Case Of Child Research Articles

DIVERSION AS THE CASE RESOLUTION FOR CHILDREN IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW WITHIN THE PERSPECTIVE OF LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY

Children have an important role in life, so children's problems are initially personal problems, namely the relationship between parents and their children. Children in conflict with the law are children who are in conflict with the law, children who are victims of criminal acts, and children who are witnesses to criminal acts. ABH must be viewed comprehensively, both sociologically, psychologically and formally juridically. If done carefully, we will achieve comprehensive protection of children's rights and human rights. The method used in this research is normative research with a statutory and psychological approach in analyzing the data. The existence of a child rights convention which contains international regulations which have been adapted into national law in the form of a law is often frightening when viewed from the perspective of "protecting behind the law". Diversion is mandatory at every level in Article 7 that at the level of investigation, prosecution and examination of children's cases in district courts, diversion must be attempted.

Martial Arts Interventions for Inclusion and Wellness: A Case of Children with Special Educational Needs and Disability (SEND)

AbstractMartial arts are a Broad set of Activities that Offer the Opportunity to Engage in a Physical Activity that can Produce a Range of Benefits for Young People. The Broad Nature of Martial arts also Brings Merits to Children with Special Educational Needs and Disability (SEND) as they have an Opportunity to Engage Better in more Activities and are not Limited to just Traditional Physical Activity Offered in Their Educational Settings. This Paper Draws on the Literature to show how Martial arts is Linked to Leisure Research and how it also fits into the Realm of Wellness Benefits for Young Children on SEND. The Paper Highlights the Potential Benefits of Martial arts Interventions and Discusses its Usefulness in Promoting Inclusion. The Preliminary Findings from a Pilot Study Suggest that SEND Children do Indicate some Changes in Their Behaviours through the Martial arts Interventions. Reduced Scores were Observed in Areas around those that might Cause Anxiety, Anger and Frustration, whilst Excitement and Calmness was Improved. The Reactions of Carers and Teaching Assistants Displayed Improvements in Anxiety and Positive Behaviours.

Witnesses for the State: Children and the Making of Modern Evidence Law

Abstract This article identifies an overlooked legacy of the child protection movement in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century U.S.: transformations in evidence law and procedure that undermined common-law restrictions on children's testimony. Scholarship on the nineteenth-century modernization of evidence law argues that the rise of cross-examination allowed for the demise of common-law witness disqualification rules. The erosion of restrictions on children's testimony, however, requires an alternative or additional explanation, because cross-examination did not allay fears about children's reliability. The driving force for changes in the law governing child witnesses, I argue, was the slate of nineteenth-century child protection laws whose enforcement typically required children's testimony. The case study of Progressive-Era New York, presented here, reveals how evidence law and procedure adapted to substantive law's demand for children's evidence: reformers legislated an exception to the common-law oath requirement in children's cases, pushed trial courts to modernize their approach to examining child witnesses’ competency, and expanded the state's power to detain children as material witnesses. Those reforms fostered the ends of law enforcement, but did not resolve enduring debates about the reliability risks of children's testimony and the costs of testifying for children's wellbeing.

The Concept of Restorative Justice in the Criminal Legal System: A Breakthrough in Legal Benefits

Historically, alternative efforts to resolve criminal cases have existed since the Dutch colonial era, even before Indonesia's independence. Currently, there are several forms of resolving criminal cases outside of court in force, namely diversion (transferring the resolution of children's cases from the criminal justice process to a process outside criminal justice in accordance with the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law), Afkoop (as regulated in Article 82 of the Criminal Code), and Seponeren (dismissal of cases in the public interest by the Attorney General). The aim of this research is to analyze the concept of restorative justice in the criminal law system as a breakthrough in legal benefits. Approach The research method that can be used in this research is the empirical juridical approach. This approach combines a normative juridical approach with an empirical approach. Based on the analysis carried out, restorative justice can be applied in cases that cause financial loss or minor crimes. The principle of restorative justice in resolving criminal cases in Indonesia does not only depend on formal and material criminal law provisions but is also based on a broader concept of punishment. The model for implementing restorative justice in Indonesian criminal procedural law can be found through a criminal resolution mechanism that follows a legitimate legal problem resolution approach, which is reflected in the reform of the criminal justice system in Indonesia, which is based on an evaluation of the criminal justice system.

Applying Justice Aspects as an Impact of Emergence of Judicial Review Decisions in Children's Cases Against the Law

The study aims to describe the emergence of aspects of justice in juvenile crimes in decision number 131/PK/Pid.Sus/2015. This descriptive study uses a normative juridical approach. The data source is secondary data in the form of Judicial Review Decision Number 131/PK/Pid.Sus/2015 used library data collection methods, which were then analysed using qualitative methods with deductive logic. Based on the discussion carried out, it can be seen that the emergence of aspects of justice for children dealing with the law who are victims of wrongful arrest due to new evidence, so that the trial process from the beginning cannot bring up aspects of distributive justice by the state before the emergence of Judicial Review Decision Number 131/PK/Pid.Sus/2015, in which the panel of judges made mistakes in the first level process so that the justice that the child should have obtained is new. In addition, to provide distributive justice if there is a wrong arrest, new evidence that appears takes time. Keywords: Wrongful arrest; Juvenile justice; Law enforcement.

Juvenile overlap syndrome: Considering scleromyositis

Scleromyositis refers to a combination of characteristics found in both systemic scleroderma and polymyositis, with identification often based on the presence of the PM-SCL antibody. Currently, there are no well-defined criteria for classifying this syndrome. In childhood cases exhibiting sclerodermoid features, they are often categorized as scleroderma due to the distinct nature of the condition in this age group. We report two cases of children presenting with cutaneous signs of systemic scleroderma and associated myositis. The first case exhibits sclerodactyly, calcinosis, and myalgias with a positive anti-PM/SCL antibody, while the second case shows swollen fingers, clear Raynaud’s phenomenon, and myalgias but a negative anti-PM/SCL antibody. The clinical and biological variation in these cases prompts the dermatologist to consider scleromyositis as a juvenile overlap syndrome, given the sclerodermiform pattern and myositis, regardless of the positivity or negativity of the anti-PM/SCL antibody. As for the treatment, managing Raynaud’s and initiating a low dose of corticosteroid therapy, possibly combined with immunoglobulins, appears to be effective.

Rituximab in Childhood and Juvenile Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Systematic Review.

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a chronic autoimmune blistering disorder characterized by the loss of intraepithelial adhesion, affecting the skin and mucous membranes. Both males and females are affected, although it predominantly affects females in their fifth and sixth decades of life. Approximately 1.4 to 3.7% of PV cases occur in the pediatric population (≤18 years of age), and may be classified into childhood/pediatric PV, which affects individuals under 12 years old, and juvenile/adolescent PV, affecting those between 12 and 18 years old. Due to its rare occurrence in children and adolescents, there is often a delay in diagnosis and treatment in this age group. A systematic literature search was conducted on MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library databases to evaluate the efficacy of rituximab (RTX) in childhood and juvenile PV patients. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist was employed to assess the risk of bias in case reports and series, while the Cochrane ROBINS-I tool was utilized for evaluating observational studies or non-randomized intervention studies. A total of 18 studies encompassing 46 juvenile or childhood PV patients in the pediatric and adolescent age groups were included for qualitative synthesis. The studies included nine case reports, two case series, five retrospective studies, one prospective study, and one open-label pilot study. Almost all cases of childhood and juvenile PV achieved either complete or partial remission after undergoing RTX treatment during the final follow-up periods. Furthermore, most cases reported no relapse, and only minor adverse events were noted in the RTX treatment group. Despite its potential benefits, the utilization of RTX in pediatric patients raises concerns due to the scarcity of evidence and the absence of controlled studies specific to this age group. Further exploration is necessary to establish a standardized treatment regimen for RTX in pediatric PV, which involves identifying the optimal dosage, frequency, treatment cycle duration, and maintenance therapy duration.

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Anak Sebagai Korban

Introduction: The resolution of acts of violence faced by children as perpetrators, witnesses, and victims if the criminal law is resolved is still inappropriate, considering that between the perpetrator and the victim as children so that different ways of solving the case are still needed.Purposes of Devotion: The purpose of this writing is to study more deeply related to problems related to previous research as a follow-up to the results of the research in order to provide legal education, especially related to solving crimes related to the Protection of Children as Victims carried out with a Restorative justice approach, as a model for solving cases. Method of Devotion: The methods of activities carried out in this socialization activity are Coordinating with the church, Preparing material or materials in the form of powerpoint material related to the problems studied in this PKM activity, Preparing a location to be used for PKM activities at Shiloh Church, joint discussions between participants and resource persons.Results of the Devotion: The result of this writing that is intended to be achieved is to realize legal protection for children by providing guarantees for the fulfillment of their rights without discriminatory treatment. Protection for children who are in conflict with the law in the juvenile criminal justice process at every stage starting from investigation, prosecution and court to children's correctional institutions has not been able to provide protection that can realize a sense of justice for children and even children's rights are often neglected. Children have been positioned as objects and tend to harm children. In children's cases, children are sometimes the perpetrators, victims and witnesses, so serious protection and handling is needed to anticipate this so that it does not have a wider impact and harm the child. The process of protecting children as perpetrators, witnesses and victims must be given attention in the handling process, namely that it must be handled by officials who truly understand children's problems.

Handling Child Victims of Criminal Sexual Violence in Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi Province

Handling of children's cases in Indonesia is based on the Regulation of the Minister of State for Women's Empowerment and Child Protection concerning Guidelines for Handling Child Victims of Violence. Sexual violence committed against minors will of course have an impact on the psychological aspects and other development of the child. This research aims to determine the treatment of child victims of criminal acts of sexual violence that has been implemented in Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi Province, research that examines empirical juridical . Which reviews the existence of sexual violence committed against children. Data collection was carried out using interview techniques. So we need a way to ensure that acts of violence against children do not continue to be carried out and firm action must be taken by the government who commits violence. So it is deemed necessary to confirm the regulations that have been implemented by the government, especially Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning child protection.

Hungry brain: about the possible contribution of neurotrophic factors to anorexia nervosa

Introduction: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder characterized by restricted energy intake leading to weight loss below the healthy range. It is accompanied by anxiety and distorted body perception. While the disorder often manifests during adolescence, there is a noted decrease in the average age of onset, with an increasing number of cases in childhood. Successful treatment and maintenance of healthy body weight require an understanding of the complex etiology of AN, encompassing both psychosocial and specific biological factors. Material and methods: For the review, databases PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were utilized, searching for the following keywords: anorexia nervosa, neurotrophins, neurotrophin 3, neurotrophin 4, BDNF, nerve growth factor, from the inception of the databases until September 2023. Discussion: In the biological context, neurotrophic growth factors such as neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), neurotrophin 4 (NT-4), brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and nerve growth factor (NGF) may play a significant role in the etiopathogenesis of AN. These substances are involved in processes such as neuroprotection, proliferation, maturation, and survival of neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. They regulate neuronal plasticity, impact the production of neurotransmitters, and control synaptic activity. BDNF and neurotrophin 3 influence the serotoninergic and noradrenergic systems, which may be associated with neurobiological processes responsible for anxiety and mood disorders. Conclusions: Understanding the role of neurotrophins in AN has the potential to lead to more effective and personalized therapies, enabling a better comprehension of the biological mechanisms of this disorder and the development of targeted pharmacological interventions. Keywords: anorexia nervosa, bdnf, neurotrophin 3, neurotrophin 4, nerve growth factor

The difference in clinical knowledge between staff employed at faith-based and public facilities in Malawi

Empirical evidence concerning differences in the quality of service offered by faith-based and public healthcare facilities in low- and middle-income countries is limited. This study contributes by examining the difference in clinical knowledge of staff based at faith-based and government facilities in Malawi. Using vignette data for individual healthcare workers from the 2018/2019 Malawi Harmonised Health Facility Assessment, we performed regression analysis of the relationship between ownership and the probability of respondents making the correct diagnosis, treatment, and management choices for eight childhood, adult, and pregnancy-related cases accounting for differences across healthcare workers, facilities, and geography. Staff employed at faith-based facilities, compared to staff at public facilities, are found less likely to correctly diagnose and treat children presenting with diarrhoea with severe dehydration but are better at diagnosing and treating adults presenting with diabetes. We do not find any differences in the diagnosis and treatment of the remaining six cases. Hence, we do not find compelling evidence of an overall difference in clinical knowledge across staff at faith-based compared to public facilities in Malawi.

The concept of introducing specialization of judges in family and children's cases

The concept of introducing specialization of judges in family and children's cases

Assessment of Vaccination Coverage Among Measles Cases in Children Aged 10 Months to 5 Years at Civil Hospital Karachi

Background: Measles remains a global health concern, particularly in developing countries, and despite improvements in global vaccination efforts, certain regions, including Pakistan, continue to report cases. This study aims to assess the frequency of vaccinated children among measles cases, shedding light on potential vaccine failure factors. Methodology: A comprehensive analysis was conducted on 139 children diagnosed with measles in an emergency department. The vaccination status of each child was determined through a thorough examination of their vaccination history and available vaccination cards. In cases where records were unavailable, relevant data were meticulously recorded on a standardized Performa. Results: Among the 139 children studied, 30.94% were found to have received vaccinations, and only 35.9% had completed the recommended two-dose schedule. The average age for receiving the first and second doses was 9.6±1.05 months and 15.67±0.82 months, respectively. Conclusion: The findings underscore that a substantial proportion of measles cases occurred in unvaccinated or partially vaccinated children, emphasizing the critical role of complete immunization. However, despite vaccination efforts, many children still contracted the disease, indicating the necessity for further in-depth research in this domain.

Analysis of risk factor for pneumonia in children less than five years in Makassar.

Pneumonia is one of the main causes of mortality in children less than five years worldwide and in Makassar City. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for pneumonia in children less than five years in Makassar City. A case-control study design was used in this research. A total of 210 children with consent from the parents were included in this study, which consisted of 70 children's cases, and the data of the control group were taken by the random sampling method. All related data such as immunization record, nutritional status, birth body weight, vitamin A intake in the last six-month record, and parents' education, occupation, and monthly income were registered as independent and control variables. Data analysis was performed by the Chi-square and logistic regression model with a P value of 0.005 and odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Incomplete diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus-hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type B (DPT-HB-Hib) immunization at the age of 2 months, 3 months, and 4 months, which had adjusted OR (AOR = 9,680; P = 0,001) and malnutrition condition (weight for age) (AOR = 5,486; P < 0,005), were associated with the incidence of pneumonia in children less than five years, whereas incomplete measles-rubella (P = 0,770), low birth weight history (P = 0,403), lack of vitamin A intake (P = 0,720), parents' education (P = 0,163), and presence of smoker inside the household (P =) were not associated with the incidence of pneumonia in children less than five years (P > 0.005) in Makassar City. Incomplete DPT-HB-Hib immunization for three doses at the age of 2 months, 3 months, and 4 months and malnutrition were associated with pneumonia and the highest risk factors for developing pneumonia in children less than five years in Makassar City, Indonesia.

Comparison of the quality of life of children with congenital megacolon (Hirschsprung’s disease) post transanal endorectal pull-through with other children's surgical cases in the 5-7-years age group at Moewardi Hospital Surakarta

Background: Congenital megacolon (Hirschsprung's disease) is caused by intestinal innervation abnormalities, due to failure of neuroblast migration from the proximal to the distal intestine so there is no nerve innervation in the distal intestine and causes functional ileus and hypertrophy and excessive intestinal distension. The classic triad of clinical features in neonates is late meconium expulsion, namely more than the first 24 hours, green vomiting, and an enlarged stomach. Management of congenital megacolon is divided into two, namely non-surgical treatment to overcome complications that may occur and to improve the general condition until definitive surgery and surgical treatment namely transabdominal approach (TAB), consisting of Swenson, Duhamel, Rehbein, and Soave, and transanal endorectal pull-through (TEPT). The advantages of TEPT include better cosmetic effects and shorter hospital stays. Quality of life (QoL) is a subjective perception of a person's well-being regarding levels in his life, which includes physical, social, and psychological conditions. Methods: This research is observational analytical research with a cross-sectional approach conducted at RSUD Dr. Moewardi Surakarta during August - September 2022. Results: Patients with congenital megacolon (Hirschsprung disease) after TEPT have a worse QoL than patients without congenital megacolon (p value &lt;0.05). All components of the pediatrics quality of life questionnaire (PedsQLTM) are influenced by the patient's condition (p value &lt;0.05). Conclusions: The poor quality of life should increase awareness of the importance of immediate treatment. Difficulty defecating, diarrhea, and abdominal pain can reduce the patient's QoL after TEPT. Family dynamics and support must be prioritized to improve the QoL.

Optimization of Machine Learning Classification Analysis of Malnutrition Cases in Children

Malnutrition is one of the problems that occurs in children due to a lack of nutritional intake. Indonesia contributed 36%, making it the fifth country with the largest cases of malnutrition in the world. On this basis, a solution is needed to reduce the growth rate of malnutrition cases. This research aims to carry out classification analysis to determine nutritional status by optimizing machine learning (ML) performance. The ML classification analysis process will later utilize the performance of the artificial neural network (ANN) method with the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) algorithm. ML performance can be optimized using the Pearson’s correlation (PC) method to produce optimal classification analysis patterns. This research data set uses child nutrition case data from 576 patients sourced from the M. Djamil Padang Province Regional General Hospital (RSUP). The data set is divided into 417 training data and 159 test data. On the basis of the tests that have been carried out, the performance of the PC method can provide precise and accurate analysis patterns. This analysis pattern has also been able to provide a fairly good level of accuracy, namely 95%. Not only that, this research is also able to present analysis patterns with the best ANN architectural model in classifying nutritional status. Based on the overall results, this research can be used as an alternative solution to the treatment of nutritional problems in children.

Incidence and Determinants of Diarrheal Cases in Children Under Five Admitted at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, IshakaBushenyi District, Western Uganda

Diarrhoea stands as a significant global public health issue, with the WHO reporting approximately 2.5 billion cases annually among children below five years old. This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence of diarrhoea and its influencing factors in children under five admitted to Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KIU-TH). Employing a cross-sectional and descriptive approach, quantitative data was gathered through selfadministered and investigator-led questionnaires, utilizing digital tools such as Google Sheets for data collection. A total of 238 mothers, randomly selected using convenience sampling, whose children were admitted at KIU-TH constituted the study's sample. The results, presented through 95% Confidence Intervals (C.I), Odd Ratios (OR), and P-values, were computed using Binary Logistic Regression with Pearson’s correlation in SPSS Version 26, and graphically represented using Microsoft Excel Software. At the time of data collection, the prevalence of diarrhoea among children under five admitted at KIU-TH stood at 24.4% based on maternal responses. This high prevalence was found to be influenced by several factors, including the child's vaccination status, the early introduction of supplementary foods, premature weaning practices, and the child's age. Notably, exclusive breastfeeding practices were not adhered to, with mothers introducing other foods at a young age and initiating early weaning practices. Keywords: Diarrhoea, Children under five years of age, Vaccination status, early weaning.

Resolusi Konflik Dalam Keluarga Terhadap Anak Yang Terlibat Dalam Hukum

This article explores the consequences of conflict resolution within the family sphere on children involved in the legal system. The discussion covers aspects such as sources of conflict, resolution strategies, and psychological impacts for children involved in legal situations. With an interdisciplinary approach, this article illustrates the complex relationship between family conflict and a child's journey through the legal system, specifically focusing on the long-term impact on their psychosocial well-being. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for legal practitioners, social workers, and relevant parties in handling children's cases involved in law, with the aim of enhancing a holistic approach and providing better support for these children.

A case of emphysematous osteomyelitis in the pediatric practice

Introduction. Emphysematous osteomyelitis is a life-threatening and rare disease in the clinical practice. A distinctive feature of the disease is gas in bones and in surrounding soft tissues on the background of predisposing factors which significantly worsen patient’s general condition (malignant neoplasms, diabetes mellitus, immunodeficiency, injuries and fractures). The authors present a clinical observation of diagnostics and management of emphysematous osteomyelitis in the right femur head in a 12-year-old child. The disease developed two months after a closed right-sided fracture of the femoral trochanter. In the literature, one can meet not more than 50 cases of emphysematous osteomyelitis.&#x0D; Relevance. In the available medical literature, we have not found any description of emphysematous osteomyelitis in children, so we considered it appropriate to publish a rare clinical case.&#x0D; Purpose. To analyze a rare case of emphysematous osteomyelitis in a child and to identify possible diagnostic and therapeutic errors occurred in the discussed case in Children’s Republic Clinical Hospital in Saransk.&#x0D; Conclusion. Currently, hematogenous osteomyelitis in children has become less common, and therefore there is no alertness for this pathology in physicians. We also have faced emphysematous osteomyelitis in our practice for the first time. Therefore, only when child’s condition worsened on day 4 after hospitalization, additional diagnostic tools were added, namely, X-ray of the knee and CT of the hip joint. Antibacterial therapy was started as well.

ANALISIS YURIDIS RESTORATIVE JUSTICE DALAM KEPASTIAN HUKUM TERHADAP ANAK PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA

Abstract&#x0D; Restorative Justice is an approach to justice that focuses on the needs of victims and perpetrators of crime, and involves community participation, rather than implementing the principle of punishing perpetrators accompanied by the judge's considerations. Crimes committed by children are basically inseparable from various life pressures, both economic and social. As a result, quite a few children become perpetrators of crimes or crimes. This research uses a Normative Juridical research method using a statutory approach, a case approach and a conceptual approach. For children's cases, diversion must be carried out in every examination of children's cases from investigation, prosecution to examination at trial, taking into account: the category of crime, the age of the child, the results of social research from the father, the support of the family and community environment. The judge's authority is to examine and decide on children's cases at the first level with a single judge and as a facilitator in diversion. The advice that can be given is that children who commit crimes must still receive protection in the juvenile criminal justice system. One of them is implementing restorative justice using the diversion method, and judges who have the authority to examine and decide on children's cases must be proactive in encouraging restorative justice using the diversion method.&#x0D; Keyword : Restorative Justice, Juvenile Crimes, Judge’s Authority, Diversion