Cases Of Female Genital Mutilation Research Articles

Analysis reveals 5,000 new cases of female genital mutilation in England

Analysis reveals 5,000 new cases of female genital mutilation in England

A retrospective analysis of 34 potentially missed cases of female genital mutilation in the emergency department

ObjectivesTo discover if healthcare professionals working within an ED are able to make a diagnosis of female genital mutilation (FGM) in those patients who have previously undergone the procedure and...

Don't keep FGM hidden.

Annual figures from NHS Digital, published in early July, show that there were 5,391 newly recorded cases of female genital mutilation (FGM) in England in 2016-17.

Tackling female genital mutilation in the UK

Key content In the UK, female genital mutilation (FGM) has been outlawed since 1985, yet the practice continues. The multiplicity of reasons given for the practice include tradition, religion and preservation of virginity. The procedure can lead to numerous and deleterious physical, psychological and sexual effects. Legislating against FGM provides an official platform to back up the position of activists and community members that do not wish to continue with the practice. However, the legislative developments, including mandatory recording and reporting of FGM cases, need to go hand in hand with the training of healthcare professionals, improving health and social service provisions, robust political commitment and education and empowerment of FGM‐practising communities. Learning objectives To define FGM, to understand the practice, the procedure and its consequences. To examine the legislative development in the UK. To look at how we can improve the services that care for women at risk or who have undergone FGM. Ethical issues Female genital cosmetic surgery. Mandatory reporting of FGM. Gender inequalities. Cultural/racial sensitivity.

Slow decline in new FGM cases shows need for more school nurses, says RCN.

The RCN has responded to the latest national figures on female genital mutilation (FGM), saying more school nurses are needed to tackle the problem.

P116 Our new statutory obligations under the amended female genital mutilation act 2003 (sections 70–75 of the serious crime act 2015); one year on

IntroductionThe UN estimates 200 million women and girls worldwide are living with the effects of female genital mutilation (FGM), with 137,000 victims in England and Wales. Following the introduction of the amended FGM Act 2003 in October 2015, I reported that 1385 new cases were identified in England in the quarter before the new law and 1316 in the quarter following. In keeping with my aim, I have reviewed the data from the year following the new legislation, to determine its effect.MethodsUsing hscic and NHS digital data, combined with reports from UN and WHO, I analysed the 12 months following the legislation change. I also searched Ministry of Justice reports to study how many FGM protection orders (FGMPOs) and convictions have been made.ResultsData revealed similar numbers of new cases of FGM reported in each 3-month period since October 2015 (1242, 1293 and 1204 respectively). However, there are large gaps in the data. Since July 2015, there have been 97 applications for FGMPOs and 79 orders. There have still been no FGM related convictions in the UK, despite 32 cases being reported to have happened in the UK between January and September 2016.DiscussionThe results are disappointing and we are yet to see substantial change. £4million has been spent and 22,000 FGM training sessions have been delivered but we are still failing to report properly and prosecute offenders. To achieve 2015’s Sustainable Development Goals, the UK must play its part to help end FGM.

Providing information to improve body image and care-seeking behavior of women and girls living with female genital mutilation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Female genital mutilation (FGM) has become recognized worldwide as an extreme form of violation of the human rights of girls and women. Strategies have been employed to curb the practice. To conduct a systematic review of randomized and nonrandomized studies of the effects of providing educational interventions on the body image and care-seeking behavior of girls and women living with FGM with the view to ending the practice. CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and other databases were searched up to August 10, 2015 without any language restrictions. Studies that provided education to women and/or girls living with any type of FGM or residing in countries where FGM is predominantly practiced were included. Two authors independently screened and collected data. We summarized dichotomous outcomes using odds ratios and evidence was assessed using the GRADE system (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation). Educational interventions resulted in fewer women recommending FGM for their daughters and also reduced the incidence of FGM cases among daughters of women who received the educational interventions. These findings need to be validated with large randomized trials. 42015024637.

Female genital mutilation - from tradition to femicide

Female genital mutilation has been drawing international attention for the last couple of decades, but this phenomenon is almost unknown in Serbia. In this work we will point to its basic forms and its presence in the world as well as to the variety of consequences, especially those which are the most common causes of death. With this purpose in mind, the work represents the a review of theoretical debates and empirical studies, based on which relevant data may be gathered, related to the previously mentioned subject of the work. Female genital mutilation is a phenomenon mostly in Africa, but due to migrations has become a problem thoughout the whole world. Traditional and cultural norms of strict patriarchal societies along with deeply rooted inequality of genders have contributed to the maintenance of this custom up till today. This custom includes a sequence of different procedures which are used to injure female genitals even though there are no medical reasons for such acts. They are conducted by older women in insanitary conditions and by means such as scissors, razors or glass which bring numerous consequences which can result in death. Females subdued to infibulation are at greater risk of death, although each of the forms of mutilation may have this consequence. Female genital mutilation represents violence against women due to its inevitable physical consequences and its harmful effect on health. Girls and women are subdued to the procedure which in some cases results in death, for the purpose of the community acceptance, most of all the acceptance of the future husband. Namely, women are elligible for marriage only if they are virgins, which is achieved by genital mutilation, according to the opinion of the community in which this tradition is preserved. Beside that, marriage is of high importance for the economic stability of a woman, considering the fact that all the economic power is held by men. Genital mutilation has the purpose of keeping a woman in subordinate position through repression of her sexuality and taking over the control of women?s bodies, which reflects gender inequality. Therefore, every case of female genital mutilation which results in death cannot be regarded as a part of a tradition and cultural heritage, but as one of the forms of femicide.

Nursing.standard.com.

1 The first-ever publication of statistics on female genital mutilation (FGM) has revealed 5,700 new cases in England over the past year. Nurses, midwives, doctors and teachers are legally required to report cases of FGM involving girls aged under 18 to the police. Read more rcni.com/FGM-reporting.

P160 Identification and characteristics of women with Female Genital Mutilation presenting to Sexual Health Services

Background/introduction Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is illegal in the UK. When identified, it is mandatory to record FGM in a patient’s health care record and to report under 18s to the police. Aim(s)/objectives To investigate characteristics and management of patients with FGM attending an inner city sexual health service. Methods Retrospective case note review of patients recorded as having had FGM between February 2014 and November 2015. Results 65 patients were identified; 52 attended the walk-in GUM clinic and 13 attended the HIV clinic. Median age was 33 years (range 17–54 years). Common countries of origin were Sierra Leone, Somalia and Nigeria in 38%, 20% and 12%, respectively. Most FGM took place in childhood (aged 0–4 years in 17%, aged 5–10 years in 37%, aged 10–15 years in 11%). FGM was self-reported in 13 (20%) and identified during examination in 52 (80%) patients. Type 1 and 2 FGM were the most common forms in 21 (32%) and 29 (45%), respectively. Of 52 cases presenting to GUM, 28 (54%) were first attendances. Of the remaining, 15/24 (63%) cases of FGM had not been identified on previous visits despite a previous documented examination in 11/15 (73%). One patient was under 18 at presentation and 18 (28%) had daughters or sisters aged Discussion/conclusion FGM is common yet frequently missed by health care professionals even during examination. Training in the recognition and management of FGM is essential for staff working in Sexual Health.

Female genital mutilation

This article is about how primary care health professionals can approach the problem of female genital mutilation (FGM) when it is encountered in everyday general practice. An introduction to FGM is given, in order to provide an overview that creates understanding and raises awareness. It is written through my perspective, as someone from an FGM-practicing community from the horn of Africa. I had the good fortune to be born into a family that did not practice FGM, but many millions were not so lucky and are living with its aftermath. It is often said that ‘prevention is better than cure’ and that cannot be more pertinent than in the case of FGM. As primary care health professionals, we find ourselves well-positioned to not only prevent future cases of FGM, but also provide support and assistance to those living with the trail of destruction it leaves behind.

RCN calls for improved information sharing on FGM.

Updated guidance on dealing with and reporting cases of female genital mutilation (FGM) emphasises the need to improve information sharing across health and social care services.

Female genital mutilation: Survey of paediatricians’ knowledge, attitudes and practice

The study objective was to determine paediatricians’ experience with female genital mutilation (FGM) in Australian children and adolescents. A cross-sectional, pilot-tested national survey of paediatricians practising in Australia and contributing to the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit was conducted. Clinicians’ knowledge, attitudes and clinical experience with FGM, awareness of clinical guidelines and education/training needs were recorded. Of 1311 paediatricians surveyed, 497 (38%) responded. Fifty-seven percent were aged 50 years or more, and 51.3% were males. Over half believed that FGM was performed in children in Australia and most were aware of its complications, but few asked about or examined for FGM. Fifty (10.3%) had seen at least one case of FGM in girls aged <18 years during their clinical career, including 16 (3.3%) in the past 5 years. Most were aware that FGM is illegal in Australia (93.9%), agreed all types of FGM were harmful (97.4%) and agreed that FGM violated human rights (98.2%). Most (87.6%) perceived FGM as a traditional cultural practice, although 11.6% thought it was required by religion. The majority (81.8%) knew notification of FGM to child protection authorities was mandatory. Over half (62.0%) were aware of the WHO Statement on FGM, but only 22.0% knew the WHO classification of FGM. These novel data indicate a minority of paediatricians in Australia have clinical experience with or education about FGM. Educational programs, best-practice clinical guidelines and policies are required to address knowledge gaps and help paediatricians identify, manage and prevent FGM in children.

THE DUTY TO REPORT FGM

Professionals working with children now have a duty to report cases of female genital mutilation(FGM). Louise Hunt investigates progress so far

Female genital mutilation: making the case for good practice

I asked a 13-year-old girl whether she had been cut. She replied, “That's horrible isn't it”, a rhetorical question to which I nodded assent. She felt that it was an...

P135 A multi-disciplinary approach to fgm reporting and safeguarding assessments in the gum clinic

Background/introduction Around 103,000 women aged 15–49 in England and Wales are living with the consequences of female genital mutilation (FGM), which has no clinical benefits and is illegal in the UK. Despite this, girls in some communities in the UK continue to have this procedure performed. Mandatory national reporting of FGM cases was introduced in September 2014 and support and safeguarding assessments are required. Aim(s)/objectives To produce a clinic policy for appropriate assessment of women with FGM. Methods GUM clinic staff worked with our trust FGM lead, local social services, community paediatric colleagues and support organisations to develop a policy for women with FGM. This incorporates both the mandatory reporting and safeguarding assessment. Results A clinic proforma for assessing women with FGM was developed to enable clinic staff to follow the new policy. This was introduced following training in November 2014 and we have piloted it since then. To date this has been used to assess 6 women who had undergone FGM; all were black African and one was unaware that she had “been cut”. Three women had had type 3 FGM performed, two type 2 and one type 1. Four women reported symptoms as a result of FGM and five stated that they were “against” the procedure. No safeguarding issues were identified. Discussion/conclusion Whilst implementing the mandatory reporting required for women who have been subjected to FGM, we have successfully developed and implemented a new policy to ensure that appropriate safeguarding assessments are made within the clinic.

Elites, Exit Options, and Social Barriers to Norm Change: The Complex Case of Female Genital Mutilation

Female genital mutilation (FGM) has been the target of significant transnational activism over the past several decades, prompting the development and promotion of a strong international norm against the procedure. However, groups that perform FGM generally view it as a requirement of their culture—they are subscribing to a strong local norm in favor of the practice. What happens when the international and local norms collide? Under what conditions are individuals and communities most likely to abandon the local norm and embrace the international one? The article lays out a theoretical framework for thinking about local-level norm change. I argue that the normally high barriers to defecting from the local norm supporting FGM are more likely to be overcome when there are non-circumcising groups living nearby and when there are local elites among the group of first movers. To evaluate this argument, I administered an original representative survey about FGM among Maa-speaking peoples in three rural Kenyan communities.

This abuse must stop

Nurses and midwives must identify and challenge cases of female genital mutilation, says Cecilia Anim

G165 Female genital mutilation in London and the UNICEF report; a local perspective on worldwide statistics

BackgroundIn July 2013 the UNICEF report stated that 125 million women worldwide are affected by female genital mutilation (FGM). Despite an estimated 20,000 children at risk in the UK there...

Delivering compassionate care in school nursing: A case of female genital mutilation

This article examines a case study of a school nurse's involvement with a family at risk of FGM. Although the children were safeguarded appropriately, opportunities were missed to support the family to address the psychological impact of FGM. Specialist services designed to work with communities where FGM is practiced exist around the UK but are few in number and have limited resources. School Nurses are well placed in the community to support these services and have a role in supporting families with complex needs such as those at risk of FGM. In view of the principles of compassionate practice, as proposed by the Chief Nursing Officer for England ( Cummings, 2012 ), this paper will identify how, in future cases, school nursing support in the form of therapeutic communication and referrals to relevant agencies, could promote better outcomes for individuals and families affected by FGM.