Cases Of PID Research Articles

Application of Fractional-order PID controllers in a Greenhouse Climate Control System

A model-based Fractional Order Proportional-Integral-Derivative (FOPID) control design method is applied to a multivariable greenhouse climate control system. A multivariable transfer function model of the greenhouse system, obtained via model Identification experiment, provides plant’s model information for control design. The fractional controller is tuned using the conventional Biggest Log-modulus Tuning (BLT) method associated with integer order PID controllers. However, unlike the conventional PID case, the controller gains are first computed using internal model control design procedure. This produces preliminary values of controller parameters. The FOPID controller gains are further tuned using a single detuning factor (F) until a biggest log modulus of 2N dB is obtained where N is the number of loops in the MIMO system. Simulation studies, using MATLAB and Simulink, show that good compromise between performance and robustness is achievable for both temperature and humidity regulation in a greenhouse control application.

Influential Factors in Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Prevalence Among Sexually Active Women at Kampala International University-Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda

PID is a significant public health issue among sexually active women, with silent PID being a major diagnostic and treatment challenge. A 2008 study estimated an average direct medical cost of $3,202 per case of PID. A quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted to assess the factors influencing the prevalence of PID among sexually active women attending OBS/GYN clinics at KIU-TH. The study found that 45.6% of sexually active women at KIU-TH had PID, with 80.6% having their first intercourse at 18 years of age, 19.4% starting between 15-18 years, and 90.6% preferring pills or withdrawal for contraception. 51.9% attended government healthcare, while 56.2% used government facilities. Most PID patients reached within one hour or less than 30 minutes. Only 38.7% could meet their bills without insurance. Most patients agreed that health sensitization is essential, and 96.9% received counseling and professional advice. 62.5% of PID affected women were under 35 years old, 35.5% were unemployed, and 59.3% earned ≤50,000/= and had secondary education. The prevalence of PID among sexually active women at KIUTH is 45.6%. Keywords: prevalence, pelvic inflammatory disease, sexually active women

National Surveillance of Poliovirus Excretion among Children with Primary Immune Deficiency in Pakistan & Assessment of Sensitivity of JMF Signs for Screening of Suspected PID Children (2018-To Date)

Background and objectivesPolio is an infectious viral disease that invades a child’s nervous system. Children with PID disorder exposed to the oral polio vaccine have chronic poliovirus excretion. This project aims to develop a national surveillance system to identify and monitor vaccine-derived poliovirus excretion among children diagnosed with PID. It will also assess whether Jeffery Modell Foundation warning signs are appropriate for screening PIDs in Pakistan. MethodsThe surveillance is currently being undertaken at tertiary healthcare facilities around Pakistan. In the initial stage, mapping was executed to identify hospitals and their consultant pediatricians. Master training workshops were conducted for the pediatricians from the selected hospitals of each province of Pakistan who agreed to participate in iVDPV surveillance. The suspected PID cases were tested for the confirmatory PID status and poliovirus excretion in the fecal specimen. Children who were excreting poliovirus were followed on the monthly basis until the two negative stool samples are obtained. ResultsThe surveillance for poliovirus was initiated in December 2018. Till date, 444 children (17 days-15 years; 264 males and 180 females) have been enrolled in the surveillance. Immunodeficiencies affecting cellular and humoral immunity were the most frequent, accounting for 113/444 cases. The second most prevalent immunodeficiency were antibody deficiencies, which accounted for 75/444 cases. Additionally, congenital disabilities of phagocyte number or function accounted for 18/444 of the cases. The surveillance system also included uncategorized suspected PIDs 114/444 and Children with normal investigations but considered suspected PID 124/444. The serotype of the excreted virus was predominantly SL3 in 10/358 cases, followed by SL1 in 4/358 cases and SL2 in 1/358 patients. During the four-year surveillance period, two AFP cases were tested for PID after isolation of VDPV 1 (1/358) and VDPV 3 (1/358) whom were later confirmed as Primary Immunodeficient. The JMF signs 8, 5 & 3 are the most frequently occurring signs amongst enrolled PIDs. [Display omitted] ConclusionThe poliovirus excretion in PID children should be the programmatic priority for the polio eradication initiative. The JMF proved to be adequate screening tool for the identification of PID individuals.

Differential vulnerability of the dentate gyrus to tauopathies in dementias

The dentate gyrus (DG), a key hippocampal subregion in memory processing, generally resists phosphorylated tau accumulation in the amnestic dementia of the Alzheimer’s type due to Alzheimer’s disease (DAT-AD), but less is known about the susceptibility of the DG to other tauopathies. Here, we report stereologic densities of total DG neurons and tau inclusions in thirty-two brains of human participants with autopsy-confirmed tauopathies with distinct isoform profiles—3R Pick’s disease (PiD, N = 8), 4R corticobasal degeneration (CBD, N = 8), 4R progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP, N = 8), and 3/4R AD (N = 8). All participants were diagnosed during life with primary progressive aphasia (PPA), an aphasic clinical dementia syndrome characterized by progressive deterioration of language abilities with spared non-language cognitive abilities in early stages, except for five patients with DAT-AD as a comparison group. 51% of total participants were female. All specimens were stained immunohistochemically with AT8 to visualize tau pathology, and PPA cases were stained for Nissl substance to visualize neurons. Unbiased stereological analysis was performed in granule and hilar DG cells, and inclusion-to-neuron ratios were calculated. In the PPA group, PiD had highest mean total (granule + hilar) densities of DG tau pathology (p < 0.001), followed by CBD, AD, then PSP. PPA-AD cases showed more inclusions in hilar cells compared to granule cells, while the opposite was true in PiD and CBD. Inclusion-to-neuron ratios revealed, on average, 33% of all DG neurons in PiD cases contained a tau inclusion, compared to ~ 7% in CBD, 2% in AD, and 0.4% in PSP. There was no significant difference between DAT-AD and PPA-AD pathologic tau burden, suggesting that differences in DG burden are not specific to clinical phenotype. We conclude that the DG is differentially vulnerable to pathologic tau accumulation, raising intriguing questions about the structural integrity and functional significance of hippocampal circuits in neurodegenerative dementias.

Remote Health Interventions: Effectiveness, Cost, and Cost-Effectiveness Considerations.

Remote Health Interventions: Effectiveness, Cost, and Cost-Effectiveness Considerations.

Primary Immunodeficiencies (Pi) in Senegalese Children: A Series of 30 Cases

Background: Primary immunodeficiencies are a group of about 400 diseases of genetic origin, they are considered as rare diseases. However, above 6 million people in the world would be affected, regardless of sex, age or geographical area. Few studies have been conducted in sub-Saharan Africa. The main objective of this study was to show existence of these diseases in West Africa and difficulties to manage it. The specific objectives were to identify the different clinical patterns of PI cases, to describe their biological phenotypes and to propose management. Method: A cross-sectional observational study over a period of 4 years and 2 months resulted in recruitment of children with either 2 or more signs among the 10 warning signs for PID or with signs described in the 10 recommendations for diagnosis of PID from African Society for Immunodeficiencies (ASID). Biological and immunological exploration were carried out in these patients. The diagnostic approach of PID for emerging countries according to the method of B. Admou and et al. was adopted. Results: 30 cases of PID were recorded. The sex ratio was 1; with a median age at diagnosis of 24 months. The most common clinical symptoms were respiratory infections, followed by digestive and then cutaneous manifestations. 10 children had immunological confirmation. One patient had genetic confirmation of WAS. The most common category of PID was syndromic PID. Management was limited, based mainly on antibiotic prophylaxis. The death of 5 patients was recorded. Conclusion: PI are a severe condition and certainly underestimated in Senegal. This is due to the lack of knowledge of these diseases by physicians but also to an insufficient access to diagnostic tools. The raising of the technical platform will allow better documentation of these diseases, and advocate for access to certain treatments such as immunoglobulins supplementation and bone marrow transplantation.

A Review of the Challenges and Complexities in the Diagnosis, Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathogenesis of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a syndrome that causes substantial morbidity, including chronic pelvic pain, to women globally. While limited data are available from low- and middle-income countries, national databases from the United States and Europe suggest that PID incidence may be decreasing but the rate of decrease may differ by the etiologic cause. Recent studies of women with PID have reported that fewer than half of women receiving a diagnosis of PID have gonococcal or chlamydial infection, while Mycoplasma genitalium, respiratory pathogens, and the constellation of bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis may account for a substantial fraction of PID cases. The clinical diagnosis of PID is nonspecific, creating an urgent need to develop noninvasive tests to diagnose PID. Advances in serologic testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae could advance epidemiologic studies, while the development of vaccines against these sexually transmitted pathogens could affect incident PID and associated morbidity.

Fractional order controllers increase the robustness of closed-loop deep brain stimulation systems.

We studied the effects of using fractional order proportional, integral, and derivative (PID) controllers in a closed-loop mathematical model of deep brain stimulation. The objective of the controller was to dampen oscillations from a neural network model of Parkinson's disease. We varied intrinsic parameters, such as the gain of the controller, and extrinsic variables, such as the excitability of the network. We found that in most cases, fractional order components increased the robustness of the model multi-fold to changes in the gains of the controller. Similarly, the controller could be set to a fixed set of gains and remain stable to a much larger range, than for the classical PID case, of changes in synaptic weights that otherwise would cause oscillatory activity. The increase in robustness is a consequence of the properties of fractional order derivatives that provide an intrinsic memory trace of past activity, which works as a negative feedback system. Fractional order PID controllers could provide a platform to develop stand-alone closed-loop deep brain stimulation systems.

Meta-analysis of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in major histocompatibility complex class II deficiency.

Major histocompatibility complex class II deficiency is a rare case of PID. Specific recommendations for hematopoietic stem cell transplant, the only curative treatment option, are still lacking. This meta-analysis aims to identify the factors associated with better prognosis in these patients. Thirteen articles reporting 63 patients with major histocompatibility complex class II deficiency that underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplant were included. The median age for hematopoietic stem cell transplant was 18months. The most common source of transplant was bone marrow, with alternative sources as umbilical cord blood emerging during recent years. The highest proportion of engraftment was seen with umbilical cord. Engraftment was higher in patients with matched donors, with better overall survival in patients with reduced-intensity conditioning. Graft-vs-host disease developed in 65% of the patients, with grades I-II being the most frequently encountered. There was a higher mortality in patients with myeloablative conditioning and no engraftment. There was an inverse correlation between survival and stage of graft-vs-host disease. The main cause of mortality was infectious disease, mostly secondary to viral infections. Ideally, matched grafts should be used, and reduced-intensity conditioning should be considered to reduce early post-transplant complications. GVHD and viral prophylaxis are fundamental.

The spectrum of primary immunodeficiencies at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan

BackgroundPrimary Immunodeficiency Disorders (PIDs) are well-known disorders in the West. but the recognition and diagnosis of these disorders is challenging in developing countries. We present the spectrum of PIDs seen at a tertiary care center in Pakistan, identified using clinical case definitions and molecular methods. MethodsA retrospective chart review of children suspected to have PID was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH) Karachi, Pakistan from 2010 to 2016. Data on demographics, clinical features, family history of consanguinity, sibling death, details of laboratory workup done for PID and molecular tests targeted panel next generation sequencing (NGS) or whole exome sequencing (WES) performed at the Geha laboratory at Boston Children’s Hospital, USA was collected. The study was exempted from the Ethical Review Committee of AKUH. ResultsA total of 43 children visited the hospital with suspected PID during the study period. Genetic testing was performed in 31/43 (72.1%) children. A confirmed diagnosis of PID was established in 20/43 (46.5%) children. A pathogenic gene variant was identified in 17(85%) of the 20 confirmed cases (Table 1). Twelve (60%) of the confirmed cases of PID were male. The most common presenting symptom was recurrent diarrhea 11/20 (55%). The mean (±S.D) age of the cases at the time of diagnosis was 4.2 (±4.1) years. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) was the most common 6/20 (30%) disorder, followed by severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) 3/20 (15%), leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) 3/20 (15%), agammaglobulinemia/hypogammaglobulinemia 3/20 (15%), and Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome (HPS) 2/20 (10%). Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome, Immunodeficiency Centromeric Instability and Facial Anomalies Syndrome (ICF 2), Trichohepatoenteric syndrome (TRES), and C3 deficiency were each diagnosed once {1/20 (4.3%) each} (Table 1). Of these 20 confirmed cases, almost all 19/20 (95%) had a family history of consanguinity. Sibling death was reported in 5/20 (25%) of these cases. Five out of the 20 (25%) children died over the 7-year period for various reasons. ConclusionPIDs are not uncommon in Pakistan; their diagnosis may be missed or delayed due to the overlapping of clinical features of PID with other diseases and a lack of diagnostic facilities. There is a need to build capacity for early recognition and diagnosis of PIDs to decrease morbidity and mortality.

Euler’s criterion for prime order in the PID case

Euler’s criterion for prime order in the PID case

Delineating Human B Cell Precursor Development With Genetically Identified PID Cases as a Model.

B-cell precursors (BCP) arise from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow (BM). Identification and characterization of the different BCP subsets has contributed to the understanding of normal B-cell development. BCP first rearrange their immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain (IGH) genes to form the pre-B-cell receptor (pre-BCR) complex together with surrogate light chains. Appropriate signaling via this pre-BCR complex is followed by rearrangement of the Ig light chain genes, resulting in the formation, and selection of functional BCR molecules. Consecutive production, expression, and functional selection of the pre-BCR and BCR complexes guide the BCP differentiation process that coincides with corresponding immunophenotypic changes. We studied BCP differentiation in human BM samples from healthy controls and patients with a known genetic defect in V(D)J recombination or pre-BCR signaling to unravel normal immunophenotypic changes and to determine the effect of differentiation blocks caused by the specific genetic defects. Accordingly, we designed a 10-color antibody panel to study human BCP development in BM by flow cytometry, which allows identification of classical preB-I, preB-II, and mature B-cells as defined via BCR-related markers with further characterization by additional markers. We observed heterogeneous phenotypes associated with more than one B-cell maturation pathway, particularly for the preB-I and preB-II stages in which V(D)J recombination takes place, with asynchronous marker expression patterns. Next Generation Sequencing of complete IGH gene rearrangements in sorted BCP subsets unraveled their rearrangement status, indicating that BCP differentiation does not follow a single linear pathway. In conclusion, B-cell development in human BM is not a linear process, but a rather complex network of parallel pathways dictated by V(D)J-recombination-driven checkpoints and pre-BCR/BCR mediated-signaling occurring during B-cell production and selection. It can also be described as asynchronous, because precursor B-cells do not differentiate as full population between the different stages, but rather transit as a continuum, which seems influenced (in part) by V-D-J recombination-driven checkpoints.

Clinical Features and Therapeutic Response in Women Meeting Criteria for Presumptive Treatment for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Associated With Mycoplasma genitalium.

There are limited published data describing clinical features and therapeutic response in women meeting the criteria for presumptive treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease associated with Mycoplasma genitalium (MG-PID). The MG-PID has been reported to respond poorly to standard PID treatment regimens and while moxifloxacin is recommended in several treatment guidelines, published data to support its use are scant. We conducted a retrospective study of women at Melbourne Sexual Health Centre between 2006 and 2017, who met the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for presumptive treatment of PID, and had MG detected as the sole pathogen. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of MG-PID were compared to cases of chlamydial PID (CT-PID) by multivariable analysis. Microbiological and clinical cure following moxifloxacin and standard PID treatment was determined for women with MG-PID who returned for test of cure between 14 and 120 days. Ninety-two patients with MG-PID were compared with 92 women with CT-PID. The MG-PID was associated with increased lower abdominal tenderness (adjusted odds ratio, 2.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-4.60), but a lesser vaginal polymorphonuclear response compared to CT-PID by multivariable analysis. Of the 92 women with MG-PID, 54/92 (59%) received moxifloxacin (10-14 days) and 37/54 had a test of cure between 14 and 120 days; 27/37 (73%) cases had a median of 7 days of a standard regimen containing doxycycline and metronidazole +/- azithromycin before moxifloxacin. Microbial cure following moxifloxacin was 95% (95% CI, 82-99%) and did not differ from standard therapy (P = 0.948), however clinical cure was significantly higher following moxifloxacin (89%; 95% CI, 75-97%; P = 0.004)] although adverse effects were more common. Women meeting Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for presumptive treatment of MG-PID did not significantly differ to those with CT-PID. Moxifloxacin was associated with higher rates of symptom resolution in women with PID, and although microbial cure was high, it did not differ between regimens.

PID and Fuzzy Logic Controller Design for Balancing Robot Stabilization

This paper addresses the problem of position control and stabilization for the two wheeled balancing robot. A mathematical model is derived based on the robot’s position and tilt angle and a fuzzy logic control is proposed for the balancing robot control. The fuzzy logic controller performance is compared with a conventional PID controller to show the difference between them. Both controllers were tested on the balancing robot in simulation using MATLAB software and the results were put together for a comparative point of view. The simulations shows a relative advantage for the fuzzy logic controller over the conventional PID controller especially in reducing the time required for stabilization which takes about 2 seconds and almost without overshoot while in the PID case the robot will have about 10% overshoot in position and about 20 degrees in tilt angle.

On Fractional-order PID Controllers

A new Fractional Order Proportional-Integral (FOPI) controller tuning method is proposed in this paper for process control systems. This is achieved by combining Biggest Log-modulus Tuning (BLT) method and Internal Model Control (IMC) method of designing conventional PID controllers to tuning FOPI controllers for multivariable processes. Unlike the conventional PID case, internal model control method is first used to design the FOPI controller and obtain preliminary values of controller parameters. This yields simple formulae for setting controller gains. Thereafter, the FOPI controller gains are adjusted using a single detuning factor (F) until a biggest log modulus of 2n dB is obtained where n is the number of loops. Extended simulation studies show that good compromise between performance and robustness can be achieved for multiloop process control applications with the proposed FOPI controller.

Performance Evaluation of a PID and a Fuzzy PID Controllers Designed for Controlling a Simulated Quadcopter Rotational Dynamics Model

This work is concerned with designing two types of controllers, a PID and a Fuzzy PID, to be usedfor flying and stabilizing a quadcopter. The designed controllers have been tuned, tested, and compared using two performance indices which are the Integral Square Error (ISE) and the IntegralAbsolute Error (IAE), and also some response characteristics like the rise time, overshoot, settlingtime, and the steady state error. To try and test the controllers, a quadcopter mathematical model hasbeen developed. The model concentrated on the rotational dynamics of the quadcopter, i.e. the roll,pitch, and yaw variables. The work has been simulated with “MATLAB”. To make testing thesimulated model and the controllers more realistic, the testing signals have been applied by a userthrough a joystick interfaced to the computer. The results obtained indicated a general superiority inperformance for the Fuzzy PID controller over the PID controller used in this work. This conclusion is based by the following figures: lesser ISA for the roll, pitch, and yawconsequently, lesser IAE for the roll, pitch, and yaw consequently, lesser rise time and settling time for the roll and pitch consequently, and lesser settling time for the yaw. Moreover, the FPID gave zero overshoot versus , ,and in the PID case for the roll, pitch, and yaw consequently. Both controllers gave zero steady state error with close rise times for the yaw. This superiority of the FPID controller is gained as thefuzzy part of it continuously and online adapts the parameters of the PID part.

Tuning and robustness analysis of event-based PID controllers under different event-generation strategies

ABSTRACTIn this article, we propose practical rules for tuning event-based PID controllers with two sampling strategies: symmetric send-on-delta (SSOD) and regular quantification (RQ). We present a detailed analysis about the effect of the derivative term of the controller when using SSOD or RQ and some guide lines are given to select the derivative filter coefficient. The two sampling strategies are compared, showing that, even when both of them lead to similar controlled output response, systems with RQ have better robustness properties than those with SSOD. The study is based on the describing function and the results are applicable to process with dynamic responses of different types: with time delays, non-minimum phase, under-damped response, etc. The rules presented here are given in terms of phase and gain margins that are measures of robustness used in the design of continuous PID controllers. This allows the application of conventional PID tuning methods to the case of event-based PID. The tuning rules are very simple and can be used for tuning PID, PI, PD and other controller structures.

A cross-sectional study showing differences in the clinical diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease according to the experience of clinicians: implications for training and audit

ObjectivesPelvic inflammatory disease (PID) generates diagnostic difficulty even for experienced doctors. Junior doctors and nurses also assess women with symptoms suggestive of PID. We aimed to determine if and how...

O22.2 Direct and Indirect Effects of Screening For Chlamydia Trachomatis on the Prevention of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Mathematical Modeling Study

BackgroundPelvic inflammatory disease (PID) results from the ascending spread of microorganisms, including Chlamydia trachomatis, to the upper genital tract. The timing of ascending infection is unknown. Screening can prevent PID...

S08.3 Mycoplasma Genitalium and Chlamydia Trachomatis in Laparoscopically Diagnosed Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

IntroductionPelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a well known complication of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis ( C.trachomatis). The knowledge of Mycoplasma genitalium( M.genitalium) and its role in PID is relatively limited....