Ischemic Stroke Cases Research Articles

Ischemic Stroke, Glucocorticoids, and Remote Hippocampal Damage: A Translational Outlook and Implications for Modeling.

Progress in treating ischemic stroke (IS) and its delayed consequences has been frustratingly slow due to the insufficient knowledge on the mechanism. One important factor, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis is mostly neglected despite the fact that both clinical data and the results from rodent models of IS show that glucocorticoids, the hormones of this stress axis, are involved in IS-induced brain dysfunction. Though increased cortisol in IS is regarded as a biomarker of higher mortality and worse recovery prognosis, the detailed mechanisms of HPA axis dysfunction involvement in delayed post-stroke cognitive and emotional disorders remain obscure. In this review, we analyze IS-induced HPA axis alterations and supposed association of corticoid-dependent distant hippocampal damage to post-stroke brain disorders. A translationally important growing point in bridging the gap between IS pathogenesis and clinic is to investigate the involvement of the HPA axis disturbances and related hippocampal dysfunction at different stages of SI. Valid models that reproduce the state of the HPA axis in clinical cases of IS are needed, and this should be considered when planning pre-clinical research. In clinical studies of IS, it is useful to reinforce diagnostic and prognostic potential of cortisol and other HPA axis hormones. Finally, it is important to reveal IS patients with permanently disturbed HPA axis. Patients-at-risk with high cortisol prone to delayed remote hippocampal damage should be monitored since hippocampal dysfunction may be the basis for development of post-stroke cognitive and emotional disturbances, as well as epilepsy.

Utility of transesophageal echocardiography in the identification and treatment of occult mechanisms of cerebral infarction

Cryptogenic stroke comprises approximately 25% of all cases of ischemic stroke. The diagnostic evaluation of these patients remains a challenge in clinical practice. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been shown to have superior diagnostic accuracy in identifying potential cardioembolic sources of ischemic stroke when compared to transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). However, there has been inconsistent data on the management implications of these new cardiac findings. The addition of TEE to the comprehensive stroke evaluation will better identify potential cardiac sources of embolism (CSE) and will result in significant management changes. A prospective registry of consecutively admitted patients with acute ischemic stroke (1/1/2015–8/10/2020) was retrospectively queried. Patients 18 to 60 years of age with stroke due to mechanisms other than large or small vessel disease, or atrial fibrillation were eligible for inclusion. The primary outcome was any high-risk CSE identified on TEE following unrevealing TTE. Of the 2,404 consecutive stroke patients evaluated during the study period, 263 (11%) met inclusion criteria and the median age was 53 (IQR 46–57). TEE was performed in 108 patients (41%). A high-risk CSE was identified in 36 patients (33%), the majority of which were PFOs (n = 29). TEE led to a clinical management change in 14 patients (39%) after identification of a high-risk CSE; 6 underwent PFO closure and 8 had adjustment to their antithrombotic therapy. The addition of TEE to the comprehensive stroke evaluation led to the identification of a high-risk CSE in one in three patients resulting in significant management changes.

Findings from an Asian post‐stroke cognitive impairment intervention programme

AbstractBackgroundSingapore sees more than 7,000 ischemic stroke cases yearly, with majority having physical and cognitive sequelae. Previous reports demonstrate that Post‐stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) occurs in 37.3% of stroke patients at the National Neuroscience Institute (NNI, Singapore) within 6 months post‐stroke. The severity of rising PSCI rates prompted the implementation of the NNI Stroke Memory Rehabilitation Programme (SMaRT) for ischaemic stroke patients with mild physical impairments. This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of the SMaRT programme on PSCI and post‐stroke coping over a 6‐month period.MethodThe SMaRT programme is a 8‐week group‐based post‐stroke cognitive rehabilitation programme focusing on healthy living habits, memory models, memory strategies and emotion regulation strategies. Patients with clinically diagnosed ischaemic strokes, mild functional and cognitive issues (modified Rankin Scale score≤3 and Mini Mental‐State Examination score≥20) were recruited from April 2018 to September 2020. Assessments were administered at baseline, 8 weeks and 6 months post‐SMaRT, measuring global cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Visual Cognitive Assessment Tool), visuospatial function/attention (Trail Making Test‐A), emotional coping (Geriatric Depression Scale‐15), daily functioning (Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living (NEADL)), subjective quality of life (Dementia Quality of Life (DemQOL)). Paired samples t‐tests compared scores between the three timepoints, adjusting for type I errors with Bonferroni correction.Result137 subjects (N males=90 (65.7.%); mean age=63.49 years, SD=9.38, mean years of education=9.50, SD=3.79) underwent SMaRT. Comparing week‐8 to baseline, there was significant improvement in global cognition (MoCA, VCAT: p<.001), emotional coping (GDS, p<.001), daily functions (NEADL, p<.001), subjective quality of life (DemQOL: p=.008). Significant improvement was also observed comparing month‐6 to baseline scores in global cognition (MoCA, VCAT: p<.001), emotional coping (GDS, p<.001), daily functions (NEADL, p<.001), subjective quality of life (DemQOL: p<.001). In both analyses, decreasing trends in TMT‐A (seconds) were observed and approached significance.ConclusionThe SMaRT programme is effective in mitigating post‐stroke cognitive impairment, particularly in global cognition. Additionally, SMaRT improved mood, daily functioning and subjective quality of life, suggesting its ability to instill positivity and confidence in stroke patients. These suggest a group‐based structured cognitive rehabilitation programme is likely to benefit stroke patients and reduces incidence of PSCI.

Metabolomic Profiles Associated With Incident Ischemic Stroke.

Women have higher lifetime risk of stroke than men, and metabolic factors seem more strongly associated with stroke for women than men. However, few studies in either men or women have evaluated metabolomic profiles and incident stroke. We applied liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to measure 519 plasma metabolites in a discovery set of women in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS; 454 incident ischemic stroke cases, 454 controls) with validation in 2 independent, prospective cohorts: Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea (PREDIMED; 118 stroke cases, 791 controls) and Nurses' Health Study 2 (NHS2; 49 ischemic stroke cases, 49 controls). We applied logistic regression models with stroke as the outcome to adjust for multiple risk factors; the false discovery rate was controlled through the q value method. Twenty-three metabolites were significantly associated with incident stroke in NHS after adjustment for traditional risk factors (q < 0.05). Of these, 14 metabolites were available in PREDIMED and 3 were significantly associated with incident stroke: methionine sulfoxide, N6-acetyllysine, and sucrose (q < 0.05). In NHS2, one of the 23 metabolites (glucuronate) was significantly associated with incident stroke (q < 0.05). For all 4 metabolites, higher levels were associated with increased risk. These 4 metabolites were used to create a stroke metabolite score (SMS) in the NHS and tested in PREDIMED. Per unit of standard deviation of SMS, the odds ratio for incident stroke was 4.12 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.26-7.51) in PREDIMED, after adjustment for risk factors. In PREDIMED, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the model including SMS and traditional risk factors was 0.70 (95% CI 0.75-0.79) vs the AUC for the model including the traditional risk factors only of 0.65 (95% CI 0.70-0.75), corresponding to a 5% improvement in risk prediction with SMS (p < 0.005). Metabolites associated with stroke included 2 amino acids, a carboxylic acid, and sucrose. A composite SMS including these metabolites was associated with ischemic stroke and showed improvement in risk prediction beyond traditional risk factors. This study provides Class II evidence that a SMS accurately predicts incident ischemic stroke risk.

Serum Zinc Levels and Incidence of Ischemic Stroke: The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study.

Despite zinc's role as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, prospective studies relating zinc levels to ischemic stroke risk are lacking. To examine the association between serum zinc levels and incidence of ischemic stroke in a US population. Using a case-cohort study nested within the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke cohort, participants were randomly selected from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke cohort to generate a sub-cohort (n=2346). All incident ischemic stroke cases as of September 2012 (n=660) were included, with 62 incident cases overlapping in the sub-cohort. Serum zinc levels were measured at baseline. Barlow-weighted Cox's proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios and the corresponding 95% CI of ischemic stroke by serum zinc levels. The median zinc level for the sub-cohort was 121.19 µg/dL (interquartile range, 104.86-140.39 µg/dL). Serum zinc levels were inversely associated with incidence of ischemic stroke after adjustment for potential confounders (quartile 4 versus quartile 1: hazard ratio, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.61-0.98], P=0.03 for trend). When stratified by prespecified factors (sex, race, region), only sex showed a significant modification (P=0.03 for interaction). The inverse association was more pronounced among females (quartile 4 versus quartile 1: hazard ratio, 0.58 [95% CI, 0.41-0.84], P<0.01 for trend) than males (quartile 4 versus quartile 1: hazard ratio, 1.08 [95% CI, 0.78-1.51], P=0.92 for trend). Serum zinc concentration was inversely associated with incidence of ischemic stroke, especially among women, indicating that low zinc levels may be a risk factor for ischemic stroke.

Fetal posterior communicating artery as a conduit for concurrent anterior and posterior circulation infarct: A case report

Fetal type posterior cerebral artery (FTPCA) is a variant of posterior circulation of brain, in which the distal part of posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is perfused by a branch of internal carotid artery (ICA) via fetal posterior communicating artery (fetal PCOM). In the presence of fetal PCOM, a paradoxical concurrent infarction of anterior and posterior circulation may happen. We report a 67-year-old man who presented with sudden onset right sided weakness and aphasia, with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of 22 and clinically diagnosed to have left total anterior circulation infarct (TACI). Subsequently, he received IV Alteplase as a standard hyperacute ischemic stroke treatment. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) of brain showed left FTPCA with prominent left fetal PCOM. Subsequent computed tomography (CT) of brain showed concurrent left middle cerebral artery (MCA) and PCA territories infarct. CTA brain is commonly done in ischemic stroke cases to assess presence of large vessel occlusions and intracranial or extracranial atherosclerotic disease. However, this case depicts its additional role in detecting anatomical variants of cerebral circulation. In terms of clinical importance, presence of multiple territories infarction portends a poorer neurological outcome.

ANALISA PERBEDAAN INFORMASI DIAGNOSTIK CT SCAN KEPALA PADA KASUS STROKE ISKEMIK DENGAN PILIHAN KOMBINASI SLICE THICKNESS DAN INTERVAL RECONSTRUCTION

ABSTRACT&#x0D; &#x0D; Background: Stroke is a diseas that has a high mortality rate as the third most common disease that causes death in the world. To diagnose the location and type stroke, a neuro imaging examination is need, which is by examining the CT Scan of the head. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in diagnostic information on CT scan of the head in cases of ischemic stroke with a choice combination of 3 mm slice thickness with 1.5 mm interval reconstruction and 2 mm slice thickness with 1 mm interval reconstruction, and to find out which combination is the most optimal in producing diagnostic information in cases of ischemic stroke.&#x0D; Methods: This type of research is quantitative research with experimental approach. The study was conducted at Telogorejo Hospital Semarang. The sampel in this study were 10 patients with expertise results of ischemic stroke. The resultan data was 10 head scan radiographs with ischemic stroke and each radiograph is reformatted with combination of 3 mm slice thickness with 1.5 interval reconstruction and 2 mm slice thickness with 1 mm interval reconstruction. Assesment of diagnostic information data was done by 3 respondents. before data analysis, first kappa test was done to three respondents and then tested wilcoxon.&#x0D; Result :The result of this research is the difference of diagnostic information between combination of 3 mm slice thickness with 1.5 mm interval reconstruction and 2 mm slice thickness with 1 mm interval reconstruction. A combination of 2 mm slice thickness with 1 mm interval reconstruction with mean rank 21.00 is the most optimal combination for head scan with ischemic stroke cases.

The Clinical Significance of the Hyperintense Acute Reperfusion Marker Sign in Subacute Infarction Patients

Purpose: The hyperintense acute reperfusion marker (HARM) is characterized by the delayed enhancement of the subarachnoid or subpial space observed on postcontrast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images, and is considered a cerebral reperfusion marker for various brain disorders, including infarction. In this study, we evaluated the cerebral distribution patterns of HARM for discriminating between an enhancing subacute infarction and an enhancing mass located in the cortex and subcortical white matter. Materials and methods: We analyzed consecutive patients who experienced a subacute ischemic stroke, were hospitalized, and underwent conventional brain magnetic resonance imaging including postcontrast FLAIR within 14 days from symptom onset, as well as those who had lesions corresponding to a clinical sign detected by diffusion-weighted imaging and postcontrast T1-weighted imaging between May 2019 and May 2021. A total of 199 patients were included in the study. Of them, 94 were finally included in the subacute infarction group. During the same period, 76 enhancing masses located in the cortex or subcortical white matter, which were subcategorized as metastasis, malignant glioma, and lymphoma, were analyzed. We analyzed the overall incidence of HARM in subacute ischemic stroke cases, and compared the enhancement patterns between cortical infarctions and cortical masses. Results: Among 94 patients with subacute stroke, 78 patients (83%) presented HARM, and among 76 patients with subcortical masses, 48 patients (63%) presented peripheral rim enhancement. Of 170 subcortical enhancing lesions, 88 (51.8%) showed HARM, and 78 (88.6%) were determined to be subacute infarction. Among 94 patients with subacute stroke, 48 patients (51%) had diffusion restrictions, and HARM was found in 39 patients (81.2%). Of the 46 patients (49%) without diffusion restriction, 39 patients (84.8%) showed HARM. Conclusions: The presence of HARM was significantly associated with subacute infarctions. For the masses, a peripheral rim enhancement pattern was observed around the mass rather than the cerebral sulci on postcontrast FLAIR.

The association between ozone and ischemic stroke morbidity among patients with type 2 diabetes in Beijing, China

BackgroundThe association between ozone and ischemic stroke has been widely reported; however, the association among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) has remained largely unknown. MethodsThe time series data of daily morbidity and concentrations of ozone from 2014 to 2018 were collected in Beijing, China. A time-stratified case-crossover study combined with a distributed lag nonlinear model was used to estimate the ozone effect on stroke morbidity among T2D patients. Based on principal diagnosis, ischemic stroke cases were identified according to the International Classification of Diseases (I63), and a history of T2D was coded as E12. ResultsA total of 149,757 hospital admissions for ischemic stroke among T2D patients were recorded in Beijing. Approximately U-shaped exposure-response curves were observed for ozone and ischemic stroke morbidity among T2D patients. With a reference at 54.91 μg/m3, extreme-low (5th: 9.59 μg/m3) ozone was significantly associated with a decreased risk for ischemic stroke [RR = 0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.80–0.98]. Subgroup analysis showed that extremely low-ozone (5th) level only had a significant protective effect in males and elderly population, with a RR value of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.76–0.97) and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.75–0.96), respectively. Extreme-high ozone (99th: 157.06 μg/m3) was significantly associated with an increased risk for ischemic stroke (RR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.12–1.57). The effect size was 1.34 (95% CI: 1.10–1.63) for males and 1.32 (95% CI: 1.07–1.63) for females, and the difference was not significant (Z = -0.29, P = 0.77). The effect size in younger adults was significantly higher than that in participants aged ≥65 years [1.52 (95% CI: 1.21–1.91) vs. 1.22 (95% CI: 1.01–1.47), Z = -1.62, P < 0.05]. ConclusionsU-shaped associations were observed between ozone and ischemic stroke morbidity in T2D patients. Men and elderly population are vulnerable to low-ozone level, and the younger adults are more susceptible to extremely high-ozone level than the elderly.

Нейропротекція після системного тромболізису в пацієнтів з ішемічним інсультом: огляд клінічних випадків

У даній роботі поданий огляд клінічних випадків ішемічного інсульту, лікування яких проводилося з використанням системного тромболізису й високих доз Церебролізину з метою нейропротекції. Особливу увагу автор приділяє ефективності такої комбінації. Поєднання тромболітичної терапії та нейропротекції — безпечний і ефективний метод лікування інсульту. Поєднання тромболітичної терапії з Церебролізином у максимальних лікувальних дозах демонструє високу потужність і швидкість терапевтичного ефекту, відсутність побічної дії та ускладнень, дозволяє зменшити розмір інфаркту, запобігає утворенню й поширенню набряку мозку, стабілізує мікроциркуляцію, нормалізує неврологічні й когнітивні порушення.

Эффективность применения кверцетина у пациентов с ишемическим инсультом и коморбидной патологией

Актуальность. На сегодняшний день существует необходимость внедрения эффективного и безопасного патогенетического лечения мозгового инсульта, направленного на защиту нейронов от ишемического повреждения. Коморбидная патология у пациентов с ишемическим инсультом может оказывать существенное воздействие на течение заболевания и влиять на эффективность восстановления нарушенных функций. Целью исследования было изучение влияния кверцетина на функциональный исход острого периода ишемического инсульта, возникшего у больных на фоне соматической патологии. Материалы и методы. Представлены результаты анализа 639 случаев острого мозгового ишемического инсульта в зависимости от применявшейся схемы лечения и уровня коморбидности. Результаты. Исследуемые группы пациентов были сопоставимы по показателям исходного неврологического дефицита. 98 % из них имели коморбидную патологию с диапазоном значений от 1 до 8 баллов по шкале Чарльсона (среднее значение 3,75 ± ± 1,40 балла). Пациенты с высоким уровнем коморбидности продемонстрировали худшие показатели функционального восстановления в остром периоде ишемического инсульта по шкале инвалидизации (3,3 ± 1,6 балла) по сравнению с пациентами с низким уровнем коморбидности (2,2 ± 1,4 балла) (p &lt; 0,01, U). Изучение эффективности разных схем лечения на фоне коморбидной патологии показало достоверную эффективность назначения кверцетина у пациентов с высокой коморбидностью. Среди пациентов с низкой коморбидностью не было отмечено статистически значимых различий по показателю инвалидизации и выживаемости больных в остром периоде ишемического инсульта. Выводы. У 98 % больных с ишемическим инсультом выявляется коморбидная патология, которая негативно влияет на показатели выживания и функционального восстановления у больных в остром периоде ишемического инсульта. Худшие показатели функционального восстановления продемонстрировали пациенты с высоким уровнем коморбидности по индексу Чарльсона. Применение кверцетина в остром периоде ишемического инсульта продемонстрировало высокую эффективность у больных с высоким уровнем коморбидности, что подтвердило мультимодальный спектр его терапевтических эффектов. Индивидуальный подбор лечебных мероприятий у больных с ишемическим инсультом с учетом сопутствующей патологии повышает эффективность лечения.

Abstract 12656: Atrial Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for Detecting Atrial Fibrillation in Cryptogenic Stroke: A Meta-Analysis

Introduction: Cryptogenic stroke (CS) accounts for approximately twenty-five percent of ischemic stroke cases with atrial fibrillation (AF) accounting for thirty percent of CS cases. We aimed to investigate the utility of atrial speckle tracking (STE) in identifying patients at high risk of AF after CS and potentially guiding patients who will benefit from long term rhythm monitoring devices. Methods: Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EMBASE were searched for relevant studies. We included studies that examined patients with new CS without a history of AF, and further examined LA strain parameters (peak and/or reservoir strain). Continuous data were pooled as a mean difference (MD) comparing patients who developed AF versus(vs) no AF. We used inverse variance method with Paule-Mandel estimator for tau2 and Hartung-Knapp adjustment, for random effect analysis. Hazard ratios were pooled using a similar statistical method. I2 was used to assess heterogeneity. Results: Eleven observational studies met our criteria, and included 2834 patients with new CS. Of those, 377 patients developed AF on follow up and 2457 patients did not develop AF. The AF group vs no AF had significantly reduced LA reservoir strain (LARS) [MD: -8.95; 95% CI: -11.33, -6.57) I2= 85%, p&lt;0.001] at presentation. Further, a higher LARS was associated with a significantly lower incidence of AF after CS[HR: 0.93; 95%CI:0.89, 0.97)I2=0%]. Conclusion: Atrial reservoir strain is significantly lower in patients who developed AF after CS and a lower value is predictive of AF. More studies are needed to validate this data.

Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Subclavian Steal Phenomenon/Syndrome in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke.

There are no published clinical studies regarding the prevalence of subclavian steal among acute ischemic stroke patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and clinical significance of subclavian steal among a large number of consecutive ischemic stroke patients. Materials and methods: We reviewed the medical records of 2192 consecutive cases of acute ischemic stroke at a tertiary neurology clinic in Targu Mures, Romania, between 2018 and 2020. In total, 47 patients (2.2%) were diagnosed with subclavian steal phenomenon/syndrome. Results: Stroke patients with associated steal phenomenon were significantly younger (64.2 ± 11.1 versus 70.2 ± 12.8, p = 0.005) and predominantly male (68.1%). From among the 47 patients with subclavian steal phenomenon, nine (19.1%) presented stroke symptomatology in the vertebrobasilar territory. Overall, 83.3% of the stroke patients with associated steal phenomenon presented cerebral infarction and 16.7% presented TIA. There was no difference between groups regarding the affected vascular territory (VB versus carotid). Large artery atherosclerosis was more frequent in the stroke group with associated steal phenomenon (81.3% versus 43.5%, p = 0.0033). The NIHSS score at admission was higher in the patient group with associated steal phenomenon, but there was no difference in mRS at discharge. Associated carotid artery occlusion was more frequent in the stroke group with steal phenomenon (p < 0.01). Smoking and peripheral arteriopathy were more frequent in the patient group with associated steal phenomenon. Of the nine symptomatic patients, five underwent revascularization treatment. Conclusions: The prevalence of subclavian steal phenomenon among acute ischemic stroke patients was not higher than in other cohorts with heterogenous peripheral vascular pathologies. Similar to the general population, in acute ischemic stroke patients, the associated subclavian steal behaved like a benign hemodynamical condition, without severe consequences.

Association between Acute Stroke and Metabolic Syndrome–An Observational Study in a Tertiary Hospital

Introduction: Stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide including Bangladesh. There are various modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for stroke. Metabolic syndrome is an important factor amongst them. Objective: To determine the association of stroke with metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out at Neurology Centre and Family Medical Ward of combined military hospital (CMH) Dhaka from July 2018 to December 2018. Total 100 admitted cases of acute stroke (both ischaemic and haemorrhagic) were enrolled. Diagnosis was confirmed by clinical examinations, relevant laboratory investigations and CT scan and/or MRI of brain. Verbal consent was obtained from patients or next of kin. Ethical issue was addressed. Data collection was done in a prescribed form by face to face interview, clinical findings and laboratory and imaging results. Statistical analysis was carried out by using SPSS v16.0. Chi square test was done to see the level of significance. Results: Hypertension (HTN) was found in 54.6% of haemorrhagic stroke and 45.5% of ischemic stroke. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) was present in 40% of ischaemic stroke and 32% of haemorrhagic stroke. Abdominal obesity was present in 13 haemorrhagic stroke and only 4 ischaemic stroke cases. Fasting hyperglycaemia was found in 20 haemorrhagic stroke and 30 ischaemic stroke cases. Hypertriglyceridaemia was found in 33 ischaemic stroke and 18 haemorrhagic stroke cases. Low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was found in 30 ischaemic stroke and 15 haemorrhagic stroke patients. Total 53 patients fulfilled the criteria of metabolic syndrome and 21 of them had 4 elements like HTN, DM, high triglyceride (TG), low HDL-C. Metabolic syndrome was present in 39 out of 54 ischaemic stroke and 14 out of 46 haemorrhagic strokes. There was significant association between metabolic syndrome and stroke especially in the ischaemic stroke (p value&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Proper control of hypertension and DM, correction of dyslipidemia, obesity and lifestyle modification, regular physical activity and healthy dietary habits all are necessary to reduce the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular death including stroke. JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 16, No 2 (December) 2020: 4-8

Interaction between walkability and fine particulate matter on risk of ischemic stroke: A prospective cohort study in China

Living in walkable neighborhoods has been reported to be associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. Features of walkable neighborhoods, however, may be related to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), which could increase risk of cardiovascular disease. The interaction effect between walkability and PM2.5 on risk of ischemic stroke remains to be elucidated. In this study, we recruited a total of 27,375 participants aged ≥40 years from Yinzhou District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China to investigate the associations of walkability and PM2.5 with risk of ischemic stroke. We used amenity categories and decay functions to evaluate walkability and high-spatiotemporal-resolution land-use regression models to assess PM2.5 concentrations. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). During a median follow-up of 4.08 years, we identified a total of 637 incident cases of ischemic stroke in the entire cohort. Higher walkability was associated with a lower risk of ischemic stroke (quartile, Q4 vs. Q1 walkability: HR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.47–0.75), whereas PM2.5 was positively associated with risk of ischemic stroke (Q4 vs. Q1 PM2.5: HR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.29–2.25). Furthermore, we observed a significant interaction between walkability and PM2.5 on risk of ischemic stroke. Walkability was inversely associated with risk of ischemic stroke at lower PM2.5 concentrations, but this association was attenuated with increasing PM2.5 concentrations. Although walkable neighborhoods appear to decrease the risk of ischemic stroke, benefits may be offset by adverse effects of PM2.5 exposure in the most polluted areas. These findings are meaningful for future neighborhood design, air pollution control, and stroke prevention.

First-Person Perspective of Alice in Wonderland Like Visual Perceptions Presented Primary as Microsomatognosia as Leading Symptom of a 24 Years-Old Student From Chile

AIWS is a disorientating form of seizures that affect in peculiar visual perception. AIWS is a neurological form of seizures that can affect the brain, especially the temporoparietal junction and visual pathways leading to impaired and bizarre visual perceptions. The origin of AIWS is yet not known exactly. Cases of migraines, brain tumors, depression episodes, epilepsy, delirium, psychotropic drugs, ischemic stroke, EBV, mycoplasma and malaria infections correlate like seizures with AIWS are published before.

Hospital management of major stroke types in Chinese adults: a population-based study of 20 000 hospitalised stroke cases

ObjectivesTo compare hospital treatments for major stroke types in Chinese adults by stroke pathological types, sex, age, calendar year, hospital tier, region and other factors.DesignCross-sectional analysis of medical records retrieved...

Abstract 1122‐000171: Unusual Multicompartmental Intracranial Hemorrhage After Tenecteplase Administration

Introduction : The 2019 AHA/ASA updated Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke mention tenecteplase (TNK) as a reasonable therapy in patients without contraindications for IV fibrinolysis who are also eligible to undergo mechanical thrombectomy. We describe a case of acute left MCA ischemic stroke treated with IV TNK (IV bolus of 0.25 mg/kg) followed by mechanical thrombectomy with subsequent multicompartmental intracranial hemorrhages unrelated to area of infraction. Methods : A retrospective review at a single center university hospital was performed for all intravenous TNK administrations outside of a clinical trial setting from October 2020 to July 2021. Results : A 61‐year‐old male with history of HTN and cardiomyopathy (EF&lt;20%). Presented with sudden onset right sided weakness, aphasia and left gaze. Presenting NIHSS was 28. CT head with hyperdense left MCA sign and ASPECTS score of 10. CTA confirmed proximal left MCA M1 segment occlusion. IV TNK was given within 01:23 hours of symptoms onset. Subsequently, patient underwent emergent mechanical thrombectomy for disabling large vessel occlusion stroke. Spontaneous near complete recanalization of left MCA occlusion was noted on initial angiography run with small non flow limiting distal thrombi visualized in the distal MCA territories. Immediate post procedure CT head was negative for any intracranial hemorrhage. Patient’s exam was noted to improve to NIHSS of 2. Approximately 6 hours after the TNK administration, patient became acutely unresponsive with NIHSS of 26. With Glasgow Coma Scale 7 patient required emergent intubation. CT head revealed bilateral cerebellar intraparenchymal hemorrhages, extensive subarachnoid hemorrhage in basal cisterns and within the sulci in bilateral frontotemporal regions, as well as subdural hemorrhages along the falx and tentorial dural folds. Hypertonic saline was administered followed by emergent extraventricular drain placement. Tranexamic acid 1000 mg was given as emergent reversal, fibrinogen level was 155 mg/dL. Despite aggressive medical management and over following 24 hours, exam worsened with loss of pupillary reflexes. Patient was terminally extubated 2 days after initial presentation in accordance with his advance directives. Conclusions : Tenecteplase was a reasonable choice in this case given LVO and disabling stroke. The patient’s neurological exam improved significantly after TNK with evidence of spontaneous recanalization. However, patient’s multicompartmental intracranial hemorrhages unrelated to area of infraction were unusual in the absence of any vascular lesions to predispose hemorrhage based on CT and conventional angiography. Further observational studies are warranted to evaluate similar complications of Tenecteplase administration and their occurrence rates.

Abstract 1122‐000190: Persistent DWI Signal for 18 Months in Ischemic Stroke Patient with Carotid Web

Introduction : Diagnostic tools for acute ischemic infarcts include the use of DWI sequence on MRI to identify acute infarcts is especially useful since lesions can become hyperintense on this sequence very rapidly (Albers 1998). Over the next 15 days, DWI hyperintensity slowly decreases back to isointense. In some patients, however, there is persistent DWI hyperintensity past 1 month. There are theories that these persistent areas exhibit delayed onset infarct, prolonged ischemia, or perhaps different repair processes (Rivers, et al 2006). To this day, all DWI signals have been known to resolve within a few months even for persistent hyperintensities (Rivers, et al 2006). Carotid webs are a rare form of fibromuscular dysplasia that protrudes from the intimal tissues of carotid arteries. They are shelf‐like projections that grow into the lumen and disrupt normal blood flow (Zhang, et al 2018). These outgrowths are theorized to lead to ischemic strokes due to flow stasis and subsequent embolization of clots that form (Zhang, et al 2018). There is no consensus on the best management of carotid webs, and secondary prevention of recurrent strokes range from medical management to carotid stenting. Methods : This is a case report, and information for the patient was gathered through review of medical records on the EMR. Results : We present a case of ischemic stroke in the right basal ganglia/corona radiata, who presented with left sided weakness. The patient was found to have prediabetes, HTN, and HLD. However, she had recurrence of her symptoms over the next 18 months (figure 1). Repeat MRIs showed persistent DWI hyperintensity that slowly decreased in size and signal intensity over this period but in the same area as the initial infarct. The rest of the work up was only significant for a carotid web in the right internal carotid artery identified on conventional angiography. Ultimately she was managed with medical therapy including aspirin, statin, and antihypertensives. Conclusions : It is unclear whether the carotid web is associated with persistent DWI for such an extended time frame. There is very little research that explores the pathophysiology of ischemic strokes from carotid webs. In addition, there is even less information about the physiology of an evolving infarct that shows persistent DWI signals for such an extended time frame. Further studies that look into carotid webs may help us understand the best long term management in such patients. Future studies that explore the physiology of ischemic strokes that show such persistent DWI signals may elucidate and perhaps expand upon current management options and possibly identify new areas for intervention.

Abstract 1122‐000005: Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor‐1 5G/5G Polymorphism – Do We Know All About It?

Introduction : The etiology of ischemic stroke is heterogeneous, and it has been proposed that different stroke subtypes might have different genetic architecture 1,2. The plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) has been of particular interest due to its role in thrombotic diseases. Several polymorphisms have been found for this gene, with some having protective effect while others increase the risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes 3,4. The protective role appears to be due to the role of PAI‐1 in fibrinolytic cascade and that PAI‐1 also inhibit plasmin‐dependent metalloproteinases activation. We hereby, present a case of ischemic stroke in young adult and its association with our gene of interest. Methods : Case: We present a case of 43‐year‐old woman with past medical history significant for Acetylcholine Receptor (AChR) antibody positive Myasthenia Gravis diagnosed in 1993 status post thymectomy (1994), currently on prednisone and intravenous immunoglobulin every two weeks (failed cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil). She had two events in 2018 where she reported episodic right sided numbness and weakness that lasted for few hours. Stroke workup was done, and she was found to have focal moderate to severe stenosis of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) on CT angiography (figure 1) with very subtle left hypoperfusion in the MCA on the brain single‐photon emission computerized tomography scan. She underwent catheter angiogram (figure 1) showing severe stenosis involving the mid and distal M1 segment of the left MCA and nondominant proximal A1 segment left anterior cerebral artery (ACA). There were robust leptomeningeal collaterals from the left anterior and left posterior cerebral arteries. She also reported history of two miscarriages in the first trimester. Hypercoagulable workup was done and all of those were negative including: SLE profile, Lupus anticoagulant, ANA comprehensive panel, Cryoglobulin, Anticardiolipin antibody, Antithrombin III, Antithrombin antigen, protein C, protein S, Factor VIII activity, Factor V Leiden. She also had rheumatoid arthritis factor, Homocysteine, sedimentation rate, and C‐reactive protein done which were unremarkable. Genetic workup showed that she is PAI‐1 5G/5G homozygous. She has been stable since 2018 without new focal neurological events and is on Aspirin monotherapy and Statin. Results : The genetics for stroke disease are very complicated and yet to be discovered fully. The association between PA‐1 5G/5G and intracranial stenosis has not been reported previously. New genetic associations will need to be increasingly considered as we assess our cerebrovascular diseases and stroke patients Conclusions : • With the current knowledge, ischemic stroke have polygenic basis but no single common “stroke gene” has been identified yet. • Here we present a case suggesting that PAI‐1 5G/5G genotype is may be associated with an independent risk of intracranial atherosclerosis.