Monkeypox Cases Research Articles

The reemergence of the human monkeypox: strengthening Africa's epidemic preparedness and response system.

The reemergence of the monkeypox (MPX) virus poses a serious threat to global health security. While the first human case was reported in Democratic Republic of Congo in 1970, a recent outbreak of this disease in May 2022 has gone 'viral,' spreading to most continents and occurring in nonendemic countries. Outside Africa, there have been reports of cases of MPX in countries such as Singapore in May 2019, Israel in September 2018, UK in September 2018, among others which have been traced back to importation of infected wild rodents from Africa. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that the standard laboratory facility to carry out MPX tests is Biosafety Containment Level (BSL)-2 working standards if the laboratory staff has taken smallpox vaccine within the last 3 years and BSL-3 working standards if the laboratory staff has not taken the smallpox vaccine. However, African countries have a shortage of BSL laboratories. Hence, there is a need to improve the integrated surveillance of the MPX virus, strengthen diagnostic capacity, capacity building of health workforce, public education programs, fund research, and development, among others. Leveraging a 'One Health' approach will offer fresh insight into the human-animal-environment interface and boost the understanding on the possibility and mechanisms of spillback and reverse zoonosis as well as disease severity and risk factors for severe disease as well as its epidemiology in various subpopulations. Not leaving Africa behind in the prevention, diagnosis, and management of MPX is important to stopping the spread and reemergence of this virus.

Re-emergence of Monkeypox

Monkeypox (MPX), a zoonotic disease caused by an orthopoxvirus, results in a smallpox-like disease in humans. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) reported the first human cases of MPX in 1970. Before 2000, outbreaks of MPX were regularly reported in Africa Apart from the outbreaks in Congo (2007–2011) and Nigeria (2017–2018), the current outbreak includes mostly men who identified themselves as gay, bisexual or other men who have sex with men. Along with the COVID-19 pandemic, the recent rise in the number of MPX cases reported from non-endemic nations has sounded global concerns and warnings. The current outbreak of MPX in Western countries seems to be a milder disease with reported mortality only of 0.04%. However, according to the World Health Organization, rates of MPX deaths have been between 3% and 6% in recent years, and have reached 11% in the past. This review examines the existing scientific understanding of the disease and highlights the key difference from the classic description of MPX to that of the current epidemic and to provide insight into its changing epidemiology and clinical manifestations.

Monkeypox 2022

Introduction: Monkeypox is a rare zoonotic disease that is caused by a virus belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus and is closely related to smallpox and cowpox viruses. The emerging epidemic amid the current COVID-19 pandemic is a matter of concern and warrants urgent public health attention with key issues discussed in the article. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore emerging zoonotic, epidemic threats, future implications, and the way ahead in respect of monkeypox. Methodology: Secondary data from official government sites, press information, latest articles, newspapers, and the WHO website were extracted and discussed in the article. The current epidemiology of monkeypox with the difference from the COVID-19 pandemic is highlighted in the study. The most probable factors for the emergence and recent outbreak are also discussed. The period of the study was from May 20, 2022, to May 27, 2022, and was conducted in the medical college of Western Maharashtra. Results and Discussion: Total number of 25 articles/government/international websites were assessed. While comparing the number of cases among different countries across the globe, the present outbreak has involved different countries with no geographical continuity, with a maximum number of cases from Portugal, Spain, and the United States of America. A comparison of epidemiological determinants of COVID-19 and monkeypox was done which reveals the lesser pandemic potential of monkeypox as compared to COVID-19. Conclusion: The present monkeypox outbreak scenario is different from the previous outbreaks, but with lesser pandemic potential as compared to COVID-19. However, with the increase in the incidence of monkeypox cases in different countries, the fear of cross-border transmission is real. Robust public health surveillance and control measures are vital to address this threat.

The changing epidemiology of monkeypox and preventive measures: an update.

Monkeypox is a systemic exanthematous viral disease presenting with fever, lymphadenopathy, and vesicular rash. The zoonotic virus causing this disease is endemic to many sub-Saharan African countries, where a steady rise in cases has been witnessed for the past 30 years. However, monkeypox re-emerged as the largest outbreak of the West African clade (clade II) of monkeypox virus in Nigeria in 2017. This poxvirus received only minimal global attention until recently, when cases emerged in Europe and rapidly spread globally in certain sections of the community, such as men having sex with men or bisexuals, with human-to-human transmission. Monkeypox virus has established its presence in humans, crossing geographical boundaries, and clusters of infections may occur among individuals in close contact. All six WHO regions have reported monkeypox cases without any epidemiological association with endemic regions. The ongoing multicountry outbreak suggests that silent human-to-human transmission has been happening in Europe and the United States for a while. For containment of the outbreak, active surveillance and rapid identification of new cases are essential. The availability of vaccines is currently limited. Policymakers must focus on awareness programmes, primary preventive or post-exposure vaccination, and treatment with antivirals to control the ongoing outbreak.

Global Infectious Diseases in December 2022: Monthly Analysis

The emergence and reoccurrence of infectious diseases constitute a significant threat to human health. Data for this paper were mainly obtained from official websites, such as the WHO and national CDC websites. The report summarizes and analyzes information on infectious diseases for early outbreak monitoring from 24 November to 23 December 2022. Monkeypox cases declined in December 2022 with few deaths, while cholera infections have increased in African regions and war-torn countries. Most sub-Saharan countries are affected by insect-borne diseases, such as dengue, Lassa, and chikungunya fever.

Monkeypox: A Global Public Health Emergency of 2022- Are We Ready?

Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral disease endemic to the tropical rainforest regions of Central and West Africa. The 1st virus isolation was done from a group of research monkeys in 1958 and the 1st human case was detected in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 1970. Outbreaks outside Africa by 2021 were always small-scale and associated with travel to endemic regions or the importation of infected animals. But in 2022, more than 2000 cases were reported from 1st January to 3rd August from more than 80 countries worldwide, and the majority of them had no travel or contact history. Neighboring country India has also detected four monkeypox cases for the first time with one death which is a concern for Bangladesh. This review article gives a brief overview of the monkeypox virus, the disease, and most importantly, the preventive measures in the context of the current global outbreak.

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with human monkeypox infection in Mexico: A nationwide observational study.

Human monkeypox, a zoonosis historically endemic to West and South Africa, has led to a worldwide outbreak driven by human-to-human transmission resulting in an international public health emergency. Endemic and outbreak monkeypox cases may differ in their affected populations, clinical features, and outcomes. Thus, profiling cases of the current monkeypox outbreak worldwide is crucial. We performed a nationwide observational surveillance-based study from May 24 to September 5, 2022. Patients that met the operational clinical definition of monkeypox or symptomatic close contacts of confirmed cases were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Clinical data were collected with a standardized case-report form. We report epidemiologic, sociodemographic, and clinical characteristics of confirmed cases. Five-hundred and sixty-five human monkeypox confirmed cases were analysed; 97.2% were men, of whom 59.5% identified as men who have sex with men, and 54.5% had human immunodeficiency virus infection. The median age was 34 years. All patients but one had rash (99.8%), 78.9% had fever, and 47.8% reported myalgia. The anogenital area was the most commonly affected one by rash (49.6%), and proctitis occurred in 6.2% of patients. Six patients required hospitalization, of which one died due to causes unrelated to monkeypox. The 2022 monkeypox outbreak in Mexico is mainly driven by middle-aged men who have sex with men, of which a large proportion are persons who live with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clinical features such as the high proportion of anogenital lesions suggest sexual contact is a pivotal transmission mechanism in this outbreak. This research was supported by grant A1-S-18342 from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), Mexico (to S.I.V.-F.).

The Current Monkeypox Outbreak: Highlighting Gaps in Approach to Disease in Endemic vs. Non-Endemic Countries

The appearance of monkeypox cases in non-endemic regions of the world has sparked concern in the global community, raising questions about prior undetected spread as well as suspicion of changing epidemiology. However, Africa has contained this burden for decades without much attention on global forums. Contributing factors in Africa include socioeconomic and political turmoil which have led to disturbance of habitats of various host species, with larger populations at risk of transmission, whereas the current outbreak in other countries has shown human-to-human transmission, mostly via sexual contact with infected individuals. While it is important to deal effectively with the situation at hand, prompt and equitable efforts are needed to control the spread of disease in endemic areas in the long term. Only then is it possible to prevent such multi-country outbreaks in the future.

Monkeypox Disease with a Focus on the 2022 Outbreak; a Narrative Review.

Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus. Despite being endemic in Central and West Africa, the disease has received relatively little research attention until recent times. As the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to affect the world, the rising number of monkeypox cases in non-endemic countries has further stoked global public health concerns about another pandemic. Unlike previous outbreaks outside Africa, most patients in the present outbreak had no history of travel to the endemic regions. The overwhelming majority of patients were initially identified amongst homosexual men, who had attended large gatherings. Mutations in the coding regions of the viral genome may have resulted in fitness adaptation, enhancement of immune evasion mechanisms, and more efficient transmissibility of the 2022 monkeypox virus. Multiple factors such as diminished cross-protective herd immunity (cessation of smallpox vaccination), deforestation, civil war, refugee displacement, farming, enhanced global interconnectedness, and even climate change may facilitate the unexpected emergence of the disease. In light of the increasing number of cases reported in the present outbreak, healthcare professionals should update their knowledge about monkeypox disease, including its diagnosis, prevention, and clinical management. Herein, we provide an overview of monkeypox, with a focus on the 2022 outbreak, to serve as a primer for clinical practitioners who may encounter the disease in their practice.

Fear of a Spike in Monkeypox Cases Due to Pakistan's Financial and Political Crisis.

Fear of a Spike in Monkeypox Cases Due to Pakistan's Financial and Political Crisis.

Monkey Pox: Health Care System in Pakistan

The Zoonotic viruses have been a threat to the health care systems in all around the globe. The spread was pandemic with high mortality and morbidity rates [1]. The zoonotic viruses like small pox and monkey pox is included in orthopox genus of poxviridae family and is public health concern all around the world. The newly emerging zoonotic diseases have the potential to cause epidemics and have high mortality, have long been a threat to the security of global health [2, 3]. Prior to 2003, the first human monkey pox case around the Africa was identified and the monkey pox was endemic to nations such as western and central African. There has been a lot of upheaval recently because to the monkey pox outbreak that has affected 18 non-African nations, totaling 103 sure diseases cases and about 106 cases who had a little suspicion or early signs related [4, 5]. The worldwide epidemic of this illness has shown no fatalities have been recorded yet. Following a warning from the World Health Organization regarding an increase in cases of monkey pox in non-endemic nations, the National Institute of Health (NIH) Pakistan’s health authority, issued a warning to provincial and national health organizations advising them to intensify surveillance of the occurrence [3, 6]. Pakistan now is attempting to deal with the COVID-19 difficulties in this dire political and economic scenario. Another health and economic catastrophe rose in the next days as a result of the brittle healthcare system, inability to prevent fatal illnesses, and lack of resources [7]. A sensitive people are more vulnerable to subsequent epidemic cycles because of the ecological void left by the rising number of people lacking poxvirus protection after the smallpox vaccination programme was discontinued. In light of these challenges, Pakistan must make proactive plans in advance to prevent any disastrous events. The smallpox vaccine has historically demonstrated cross-protective immunity against monkey pox; however, Pakistan stopped administering the smallpox vaccine after the WHO proclaimed the globe free of the disease in 1980. Given that there are presently no monkey pox diagnostic tests accessible in Pakistan, the likelihood of an epidemic is even more concerning [8]. As a result, urgent action is required to stop the spread of the monkey pox virus [9]. The monkey pox infection spreads slowly as compared to Covid and requires the isolation and immunization to health care professionals before and after the exposure. No stigma should be attached to the distribution of health advice. The medical and allied professionals in the clinical practice may interact with suspected or confirmed case of monkey pox and advised to practice a maintained distance and limitation in contact, including proper maintained handling of all equipment and other things like contaminated syringes, garbage, and clothing. The disinfection of the surfaces of equipment and surrounding should be performed [10]. Public health emergency and control teams should be constituted as soon as the existence of a disease in the nation is confirmed in order to oversee and coordinate the response. Surveillance should involve an active search rather than depending on medical personnel's passive disease reporting. Monkey pox case identification and increased surveillance are crucial tools for comprehending the dynamic epidemiology of this emerging disease [11, 12].

New Point-of-Care Techniques for the Detection of the Monkey Pox Virus

Monkey pox infection (MPXV), a zoonotic orthopoxvirus (OPX), is endemic in the Majority rule Republic of Congo (DRC). Presently, symptomatic tests for human monkey pox (MPX) center around continuous quantitative polymerase chain response (PCR) examines, which are ordinarily acted in refined lab settings. In this, we assessed the precision and utility of a multiplex MPX measure utilizing the GeneXpert stage, a versatile fast symptomatic gadget that might act as a mark-of-care test to analyze contaminations in endemic regions. The multiplex MPX/OPX measure incorporates an MPX-explicit PCR test, an OPX-nonexclusive PCR test, and an interior control PCR test. Altogether, 164 analytic examples (50 coverings and 114 vesicular swabs) were gathered from thought MPX cases in Tshuapa Area, DRC, under public observation rules. The examples were tried with the GeneXpert MPX/OPX measure and an OPX PCR examination at the Institute Public de Recherché Biomedical (INRB) in Kinshasa. Aliquots of every example were tried in lined up with an MPX-explicit PCR measure at the Habitats for Infectious prevention and Counteraction. The after effects of the MPX PCR were utilized as the best quality level for all investigations. The GeneXpert MPX/OPX measure performed at INRB had responsiveness of 98.8% and an explicitness of 100 percent. The GeneXpert examination performed well with both hull and vesicle tests. The GeneXpert MPX/OPX test consolidates a basic procedure that performs well in both research facility and field conditions, recommending practicality as a demonstrative stage might grow and facilitate the ebb and flow of MPX recognition capacities

A Full-Scale Narrative Review On Monkey pox

A developing zoonotic orthopoxvirus with a clinical presentation resembling smallpox is the human monkey pox. A double-stranded DNA virus causes monkey pox (MPX), a viral zoonosis. -For the first time, numerous monkey pox cases and clusters have been recorded simultaneously in endemic and non-endemic nations over a wide range of geographical regions. On 23 July 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the monkey pox outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). From May to July 2022, a multi-country outbreak of monkey pox was reported. The recurrence of the disease has caused global panic and a rise in public health concerns. we performed a thorough literature search for MPVX infection PubMed, Google scholar and Elsevier search engines, articles published in the last 3 months and personal collection of the relevant publications were considered in this review. Despite the fact that this condition has been there for more than 50 years, the recent rise in cases and the growing body of knowledge about it have made it necessary for practicing doctors to conduct a focused review. Therefore, in this review we Summarized the previous concepts, exploring the present, and focusing on future prevention of Monkey pox.

Epidemiologic and Clinical Features of Mpox in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Adults — United States, May–November 2022

As of November 9, 2022, a total of 28,730 cases of monkeypox (mpox) had been reported in the United States,* primarily among adult cisgender men reporting recent male-to-male sexual contact (1). Transgender and gender-diverse persons, who constitute an estimated 0.5% of the U.S. adult population,† face unique health disparities and barriers to care (2-4). However, data on the epidemiologic and clinical features of Monkeypox virus infections in this population are limited (5). CDC analyzed U.S. case surveillance data on mpox cases in transgender and gender-diverse adults reported during May 17-November 4, 2022. During this period, 466 mpox cases in transgender and gender-diverse adults were reported, accounting for 1.7% of reported cases among adults. Most were in transgender women (43.1%) or gender-diverse persons (42.1%); 14.8% were in transgender men. Among 374 (80.3%) mpox cases in transgender and gender-diverse adults with information available on sexual or close intimate contact, 276 (73.8%) reported sexual or close intimate contact with a cisgender male partner during the 3 weeks preceding symptom onset. During the ongoing outbreak, transgender and gender-diverse persons have been disproportionately affected by mpox. Members of this population frequently reported recent sexual or close intimate contact with cisgender men, who might be in sexual networks experiencing the highest incidence of mpox. These findings highlight the importance of tailoring public health prevention and outreach efforts to transgender and gender-diverse communities and could guide strategies to reduce mpox transmission.

Human-to-Human Transmission of Monkeypox Virus Old Virus with a New Face

The outbreak of Monkeypox was declared a public health emergency of worldwide concern by WHO following the (COVID-19) pandemic. The number of reported cases of both suspicion and confirmation has increased in recent years, from over 19,000 between 2000 and 2019 to over 15,600 between 2021 and 2022, and day by day the cases of monkeypox have been reported in 12 member states to three WHO regions. As of May 21, 2022, 92 confirmed cases of monkeypox and 28 suspected cases had been reported to the WHO from more than 12 countries. By the 21st of June 2022, a total of 2677 confirmed cases had been recorded from the UK and other European and non-European countries. According to an extensive literature survey, the total number of registered cases of MPXV was 59,147 between January 2022 to September 14th, 2022, demonstrating that MPXV can spread significantly amongst people and may as a result pose a serious threat to public health with international repercussions. In clade II MPXV virus is currently occurring outside of Africa the WHO reported 25,047 confirmed cases as of August 2nd, 2022. Here, we review current better understanding, and studies on monkeypox, including its history, current scenario, epidemiology, causative agent, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, limitations, and the new face of monkeypox, its unusual outbreak attributed to the transformation of transmission and also discussed case studies is discussed in this article.

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Mpox in Persons Who Had Previously Received 1 Dose of JYNNEOS Vaccine and in Unvaccinated Persons - 29 U.S. Jurisdictions, May 22-September 3, 2022.

As of November 14, 2022, monkeypox (mpox) cases had been reported from more than 110 countries, including 29,133 cases in the United States.* Among U.S. cases to date, 95% have occurred among males (1). After the first confirmed U.S. mpox case on May 17, 2022, limited supplies of JYNNEOS vaccine (Modified Vaccinia Ankara vaccine, Bavarian Nordic) were made available to jurisdictions for persons exposed to mpox. JYNNEOS vaccine was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2019 as a 2-dose series (0.5 mL per dose, administered subcutaneously) to prevent smallpox and mpox disease.† On August 9, 2022, FDA issued an emergency use authorization to allow administration of JYNNEOS vaccine by intradermal injection (0.1 mL per dose) (2). A previous report on U.S. mpox cases during July 31-September 3, 2022, suggested that 1 dose of vaccine offers some protection against mpox (3). This report describes demographic and clinical characteristics of cases occurring ≥14 days after receipt of 1 dose of JYNNEOS vaccine and compares them with characteristics of cases among unvaccinated persons with mpox and with the vaccine-eligible vaccinated population in participating jurisdictions. During May 22-September 3, 2022, among 14,504 mpox cases reported from 29 participating U.S. jurisdictions,§ 6,605 (45.5%) had available vaccination information and were included in the analysis. Among included cases, 276 (4.2%) were among persons who had received 1 dose of vaccine ≥14 days before illness onset. Mpox cases that occurred in these vaccinated persons were associated with lower percentage of hospitalization (2.1% versus 7.5%), fever, headache, malaise, myalgia, and chills, compared with cases in unvaccinated persons. Although 1 dose of JYNNEOS vaccine offers some protection from disease, mpox infection can occur after receipt of 1 dose, and the duration of protection conferred by 1 dose is unknown. Providers and public health officials should therefore encourage persons at risk for acquiring mpox to complete the 2-dose vaccination series and provide guidance and education regarding nonvaccine-related prevention strategies (4).

An overview on Monkeypox, Current Paradigms and Advances in its Vaccination, Treatment and Clinical Management: Trends, Scope, Promise and Challenges

Monkeypox virus is an orthopoxvirus sharing the common genus with variola and vaccinia virus. Most of the monkeypox (MPX) cases had been reported from the central and west African region (the main endemic areas) prior to 2022 but there was a sudden outbreak in May, 2022 disseminating the infections to thousands of people even in non-endemic countries, posing a global public health emergency. MPX was considered a rae and neglected disease, however the 2022 MPX outbreaks in multiple countries attracted attention of worldwide researchers to pace up for carrying out researches on various aspects of MPXV including attempts to design and develop diagnostics, vaccines, drugs and therapeutics counteract MPX. Apart from being a zoonotic disease, the current outbreaks highlighted rapid human-to-human transmission of MPXV, besides the reverse zoonosis has also been documented with recent first report of human-to-dog transmission, urging a call for the importance of one health approach. Atypical and unusual disease manifestations as well asymptomatic MPXV infections have also been observed during 2022 MPX outbreak. The affected patients typically develop a rash resulting in a mild disease followed by recovery with some supportive care and use of antivirals such as tecovirimat, cidofovir and brincidofovir in severe disease cases. Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine with an excellent safety profile has been recommended to patients with higher risk exposure and immunocompromised individuals. Moreover, another vaccine the replication-competent vaccine (ACAM2000) could be a suitable alternative to MVA’s non-availability to some selective immunocompetent individuals. Current review highlights the salient aspects of management and treatment of monkeypox along with underlying promises in terms of therapeutics and a variety of challenges posed due to current global public health emergency situation to counteract MPX.

Old Enemy with a New Face: Re-emerging Monkeypox Disease – An Update

Human monkeypox (MPX), a multi-country re-emerging disease, is rapidly spreading around the world. The etiological agent of this disease, Monkeypox virus (MPXV), is a DNA virus classified into three genetic types (West Africa, Congo Basin clade, and one new clade-3). Atypical or unusual symptoms as well as asymptomatic infection of MPXV has also been reported. Transmission among humans is possible by droplets, contact, sexual intercourse, and fomites. Secondary transmission of this disease has been reported to occur in less than 10% of cases where it was found 35%–88% of smallpox. Mother-to-fetus transmission by vertical route is also possible for this disease. Modern equipment, biosafety level-3 laboratory facilities, and trained expert persons are needed to diagnose this disease. Previous data support that ~85% clinical protection is provided by smallpox vaccines for monkeypox, although initially non-human primates models were used for various experiments, and also side-effects of this vaccine have been notably mentioned in various studies. Limited research findings of JYNNEOS vaccine has supported the comparatively lower prevalence of MPX cases with vaccination. Few drugs, including cidofovir, tecovirimat, brincidofovir, and vaccinia immune globulin intravenous are preferable against this disease, although clinical trial data is limited and FDA-approval is also pending. This review-based study presents an overall scenario of Monkeypox disease (MPXD) based on previously published studies. Recommended clinical treatment and vaccination, appropriate infection prevention and control strategies, adopting one health approach, and quick identification of hotspots using a wastewater-based surveillance system need to be followed to check the further spread of MPX outbreaks.

Changing Patterns in the Spread of Human Monkeypox: A Dangerous New Development in Disease Epidemiology

Recent cases of monkeypox (MPX), a zoonotic illness caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), outside of Africa have prompted international public health concerns. The emergence, re-emergence, and global dispersion of zoonoses are profoundly impacted by a wide variety of causes, including but not limited to climate change, urbanization, animal migration, quick means of travel and tourism, vector biology, anthropogenic influences, and natural factors. Human MPX was first identified in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in 1970, and since then it has spread throughout Africa, particularly to West and Central Africa, with some instances even emerging outside of Africa. Since the 1970s, there has been an increasing trend in the occurrence of human MPX, with the DRC seeing the largest increase. The median age at first presentation has increased from 4 years in the 1970s to 21 years in the current time. The total fatality rate was 8.7%, although there was a significant variation between clades: Central African (10.6%) and West African (3.6%). Since 2003, sporadic outbreaks have occurred outside of Africa due to imports and travel-related dissemination. Risky practices that could lead to contracting MPX include having contact with infected animals or people. There is still much to learn about MPXV, such as the reason for the sudden increase in cases while travel links from endemic countries have not yet been established profoundly, identity the natural reservoir animal(s), make advances in diagnostics, increase surveillance and monitoring, carry out in-depth epidemiological investigations, genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, explore the reasons for the changing epidemiology and evolving nature of the virus, its ecological niche, and the discovery of effective treatment and management of MPX. This l mini-review aims to reveal an increase in the number of reported cases of MPX worldwide, with the highest concentration in the DRC, as well as its spread to other countries and a shift in the median age of patients from infants to teenagers and young adults highlighting from older years to current 2022 MPX outbreaks. Some cross-protection against MPX was provided by smallpox vaccination, suggesting that its discontinuation may have contributed to an increase in human-to-human transmission. The disease’s worldwide significance is underscored by the fact that it has spread beyond Africa. As the epidemiology of this resurging disease is constantly shifting, surveillance and detection programs are crucial to keeping up with it.

Decreasing trend of monkeypox cases in Europe and America shows hope for the world: Evidence from the latest epidemiological data.

Decreasing trend of monkeypox cases in Europe and America shows hope for the world: Evidence from the latest epidemiological data.