Industrial and health policy can be further integrated to the benefit of Tanzania's citizens. The Tanzanian case has broader implications for African policymakers.

Child labour in the Era of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: A case study of Tanzania

Exploitation of child labour is an endemic problem in sub-Saharan Africa. The situation is increasingly worsening due to increasing poverty and HIV/AIDS. We carried out a study to understand how the AIDS epidemic facilitates the presence of child labour in Iringa Rural District in Tanzania. The findings revealed that children opt for early participation in the labour force due to the ever-increasing poverty existing at their household level. There is a correlation between poverty and HIV/AIDS in general, and particularly between HIV/AIDS and the poor socio-economic condition of orphans. Current interventions to stop child labour do not yield good results because of low level of awareness on child labour issues at village levels. The government and its partners, such as ILO, should improve the coordination between the district and the communities (villages) in order to make sure that communities at the village level are reached and assisted. Furthermore, reducing rural poverty is imperative if child labour is to be eliminated.