Case Of Mozambique Research Articles

How Does Small-Scale Mining Stabilize Rural Livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa? The Case of Mozambique

This paper examines the linkages between subsistence farming and artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) – low-tech, labor-intensive mineral extraction and processing – in sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on the case of Mozambique. While the body of literature on this subject is burgeoning, it is comprised mostly of conceptual pieces and country case studies that rely heavily on qualitative data. Focusing on Manica Province, long an epicentre of small-scale gold mining activity in Mozambique, the paper showcases the value of including complementary quantitative data in analyses of ASM-farming linkages in rural sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, quantitative data that provide detail on the demographical composition of communities engaged in both ASM and agriculture, and which shed light on the spending patterns of households involved, could go a long way toward enriching dialogues on this subject, and, in the process, yield more effective (and, indeed, representative) rural development and poverty alleviation strategies in the region. The data gathered in Manica Province provide a more nuanced picture of how the ages and educational levels of household heads, and the sizes of their families, shape views on ASM and agriculture in gold-rich sections of Mozambique. Studies exploring the linkages between ASM and agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa that feature both qualitative and quantitative data provide greater clarity on the role each activity could play in tackling some of the region’s broader development challenges, including food insecurity and (building) community resilience.

Electoral Integrity and Quality of Democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Mozambique

This article comes about with the objective of analyzing the electoral integrity and the quality of democracy in sub-Saharan Africa, considering the case of Mozambique. The main argument that guides this article is that, in the case of Mozambique, electoral cycles are characterized by problems of electoral integrity, more due to the political centralism adopted by the ruling party, Frelimo. To support this argument, can be advanced a premise according to which the political centralism adopted by Frelimo was inherited from the colony, from the militarism of the struggles for independence and perfected in the socialist period. From a qualitative and multidisciplinary approach centered on African history and political science, this article concludes that, although Mozambique is formally a democratic country, its political practices denote that it is a country with problems of electoral integrity.

Alternative approaches for creating a wealth index: the case of Mozambique

IntroductionThe wealth index is widely used as a proxy for a household’s socioeconomic position (SEP) and living standard. This work constructs a wealth index for the Mopeia district in Mozambique...

The role of agriculture, industry and the service sector in economic growth: The case of Mozambique

This study evaluated the effect of agriculture, industry, manufacturing and the service sector on economic growth for the period 1991 to 2020 using the autoregressive distributed lag stationarity (ARDL) bounds-testing approach. The empirical results of this study show that, in the long run, the industry sector and exports are positive and significant determinants; the manufacturing sector is a negative significant determinant of economic growth; while agriculture and the service sector were found to be insignificant. However, it was found that, in the short run, agriculture has a significant positive effect on economic growth, along with the manufacturing sector. The service sector was found to have no significant effect on economic growth in the short run. Therefore, in the long run, policy should focus on enhancing the industrial sector and promoting exports. In the short run, policy should focus on agriculture enhancement so as to boost economic growth positively.

Experience of the National Research Fund of Mozambique

The rapid growth of research units on the African continent has been identified as a preponderant factor in achieving their development. However, this assumption remains a mirage and demands from science managers a deep reflection on the practices of integrity and ethics in research in order to reinforce the quality of its results. Our reflection on the relevance of Integrity and Ethics in research practice, taking the case of Mozambique as an example based on the analysis of legislation and experiences of the National Research Fund (FNI) of Mozambique. The results demonstrated a commitment by the government to boost research based on integrity and ethics, which is evidenced by the fact that in 2007 the country approved the Code of Ethics for Science and Technology through Decree n. 71/2007, of December 24th. However, the rapid growth of research institutions (Universities, institutes and research centers) in the last ten years and the promotion of research by the FNI and other organizations has raised the largest scientific production in the country, with emphasis on the health area that between 2014 -2018 concentrated 60% of all publications in the country. In this way, several government initiatives (MCTES-FNI) and with partners such as UNESCO, are underway to boost national ethics committees in Mozambique.

Assessment of the management system for lubricant oils and used lubricant oils: the case of Mozambique

Assessment of the management system for lubricant oils and used lubricant oils: the case of Mozambique

Assessment of the Management System for Lubricant Oils and Used Lubricant Oils: The case of Mozambique

Assessment of the Management System for Lubricant Oils and Used Lubricant Oils: The case of Mozambique

중국 원조의 결정요인 분석

The purpose of this study is to examine what factors China’s foreign aid allocation affected based on the case of Mozambique. Dreher et al.(2018), the most pioneering research on Chinese aid argue that China’s foreign policy interests determine its allocation of Official Development Assistance(ODA) flows and that economic considerations determine less concessional forms of official financing(Other Official Flows, OOF). However, existing studies examining the factors of aid allocation in Western donor countries show a mixture of factors such as donors’ interest and recipients’ development. This study argues that through the Mozambique case, China’s aid is also allocated by the interaction of various factors. Utilizing the Granger Causality test, we find that while ODA flows affect exports from China to Mozambique, exports do not cause ODA. In terms of OOF, the argument of Dreher et al.(2018) was not supported. OOF is not distributed according to economic purpose. Investigating aid to the agriculture, social infrastructure, health, and education sectors, this study shows that aid is distributed for different purposes depending the sector.

Enabling Uptake of Off‐Grid Solar: The Case of Mozambique

Global action on clean energy access is needed to resolve the trilemma of alleviating energy poverty, ensuring energy security, and rapid action on climate change. The uptake of solar energy is an urgent policy and market priority in Sub‐Saharan Africa, given its solar potential. Yet for some developing economies such as Mozambique, action on solar implementation in isolated rural communities remains low. We assess the barriers and enablers to off‐grid solar uptake, finding that government‐manufactured solar PV panels remain prohibitively expensive, while cheaper imported panels remain unreliable due to a lack of clear market regulation and product standards. Government action on electricity access must bring together a regulatory framework for solar imports, open market access through public–private partnership, and enhance energy governance to improve the cost efficiency of “last mile access” for vulnerable rural people.

Land expropriation – The hidden danger of climate change response in Mozambique

This paper sets out why land expropriation is a hidden danger of the response to climate change; a danger that is not adequately captured in legislation and that risks disproportionately affecting the poor. Measures to mitigate the risks and impacts of climate change are often dependent on states’ access to land. The legal mechanism through which states can obtain rights over land is expropriation, but a fair expropriation process depends on a number of structural conditions that are (partly or completely) lacking in many countries: effective recognition of people’s land rights; a legally detailed expropriation process and adequate administrative capacity to implement it; and respect for the rule of law and access to justice for the affected populations. Climate change exacerbates the problems that many states have with their expropriation processes: it brings new and more complex questions about the limits of expropriation; provokes more urgent expropriations; and disproportionately impacts the poorest people. Based on legal analysis and empirical research, this paper looks into the case of Mozambique in the aftermath of Cyclone Idai to show how issues related with expropriation are a hidden danger for many Mozambicans, but also for citizens of other countries in similar situations.

The high and increasing burden of hypertension in low resource settings – the case of Mozambique

The high and increasing burden of hypertension in low resource settings – the case of Mozambique

Monuments of the Exiles and Memorialisation of Shared Heritage Between Mozambique and Tanzania

The Tanzanian landscape has a long history with exiled nationalist organisations from South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique. The case of Mozambique is unique. It was in Dar es Salaam that FRELIMO (Front for the Liberation of Mozambique) was born in 1962; but the great Mozambican nationalist Edward Mondlane was assassinated in the same city in 1969. This paper presents the ruins of the FRELIMO camp in Nachingwea, Tanzania, to elaborate the state of preservation of the monuments and how such preservation may contribute to sustainable peace between these two neighbouring countries. There are recognisable photographs and written historical documents concerning FRELIMO in both Mozambican and Tanzanian libraries, museums, and archives. Adding the landscape as another layer of evidence juxtaposes the limitations unveiled in other sources; enhances our understanding of the activities that took place during exile including those of the subalterns (residential houses, food carriers, couriers, recruiting sergeants and foot soldiers); and underlines the process of how sites of African liberation struggles are remembered and memorialised.

Towards the Definition of an Ever‐changing Heritage: A Reading of the (Re)appropriation Processes of the Torres Vermelhas in Mozambique

AbstractThis article proposes a new way of understanding the modern architecture of Mozambique as cultural heritage beyond existing Eurocentric discourses. It suggests that the discussion should stem from the consideration of this legacy not as a static image of the past, but as an accumulation of appropriations and reappropriations over time: a living legacy embedded in a continuous process of layering new uses and meanings akin to a palimpsest. To argue this, the article analyses a paradigmatic case of Mozambique's modernity, Torres Vermelhas in Maputo, whose construction was left unfinished by the events that led to the country's independence in 1975. The aim is to understand how it has been (re)designed and shaped over time through both formal and informal practices. In doing so, an innovative disciplinary perspective is introduced as a way to provide a sustained basis for the interpretation of this ever‐changing heritage.

Exploring synergies between the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development and involuntary resettlement guidelines: the case of Mozambique’s natural gas project

This paper explores synergies between the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, comprised of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as its roadmap, and existing involuntary resettlement guidelines. On one hand, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development views displacement as a humanitarian problem but fails to address the potential effects of SDG-induced processes of economic and physical displacement and involuntary resettlement. On the other, involuntary resettlement guidelines pay limited attention to the sustainable development of resettled people as well as to the society in which resettlement becomes embedded. This paper explores possibilities to establish synergies between the SDGs and involuntary resettlement by drawing on the case of Mozambique’s liquefied natural gas (LNG) project, which was showcased in the Government of Mozambique’s 2020 Voluntary National Review (VNR) of SDG progress. The paper will critically analyse how Mozambique as a ‘donor darling’ remains silent about displacement and resettlement processes induced by an LNG project that is used to show its commitment to multiple SDGs. The paper shows that there is a misalignment between how SDGs are used to evaluate a development project and how involuntary resettlement guidelines are applied to the same project. The paper argues that, to truly ‘leave no one behind’, the SDGs and involuntary resettlement guidelines need to be realigned by integrating SDG-induced displacement and resettlement into SDG10 on migration and inequality, into SDG16 on conflicts, and SDG17 on global partnerships.

Precision policies and local content targets in resource-rich developing countries: The case of the oil and gas sector in Mozambique

This paper aims to understand whether and to what extent firm-level data can “precisely” support the definition of Local Content (LC) targets for international oil and gas companies in resource-rich developing countries. The paper addresses this topic with reference to a specific, publicly available dataset developed by the World Bank Enterprises Survey (ES) Unit and uses the case of Mozambique to demonstrate the informative potential of firm-level data for policy-making. Specifically, we compare the LC estimates obtained using firm-level data with those obtained using sector-level data (input-output tables). Based on this comparison, we demonstrate that firm-level data provide a more accurate representation of the capability of the domestic supply chain to provide inputs to the oil and gas industry, while input-output tables lead to a significant overestimation of LC. Overall, our findings suggest that firm-level data can provide a more precise basis for supporting the design of LC policies and the Enterprise Survey for Mozambique could represent a reference model for data collection to be extended to other resource-rich developing countries to support target definition.

Urbanization of energy poverty? The case of Mozambique

What is the impact of the unprecedented scale and pace of urbanization in the global South on the evolution of energy poverty incidence? Remarkably enough, urban population growth and energy poverty are mainly studied separately from each other in different strands of the literature. We argue that there is much to be gained in studying these phenomena in their interdependence. To illustrate this, we analyze for the case of Mozambique the relationship between spatial variation in population density and three commonly used indicators of energy poverty over time. We think that the case of Mozambique exemplifies the future development of Africa's energy poverty situation in many respects. Our analysis makes use of two newly constructed datasets with household level information that originate from national household welfare surveys as well as an own survey for Mozambique's capital city Maputo. The data show that over time, and especially in urban areas, energy poverty is decreasing in terms of consumption quantities and access to modern energy fuels, but increasing in terms of energy expenditure shares. Also, we show that by largely ignoring transport energy use, the national welfare surveys typically overestimate energy consumption poverty while underestimating energy expenditure poverty to a substantial degree. Finally, based on a multiple non-linear regression analysis we find, after controlling for spatial sorting of households, that if population densities rise, energy poverty levels in terms of modern fuel use first fall and then increase – thus following a U-shaped pattern. In contrast, the relationship between population density and energy expenditure poverty follows an inverted N-shaped curve. This suggests that urbanization processes in poor countries like Mozambique may not lead to an unequivocal reduction of energy poverty rates, in line with existing evidence on urbanization of poverty in Africa.

Sentinel-1 Spatiotemporal Simulation Using Convolutional LSTM for Flood Mapping

The synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery has been widely applied for flooding mapping based on change detection approaches. However, errors in the mapping result are expected since not all land-cover changes are flood-induced, and those changes are sensitive to SAR data, such as crop growth or harvest over agricultural lands, clearance of forested areas, and/or modifications on the urban landscape. This study, therefore, incorporated historical SAR images to boost the detection of flood-induced changes during extreme weather events, using the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) method. Additionally, to incorporate the spatial signatures for the change detection, we applied a deep learning-based spatiotemporal simulation framework, Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (ConvLSTM), for simulating a synthetic image using Sentinel One intensity time series. This synthetic image will be prepared in advance of flood events, and then it can be used to detect flood areas using change detection when the post-image is available. Practically, significant divergence between the synthetic image and post-image is expected over inundated zones, which can be mapped by applying thresholds to the Delta image (synthetic image minus post-image). We trained and tested our model on three events from Australia, Brazil, and Mozambique. The generated Flood Proxy Maps were compared against reference data derived from Sentinel Two and Planet Labs optical data. To corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed methods, we also generated Delta products for two baseline models (closest post-image minus pre-image and historical mean minus post-image) and two LSTM architectures: normal LSTM and ConvLSTM. Results show that thresholding of ConvLSTM Delta yielded the highest Cohen’s Kappa coefficients in all study cases: 0.92 for Australia, 0.78 for Mozambique, and 0.68 for Brazil. Lower Kappa values obtained in the Mozambique case can be subject to the topographic effect on SAR imagery. These results still confirm the benefits in terms of classification accuracy that convolutional operations provide in time series analysis of satellite data employing spatially correlated information in a deep learning framework.

Terrorism, Insurgency, and Regional Stability: The Case of Mozambique

Since the end of the Cold War in the late 1980s, the southern Africa region has been characterised by the near absence of terrorism. In central, eastern, northern, and western Africa, internal armed conflicts have emerged at one point or another in the postcolonial period, while southern Africa is the only region that has been, until recently, free of serious internal conflicts characterised by the use of conventional weapons. However, the recent emergence of terrorism in Mozambique poses a threat to the stability of not only that country but the entire region. The military intervention of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and Rwanda presents an opportunity for Mozambique and the SADC to thwart the increasingly violent terrorist attacks in Mozambique. This article explores the organised terrorist attacks that have emerged since 2017 in the Mozambican province of Cabo Delgado, the implications for the stability of southern Africa, and the posture of the SADC and states in the region regarding the security situation. A qualitative approach is adopted to ensure a comprehensive interpretation of the data. Both primary and secondary data sources were used, the former being mainly official SADC communiques on the situation, and the latter peer-reviewed articles and books and news articles and reports by humanitarian organisations on the situation. A conceptual distinction is made between the concepts of “insurgency” and “terrorism”, and this distinction is subsequently used to analyse the nature and scope of the instability in Mozambique and, fundamentally, whether the crisis constitutes an insurgency or terrorism.

Towards a theoretical framework for gendered energy transition at the urban household level: A case of Mozambique

The demand of urban environments for charcoal and fuelwood is responsible for the unprecedented forest degradation in Mozambique. Not surprisingly, solid fuels comprise the bulk of the energy demand in the country, and a marginal number of urban households use clean energy sources for cooking. Evidence shows that biomass consumption has a disproportional effect on women. Their needs are often overlooked when policies are designed, and they are yet to benefit fully from the outcomes of these policies. Through a systematic integrative literature review of 154 sources, this paper shows that the existing energy transitional frameworks are arguably circumscribed by the Global North where access to modern energy sources is no longer the subject of debate. Instead, the energy transition debates are driven mainly by the climate change paradox. This paper develops arguments for a theoretical framework for gendered energy transition, focusing on developing economies. By exploring the Mozambican context, a localised energy system assessment was performed followed by an analysis of the gender role and the factors that drive fuel choice decisions within urban households. The main finding is that the existing frameworks lack a gender perspective and a theoretical framework to address solid fuels dependence in urban environments. Building on the current literature, we illustrate a potential framework for gendered energy transition using an example of the use of liquified petroleum gas and electricity. The critical recommendation is that debates on the gender-energy nexus require assertion of the efficacy of the existing transition frameworks through gender audit research.

Analysing African Advances Against Homophobia in Mozambique: How Decriminalisation and Anti-Discrimination Reforms Proceed Without LGBT Identities

Mozambique experienced a ground-breaking decriminalisation of same-sex sexual acts in 2015, of importance across Africa, and this article provides the first critical analysis to situate that event in colonial and wider socio-political contexts. The struggles of peoples outside heterosexual sexuality and gender norms in the "Global South" generally occur in the tension between transnational discourses of sexual orientation and gender identity or Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans (LGBT) human rights, and the renewal of pre-colonial forms of sexuality and gender. In sub-Saharan Africa, state homophobia has increased in many countries, but has often been analysed in former British or French colonies, making Mozambique a rare and significant case of decriminalisation in the Lusophone context shaped by Portuguese colonialism. Drawing on new data, the article investigates apparently contradictory contestations, where legislation favourable to LGBT populations (including an anti-discriminatory Labour Law) coexists with the State’s refusal to legally recognise the only LGBT association: Lambda. The Mozambique case distinctively reveals both decriminalisation and repression, partly explained by a history of relatively loose regulation of sexuality by Portuguese colonial authorities, with Christian renewals moderated by the Maoist Marxist-Leninism ideological heritage of the Frelimo party, favouring social equality without discreet political identities. This has yielded a government strategy of discursive silence accompanied by quiet reforms that avoid explicit recognition of LGBT identities. The study demonstrates insights that can be drawn from analysis concerning gender and sexuality attending to specific colonialities and political discourses in African societies.