Cases Of Neglect Research Articles

Animal Abuse Investigations: Challenges and Recommendations to Improve Animal and Human Welfare.

Animal cruelty is widespread, yet it is often overlooked by professionals as a form of trauma and not perceived as a serious crime. This study explores current challenges to the effective management of animal abuse and neglect cases in the state of Colorado, USA, to better understand systemic barriers and their impact on those involved, and offers concrete, practical suggestions for improvement. Interviews with 24 law enforcement and Bureau of Animal Protection (BAP) agents/staff were conducted, and an integrated thematic analysis method was utilized to inductively analyze participants' responses to interview questions. The most common barriers to addressing animal cruelty cases identified by law enforcement/BAP personnel included (1) a lack of places to take removed animals and resources to care for them; (2) challenges working with the district attorney's office; (3) a general lack of knowledge and training on how to address cases and the documentation required; and (4) insufficient enforcement personnel to conduct investigations and conduct required follow-up. Suggested changes include expansion of temporary housing options, additional training, expert investigators and social workers/mental health professionals, and possible amendments to state statutes. In addition, the use of a trauma-informed model is recommended to best meet the psychological needs of all those involved in animal welfare work.

Estimating the Prevalence of Child Abuse and Neglect Among Adolescents in Primary Care Through Diagnoses Codes and Free-Text EHR Clinical Notes

IntroductionAdolescents’ child abuse and neglect experiences are often under-documented in primary care, leading to missed opportunities for interventions. This study compares the prevalence of child abuse and neglect cases identified by diagnostic codes versus a natural language processing approach of clinical notes. MethodWe retrospectively analyzed data from 8,157 adolescents, using ICD-10 codes and a natural language processing algorithm to identify child abuse and neglect cases and applied topic modeling on clinical notes to extract prevalent topics. ResultsThe natural language processing approach identified more cases of child abuse and neglect cases (n = 294) compared to ICD-10 codes (n = 111). Additionally, topic modeling of clinical notes showed the multifaceted nature of child abuse and neglect as captured in clinical narratives. DiscussionIntegrating natural language processing with ICD codes has the potential to enhance the identification and documentation of child abuse and neglect, which could lead to earlier and more targeted interventions and coordinated care.

Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Tindak Pidana Penelantaran Anak Serta Faktor Penghambat di Kepolisian Resor Kupang Kota

Children are a precious gift from God that is entrusted to parents to be loved and cared for wholeheartedly. A child is someone who is not yet 18 (eighteen) years old, including a child who is still in the womb. Child neglect is the practice of relinquishing responsibility and claims over offspring in an illegal way, this is caused by factors such as economic and social factors, as well as mental illness, among others. A child who is abandoned or abandoned by his parents is called an outcast. Child neglect includes passive torture, which is any state of inadequate attention, whether physical, emotional, or social. The enforcement of criminal sanctions against perpetrators of child neglect must be strictly enforced as in Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection. This research is an empirical juridical law research. This study is descriptive and analyzes primary data to determine Law Enforcement against Child Neglect Crimes and Inhibiting Factors in the Kupang City Resort Police. Data collection uses observation, documentation and interview techniques. The results of the study show that (1) Law enforcement against child neglect crimes in the Kupang Kota Resort Police shows a strong commitment to protecting children. However, there are still cases of child neglect due to various factors so that child neglect by parents occurs. (2) Influencing factors include legal and law enforcement factors, economic factors, environmental factors and parental divorce factors that often occur so that cases of child neglect occur.

Cheating the evidence to get to best interest and the presumption of unfitness

AbstractThis article explores our national reactive child protection model which has focused on removing poor people from poor families and has resulted in conflating poverty with neglect. Significant issues of class and race are implicated given dramatic systemic racial and ethnic disparities and questions must be asked whether current practices have done more harm than good. In reviewing this landscape this article is descriptive and prescriptive and calls for adopting proactive public health‐oriented policies which support children and families in their homes and a culture of due process and fairness in juvenile and family court hearings involving children and their families. Dependency or abuse and neglect cases involve state intervention. These are not disputes between private parties where the sole focus is the best interest of the child regarding which guardian to be placed with. Cheating the Evidence warns against diluting the constitutional requirement of proving the lack of parental unfitness by clear and convincing evidence by making comparative judgments about placement which are based on often subjective assessments on best interests of the child which are resource based. Given that high percentage of cases involving allegations of neglect versus inflicted abuse these concerns are of paramount importance. There is a need for more rigor in fact‐finding and adherence to constitutionally required burdens of proof. Due process and fairness are best‐served by supporting client‐directed advocacy and greater transparency, including presumptively opening up the doors to closed juvenile and family court hearings as recommended by the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges in 2005. Opening the doors is not a binary or either or proposition‐ we can preclude dissemination of records of youth, and protect confidentiality as a growing number of states have done. Transparency includes more than raising the level of practice of lawyers and judges‐ it includes encouraging systemic accountability from child serving agencies and educating the public about the complexities which are related to the birth or cradle to prison pipeline.

Tinjauan Kriminologis terhadap Tindak Pidana Penelantaran Anak Oleh Orang Tua di Kepolisian Resor Kota Jambi

Child neglect by parents is very often found in society, including in Jambi. Based on data from the Women and Children Protection Unit (PPA) of the Jambi City Police, in the 2020-2022 period there were at least 8 (eight) cases of child neglect. For this reason, the author will examine this problem with the help of criminological science to obtain conclusions regarding the factors that cause the crime of child neglect, the obstacles faced by the Jambi City Resort Police PPA, and also efforts to overcome them. The research method used is empirical juridical with interview techniques. The results of related research suggest that the factors causing the crime of child neglect by parents in Jambi City are economic factors, internal family factors and also environmental factors. The obstacles faced by the Jambi City Police PPA Unit in handling the crime of child neglect by parents are difficulties in collecting evidence and witnesses and related parties not being cooperative. Efforts to overcome this criminal act are pre-emptive, preventive and finally repressive.

Oral and Dental Aspects of Child Abuse and Neglect: Clinical Report.

In all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, pediatricians, dental professionals, and other physicians are mandated to report suspected cases of abuse and neglect to social service or law enforcement agencies. The purpose of this clinical report is to review the oral aspects of abuse and dental neglect in children and the role of pediatricians, dental professionals, and other physicians in evaluating such conditions. This clinical report addresses recommendations on the evaluation of bite marks, as well as perioral and intraoral injuries, infections, and diseases that may raise suspicion for child abuse or neglect. Some physicians may have received less education pertaining to oral health, dental injury, and oral disease. These physicians may not detect the mouth and gum findings possibly related to abuse or neglect as readily as abuse injuries involving other areas of the body. Therefore, pediatricians, dental professionals, and other physicians are encouraged to collaborate to increase the prevention, detection, and treatment of these conditions in children.

Reimagining Supportive Approaches at the Intersection of Mandatory Reporting Policies for the Mother-Infant Dyad Affected by Substance Use.

As rates of substance use during pregnancy persist, the health and optimal development of infants with prenatal substance exposure remain a key priority. Nurses are tasked with identifying and reporting suspected cases of child maltreatment, including abuse and neglect, which is often assumed to be synonymous with substance use during pregnancy. While policies aimed at protecting infants from child abuse and neglect are well intentioned, literature regarding the short- and long-term social and legal implications of mandatory reporting policies is emerging. In this article, we explore the intersections between the condition of substance use in pregnancy and policies related to mandatory reporting. We provide an overview of historical and current trends in mandatory reporting policies for nurses related to substance use in pregnancy and related ethical and social implications for mother-infant dyads. Nurses often function at the intersection of healthcare and social services, underscoring the important role they play in advocating for ethical and equitable care for both members of the mother-infant dyad affected by substance use. We offer recommendations for practice including the integration of respectful care and family-centered support for the mother-infant dyad affected by substance use. Cross-sectoral collaborations, inclusive of the family, are important to the advancement of evidence-based and equity-focused research, advocacy, and policy initiatives to support familial preservation and reduce mother-infant separation.

Severity of child neglect among acutely poisoned children in Egypt.

Child abuse and neglect pose significant public health challenges, contributing to compromised development and adverse health outcomes. Neglect is the most frequent type of child abuse, presenting substantial challenges for paediatricians. To identify types of neglect associated with poisoned children, analyse potential risk factors and develop a novel severity scoring system to assess child neglect in Alexandria, Egypt. Using a simple random sampling technique, with an observational checklist we collected data on children aged 2 months to 17 years admitted for poisoning at the poison centre of Alexandria Main University Hospital from October to December 2022. We analysed the data using SPSS version 20.0 and tested the associations between neglect score and child data, current condition and carer data using the χ2 test, the Monte Carlo simulation and Fisher's exact P. The study enrolled 147 children, male-to-female ratio 1:1.17. Pesticides were the most common cause of poisoning. Lack of supervision was noted in 83% of cases and the neglect severity score showed that 27.9% of the children experienced severe neglect. There was significant association between severity of neglect and caregiver's education level and between severity of neglect and child's residence; severe neglect cases were significantly higher among children whose caregivers had no formal education (70.7%) and among those from rural areas (61%). These findings highlight the critical need to address educational disparities among caregivers and improve supervision for children, especially in rural areas.

Influence of social determinants of health and adversity on computerized neurocognitive assessment

Introduction: Social determinants of health and adversity, including poverty, maltreatment, and neighborhood deprivation, are individual-level factors that may significantly affect baseline neurocognitive testing and management that have yet to be thoroughly explored within the computerized neurocognitive assessment.Objectives: Examine individual-level experiences of poverty, abuse, neighborhood deprivation, and social mobility on computerized cognitive testing.Methods: The sample included 3,845 student-athletes who completed a baseline Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) and were enrolled in the Child-Household Integrated Longitudinal Data database. Multivariable linear regressions were used to assess independent variables of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program enrollment, abuse or neglect cases, Area Deprivation Index scores, and other demographic factors on four baseline ImPACT composite scores: verbal and visual memory, visuomotor, and reaction time.Results: Individual-level factors of persistent poverty and neighborhood deprivation were associated with lower composite scores; however, upward social mobility was not significantly associated with cognitive performance. The effects of mother’s race on computerized cognitive testing performance were attenuated when accounting for measures of adversity.Conclusion: Findings highlight the importance of social determinants of health in computerized neurocognitive testing to ensure more culturally sensitive and precise understanding of athletic baselines.

Factor analysis of dissociative personality disorder in Multimedia Communication Engineering students

The objective of this research is to identify a possible relationship between a pathological profile of dissociation in higher education students, with respect to the variables of consumption of addictive substances, violence in childhood, eating disorders, cognitive dysfunctions and work stress. The selected methodology is based on correlational quantitative analysis, under an ex post facto research design. The measurement instruments used are the Dissociative Experiences questionnaire (DES II), the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-3), the Addictions test (dast-10), the Mini-Mental (MMSE), the of Child Abuse (CTQ-SF) and the Work Stress Inventory (CPP). With the above, it is suggested that the group diagnosed with a dissociative personality disorder presents significant differences with respect to the five variables evaluated; Furthermore, for this group there is a prevalence with a high index on the stress scales, characterized by a form of compulsion and the presence of discomfort at an organic level. For the group evaluated with a non-dissociative personality profile, incipient cases of abuse, physical neglect and sexual abuse were identified. This condition requires correct channeling and rehabilitation due to its high progression in self-destructive behaviors.

Factors influencing adult cognitive appraisals of childhood sexual abuse

BackgroundAdult appraisals of their childhood sexual experiences as abusive are associated with increased risk for long-term psychological problems. Factors that underlie whether adults appraise their childhood sexual experiences as abusive remain unknown. ObjectiveTo determine factors associated with adult cognitive appraisals of childhood sexual abuse. Participants and settingParticipants were 1196 adults ages 19–41 (M = 29.23, SD = 3.84) with documented cases of childhood maltreatment (sexual abuse, physical abuse, and neglect) during the years 1967–1971 and demographically matched controls who were followed-up and interviewed in adulthood. MethodsUsing a prospective cohort design, participants were asked to recall whether they had any sexual experiences in childhood, and if so, the frequency of abuse, age at the onset of abuse, relationship to perpetrator, and whether they appraised the experiences as sexually abusive. ResultsOver half of the sample (52%) reported childhood sexual experiences, yet only 44% considered those experiences sexually abusive. Participants with documented cases of child sexual abuse and neglect were more likely to appraise their childhood sexual experiences as abusive compared to controls. Participants who reported more severe abuse, more frequent abuse, younger age at the onset of abuse, and intrafamilial and both intra- and extrafamilial abuse (vs. extrafamilial abuse) were more likely to consider their experiences abusive. Compared to males and Black participants, females and White participants were more likely to appraise their experiences as abusive. ConclusionsUnderstanding factors that determine adult cognitive appraisals of childhood sexual experiences as abusive can inform clinical interventions for maltreated populations.

Quo Vadis, Historical International Relations? Geopolitical Marxism and the Promise of Radical Historicism

John Maclean’s 1988 call “Marxism and IR: A Strange Case of Mutual Neglect” has generated a rich bounty of Marxist studies and paradigms in International Relations (IR). This cross-pollination merged in the 1990s with the “historical turn” and shaped the sub-fields of International Historical Sociology and International Political Economy. But has it left its mark on how IR is practised today? We argue that while Marxism has spoken significantly to the discipline, mainstream IR, even Historical IR, has been largely impervious to Marxist arguments, drawing the standard charge of economism and structuralism. Rectifying these critiques, we suggest that conventional historical studies of “the international” remain methodologically and substantively impoverished. We exemplify this by showing how leading Historical IR studies of “systems change” fail to explain the inside/outside and public/private differentiations constitutive of the modern international order and to integrate the “levels of analysis” they presuppose. We further argue that this rejection has been facilitated by influential Marxist IR paradigms, which ultimately privilege structuralism over historicism: While Neo-Gramscians initially mobilised “historicism” to dissolve claims about the “sameness” of international relations across time and space, the approach became identified with the reified master-category of “hegemony”. Uneven and Combined Development, in turn, has gravitated towards matching Neo-realism’s claim to theoretical universality by insisting on transhistorical model-building and nomological “grand theory”. Both approaches remain over-sociologised and fail to address international politics. Drawing on radically historicist Political Marxism, this article shows how its substantive socio-political premises explain the historical formation of the contemporary international order and re-unite the “levels of analysis” theoretically to provide a framework for non-reductionist and non-economistic accounts of historical international relations. This requires an answer to the agentic challenge of Neo-Classical Realism by reincorporating grand strategy, diplomacy, and international politics into a reformulated perspective of Geopolitical Marxism to track the full historicity of the making of international orders.

How Do Child Protective Service (CPS) Policies Keep Employees Safe: ACaseworker’s Perspective

Child Protective Service (CPS) workers experience workplace violence at the hands of their clients. Some of these incidents have led to severe injuries and fatalities. Legislation has been created to maintain workplace safety of employees in service- related fields; however, these policies have not extended into specific laws for CPS workers. Using grounded theory, this qualitative study examined the effectiveness of safety measures from the perspective of current and former CPS workers. A total of 10 former and current CPS workers were interviewed individually. This study found that workers believe increased legislation, funding, and training are needed to increase the safety of CPS workers as they investigate alleged child abuse and neglect cases. Legislative-related responses included police protections, armed self-defense, and a mandatory buddy system policy. Funding-related responses included hazardous duty pay, resources for families, employing more staff, and mental health services for CPS workers. Training-related responses included increased training for police officers and CPS workers.

Effects of a structured educational program on nursing students' level of knowledge and awareness toward child neglect and abuse: A quasi-experimental evaluation.

Nurses have a key role in the recognition, reporting, and channelization of child abuse and neglect. Nurses should have sufficient knowledge about the presentation of child abuse and neglect. They also need to understand their role in reporting any instance where they detect cases of abuse and neglect. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of a structured Child Neglect and Abuse Educational Program (CNaA-EP) on the level of knowledge and awareness of nursing students about child neglect and abuse. This study conducted with nursing students used a pretest-post-test quasi-experimental design. The third-year nursing students were divided into two groups: experimental (n = 25) and control groups (n = 30). The intervention group received CNaA-EP. In both groups, pretests were performed using the "Child Abuse and Neglect Awareness Scale," and "Child Abuse and Neglect Knowledge Test" The posttest was conducted 1 week after the 14-week CNaA-EP course was completed. Numbers, percentages, chi-square test, t-test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Fisher's exact test were conducted using SPSS 22.00 software. The education group's scores of child abuse/neglect awareness (t = -2.768 p < 0.05) and child abuse/neglect knowledge (t = -12.416 p < 0.01) were significantly higher than those of the control group. After the education program, a significant difference was found between the education and control groups on the core measures. A child neglect and abuse education program was an effective method of educating nursing students on knowledge and awareness of child abuse and neglect. For this reason, education programs should be planned and implemented to increase awareness about abuse and neglect problems that threaten children's health and development.

Inflicted violence-related injuries among children and youth in Ontario during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, it was hypothesized that stay-at-home policies would impact cases of violence, abuse, and neglect among children and youth due to increased familial stressors. ObjectiveWe examined the effect of the implementation of pandemic policies on violence-related emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations among youth. ParticipantsViolence-related ED visits and hospitalizations among children and youth ages 0–19 in Ontario, Canada were obtained from April 2015 until the most recent available date, March 31, 2022. MethodsWe used an interrupted time series design to model the change in monthly violence-related ED visits and hospitalizations before and during the pandemic. We used negative binomial models to estimate the immediate effect of the policy and the change in the number of injuries during the pandemic. ResultsAfter adjusting for seasonality and population changes over our study period, we observed a 56% decrease in violence-related ED visits (RR: 0.44, 95%CI: 0.38, 0.50) and a 35% decrease in hospitalizations (RR: 0.65, 95%CI: 0.52, 0.82) immediately after the implementation of the pandemic policy, followed by moderate increasing trends. We observed no difference in the effect of the pandemic policies on the rate of violence-related ED visits and hospitalizations by sex, age or material deprivation; however, males aged 10–19 years and those in higher quintiles of material deprivation had higher average rates of injuries compared to females, those in younger age groups and lower quintiles of deprivation over the study period. ConclusionsWe observed an abrupt decrease in the rate of violence-related ED visits and hospitalizations immediately after the onset of pandemic policies in Ontario. Following this, violence-related injuries increased, approaching pre-pandemic levels.

Knowledge and experience of pediatricians and pedodontists in identifying and managing child abuse and neglect cases.

Child abuse, by definition parents and other family members, caregivers, or any adult he does not know culturally inappropriate, harmful to the child described, inhibiting growth and development, or exposure to a restrictive behavior. This study aims to evaluate the capabilities of pediatricians and pedodontists in identifying and managing child abuse and neglect within healthcare settings, a crucial responsibility for professionals across various medical disciplines. Questionnaire was performed on 53 pediatricians and 89 pedodontists. Utilizing a 28-item expert-designed electronic questionnaire, the study solicited responses from pediatricians and pedodontists to assess their demographic characteristics, professional experience, and self-perceived competence in this critical area. The results indicate that 42% of the participating healthcare providers have encountered at least one case of child abuse and neglect. Notably, pedodontists displayed a higher level of uncertainty in identifying abuse and neglect cases compared to pediatricians. Furthermore, participants who had a higher level of self-perceived competence were significantly more willing to identify and manage cases, although this self-assessment did not correlate with their actual skills or level of willingness to intervene effectively. The study concludes that there is a pressing need for specialized training programs tailored to enhance the skill sets of healthcare providers in identifying and managing child abuse and neglect. These programs should encompass not only academic knowledge but also practical applications and psychosocial support techniques to ensure a holistic approach to combating this serious issue.

“Just Did The Best That I Could Do”: CPS Social Workers’ Perceptions of Self-Efficacy in Legal Aspects

Child protective services (CPS) social workers assess safety and risk needs during abuse and neglect investigations to determine if legal interventions are needed. However, only 60% of abuse and neglect cases have safety and risk assessed during the investigatory process in North Carolina. This study aimed to explore the perceptions of self-efficacy among rural North Carolina CPS social workers in child abuse and neglect investigations. Understanding CPS social workers’ perceptions of self-efficacy and factors that may influence their self-efficacy is vital to improving job satisfaction, retention, and the legal and investigative processes relating to child abuse and neglect. A purposive sampling approach was used to recruit nine CPS social workers in rural counties in North Carolina. Through a process of open, axial, and selective coding, we conclude that a CPS social worker’s self-efficacy is impacted by factors relating to leadership and legal teams, longevity, previous social work experience, and paperwork and caseload demands.

Àgô Sankofa: an overview of the progression of sickle cell disease in Brazil in the past two decades.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an emblematic case of historical health neglect in Brazil and reflects how institutional racism produces health inequalities. This article engaged in a historical journey of this disease, showing the delayed implementation of health policies for people with sickle cell disease, often concealed in Public Power's (in)actions and omissions. The lack of commitment to implement the recommendations of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, such as neonatal screening, and the difficulty in incorporating technologies for health care result from this modus operandi. The advances and setbacks in programmatic actions and the constant pressure on several governmental entities have characterized the reported saga in the last twenty years. The present text discusses the policies for people with SCD, appropriating the Sankofa symbol, meaning that building the present is only possible by remembering past mistakes. Thus, we recognize this trajectory and this historical moment in which there is a concrete possibility of moving forward and achieving the longed-for comprehensive care for people with SCD. There is an invitation to glance at a new perspective, one in which hope is the trigger for the movements needed to guarantee the rights of people with SCD.

An immersive virtual reality tool for assessing left and right unilateral spatial neglect.

The reported rate of the occurrence of unilateral spatial neglect (USN) is highly variable likely due to the lack of validity and low sensitivity of classical tools used to assess it. Virtual reality (VR) assessments try to overcome these limitations by proposing immersive and complex environments. Nevertheless, existing VR-based tasks are mostly focused only on near space and lack analysis of psychometric properties and/or clinical validation. The present study evaluates the clinical validity and sensitivity of a new immersive VR-based task to assess USN in the extra-personal space and examines the neuronal correlates of deficits of far space exploration. The task was administrated to two groups of patients with right (N = 28) or left (N = 11) hemispheric brain lesions, also undergoing classical paper-and-pencil assessment, as well as a group of healthy participants. Our VR-based task detected 44% of neglect cases compared to 31% by paper-and-pencil tests in the total sample. Importantly, 30% of the patients (with right or left brain lesions) with no clear sign of USN on the paper-and-pencil tests performed outside the normal range in the VR-based task. Voxel lesion-symptom mapping revealed that deficits detected in VR were associated with lesions in insular and temporal cortex, part of the neural network involved in spatial processing. These results show that our immersive VR-based task is efficient and sensitive in detecting mild to strong manifestations of USN affecting the extra-personal space, which may be undetected using standard tools.

Evaluation of elder abuse in elderly patients presenting to an emergency department

With the increase in the elderly population worldwide, elder abuse and neglect cases are not increasing gradually. Elder abuse is not only physical abuse but also sexual, psychological, and economic. This study aimed to evaluate the findings of elderly individuals admitted to an emergency department for abuse and neglect. This study was performed on patients aged 65 years and older who were admitted to the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital. Between January 1, 2019 and January 4, 2019, a presurvey and the Hwalek-Sengstock Elder Abuse Screening Test (H-S/EAST) were administered. Among the elderly included in this study, 48.8% (n=240) were female and 51.2% (n=252) were male. The total scores of the general test were found to be statistically significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) in the elderly who were living alone, widowed, illiterate, unemployed, did not have children, came to the emergency department with trauma findings, had a history of more than one previous trauma, or who felt that they had recently been subjected to violence or physically, psychologically, or economically abused. It should be kept in mind that elderly patients admitted to an emergency department may suffer from elder abuse and neglect. Providing the right communication and appropriate environment to detect elder abuse is important for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation.