Cancer Cases Research Articles

Association between prostate cancer and susceptibility, hospitalization, and severity of COVID-19: Based on a Mendelian randomization study.

Several observational studies indicated a close association between prostate cancer and COVID-19. Nevertheless, whether there was a causal effect between them remained obscure. In this study, we aimed to detect the potential association between genetically determined prostate cancer and the risk of COVID-19. A bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted to investigate the causal links between prostate cancer and COVID-19. Inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, weighted mode, and simple mode were used to estimate the causality. PIVW < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The top single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with prostate cancer cases (n = 79,148) and COVID-19 cases (n = 54,071) were extracted from the summary genome-wide association study data obtained from a publicly available database. Cochran Q test was utilized to calculate the degree of heterogeneity. Additionally, we validated our findings in another replication cohort. In the forward MR study, the IVW method suggested no evidence for the causal effect of prostate cancer on COVID-19 susceptibility (OR = 1.00, 95%CI: 0.98-1.02, P = .978), COVID-19 hospitalization (OR = 1.05, 95%CI: 0.99-1.09, P = .054), and COVID-19 severity (OR = 1.03, 95%CI: 0.95-1.11, P = .453). Reverse MR analysis also showed no causal effect of COVID-19 diverse phenotypes on prostate cancer. Furthermore, the result of the East Asian cohort study was consistent with the European cohort. Sensitivity analysis showed no evidence of pleiotropy and heterogeneity. We did not discover genetic evidence to substantiate causal links between prostate cancer and COVID-19. Large-scale randomized controlled trials were required to enhance a more profound comprehension of this relationship in the future.

Colorectal cancer with a germline BRCA1 variant inherited paternally: a case report.

BRCA genes have well-known associations with breast and ovarian cancers. However, variations in the BRCA gene, especially germline variations, have also been reported in colorectal cancer (CRC). We present the case of a rectal cancer with a germline BRCA1 variation inherited from the paternal side. A 39-year-old male was admitted with rectal cancer. The patient underwent surgical resection and the pathologic diagnosis was adenocarcinoma. Next-generation sequencing was performed and a BRCA1 variant was detected. Reviewing the public database and considering the young age of the patient, the variant was suggested to be germline. The patient's father had had prostate cancer and next-generation sequencing testing revealed an identical BRCA1 variant. In the BRCA cancer group, there is relatively little attention paid to male cancers. The accumulation of male CRC cases linked to BRCA variations may help clarify the potential pathological relationship between the two.

Evaluation of malignancy in gallbladder tumors using the apparent diffusion coefficient obtained by diffusion‑weighted MRI.

The utility of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of diffusion-weighted image (DWI) magnetic resonance imaging was examined for evaluating malignancy and prognosis in gallbladder tumors. A total of 63 patients (benign tumors, n=33; cancer, n=30) were included after surgical resection for gallbladder tumors, and their mean ADC values by DWI were obtained. Cases of advanced gallbladder cancer (n=25) were divided into ADCHigh and ADCLow groups, and clinicopathological factors were compared. In 63 cases, ADC values in advanced gallbladder cancer were significantly lower compared with benign tumors and non-advanced gallbladder cancer (P<0.05), and ADC values in early gallbladder cancer were also significantly lower compared with benign tumors (P<0.05). In 25 advanced gallbladder cancer cases, the ADCLow group tended to have a higher rate of advanced stage disease (P=0.09). Disease-free survival and overall survival (OS) of the ADCLow group were worse compared with the ADCHigh group (P<0.01). In the multivariate analysis of OS, poor differentiation and low ADC value were independent prognostic factors. ADC values may be useful for evaluating tumor malignancies in gallbladder tumors.

Projection of the number of new laryngeal cancer cases in the world.

Projection of the number of new laryngeal cancer cases in the world.

Analysis of more than 400,000 women provides case-control evidence for BRCA1 and BRCA2 variant classification.

Clinical genetic testing identifies variants causal for hereditary cancer, information that is used for risk assessment and clinical management. Unfortunately, some variants identified are of uncertain clinical significance (VUS), complicating patient management. Case-control data is one evidence type used to classify VUS, and previous findings indicate that case-control likelihood ratios (LRs) outperform odds ratios for variant classification. As an initiative of the Evidence-based Network for the Interpretation of Germline Mutant Alleles (ENIGMA) Analytical Working Group we analyzed germline sequencing data of BRCA1 and BRCA2 from 96,691 female breast cancer cases and 303,925 unaffected controls from three studies: the BRIDGES study of the Breast Cancer Association Consortium, the Cancer Risk Estimates Related to Susceptibility consortium, and the UK Biobank. We observed 11,227 BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants, with 6,921 being coding, covering 23.4% of BRCA1 and BRCA2 VUS in ClinVar and 19.2% of ClinVar curated (likely) benign or pathogenic variants. Case-control LR evidence was highly consistent with ClinVar assertions for (likely) benign or pathogenic variants; exhibiting 99.1% sensitivity and 95.4% specificity for BRCA1 and 92.2% sensitivity and 86.6% specificity for BRCA2. This approach provides case-control evidence for 785 unclassified variants, that can serve as a valuable element for clinical classification.

Wolf in sheep’s clothing: a case of primary lung adenosquamous carcinoma mimicking traumatic pulmonary pseudocyst

BackgroundTraumatic pulmonary pseudocyst is a rare “cystlike” lung lesion that typically develops following blunt chest trauma. It differs from lung cancer associated with cystic airspaces in terms of pathogenic mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and radiological features. Furthermore, there are few reports of the diagnostic bias between traumatic pulmonary pseudocyst and lung cancer associated with cystic airspaces. Here, we present a rare case of lung cancer associated with cystic airspaces that mimicks traumatic pulmonary pseudocyst.Case presentationA 61-year-old man with no chest medical or surgical history, no chest radiologic examination within the last five years, and no smoking history had an air-filled “cystlike” lesion surrounded by solid components and ground-glass opacities in the middle third of the right upper lobe of the lung during a computed tomography evaluation following blunt chest trauma. He was initially diagnosed with traumatic pulmonary pseudocyst and treated conservatively. On the third post-trauma day, he experienced hemoptysis, which was successfully treated with intravenous hemostatic medication. On the ninth post-trauma day, he exhibited a significant hemoptysis and a moderate dyspnea. A subsequent chest computed tomography scan demonstrated that the solid components had entered the lesion’s cavity and significantly expanded, and the surrounding ground-glass opacities had slightly enlarged. A contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography scan and a three-dimensional reconstruction computed tomography image confirmed that the solid components were a hematoma caused by damage to the right upper pulmonary vein. A right upper lobectomy was performed based on the concern about severe intrapulmonary bleeding. An intraoperative frozen section analysis showed significant bleeding in the lung parenchyma. Adenosquamous carcinoma was unexpectedly identified during the postoperative pathological examination of the resected specimen. A diagnosis of primary lung adenosquamous carcinoma was made. He was discharged on the seventh postoperative day and followed up for two years without any recurrence.ConclusionsThe potential of lung cancer associated with cystic airspaces should be considered for “cystlike” lung lesions discovered in elderly patients after blunt chest trauma. A comprehensive review of the medical history, meticulous analysis of the radiological findings, and close monitoring can help clinicians reduce the risk of diagnostic bias.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis in Two Cases at the Bamako Dermatology Hospital, Mali

Penile cancer is a rare pathology. Squamous cell carcinoma represents the most common histological type. Radical excision surgery, although often mutilating, remains the best treatment for localized stages. We retrospectively report the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and progressive characteristics of two clinical cases of penile cancer.

Changes in biochemical blood indicators in primary liver cancer associated with viruses

Currently, about million new cases of liver cancer (LC) are being registered annually in the world, causing death in 85 % of patients.The purpose of the study is to establish the features of changes in biochemical blood parameters in RP against the background of persistence of DNA/RNA viruses.Patients (n = 247) with morphologically established liver cancer, hepatitis and healthy individuals were examined. The subject of research was the biochemical and molecular biological parameters of DNA/RNA viruses. It was established that the nature of biochemical changes and disorders in patients with liver cancer indicates a simultaneous violation of most physiological functions of parenchymal organs, in which syndromes of cytolysis, cholestasis, immune and autoimmune disorders are simultaneously formed, the main role in which belongs to infectious (DNA/RNA viruses) and oncological processes. The most important biochemical markers in liver cancer are enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, alpha-amylase), bilirubin, creatinine, albumin, triglycerides, GGTP, microelements (biogenic – magnesium, phosphorus, calcium). Among the viruses detected during liver cancer, the leading role belongs to viruses verified in tumor tissue, the presence of which causes persistent biochemical changes: VEB and HHV6.

No genetic causal association between human papillomavirus and lung cancer risk: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis

IntroductionSeveral observational or retrospective studies have previously been conducted to explore the possible association between lung cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, there may be inconsistencies in the data and conclusions due to differences in study design and HPV testing methods. There are currently no studies that provide conclusive evidence to support the involvement of HPV in the occurrence and development of lung cancer. Therefore, the relationship between HPV and lung cancer remains controversial and uncertain. This study aimed to explore whether HPV infection is causally related to lung cancer risk by systematically performing a two-way Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization (TSMR) analysis.MethodsIn the International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO) genome-wide association study dataset, we included 11,348 lung cancer (LUCA) cases, including 3275 squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) cases, 3442 adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cases, and 15,861 cases of control. Using genetic variants associated with the HPV E7 protein as instrumental variables, we summarized statistics associated with HPV infection in the MRC IEU OpenGWAS database, which included the HPV-16 E7 protein and the HPV-18 E7 protein. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) results are expressed as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsBased on a comprehensive analysis of genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from public databases, we mainly used inverse-variance weighted (IVW) to estimate causal relationships, while using MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode, and other four methods as supplements. Two-sample MR Analysis revealed no causal relationship between exposure factors (HPV-16 E7 protein and HPV-18 E7 protein) and outcome factors (lung cancer (LUCA) and its subtypes squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and adenocarcinoma (LUAD)) in forward MR Analysis using the IVW approach.HPV-16 E7 protein and LUCA and its subtypes LUSC and LUAD by IVW method results: [OR] = 1.002; 95% [CI]: 0.961 − 1.045; p = 0.920; [OR] = 1.023; 95% [CI]: 0.966 − 1.084; p = 0.438; [OR] = 0.994; 95% [CI]: 0.927 − 1.066; p = 0.872); HPV-18 E7 protein and LUCA and its subtypes LUSC and LUAD by IVW method results: [OR] = 0.965; 95% [CI]: 0.914 − 1.019; p = 0.197; [OR] = 0.933; 95% [CI]: 0.834 − 1.043; p = 0.222; [OR] = 1.028; 95% [CI]: 0.945 − 1.118; p = 0.524. It was observed through reverse MR that LUCA and its subtypes LUSC and LUAD were used as exposure factors, and HPV infection (HPV-16 E7 protein and HPV-18 E7 protein) was used as the outcome factors, the results of the IVW method are also invalid.LUCA and HPV-16 E7 protein and HPV-18 E7 protein by IVW method results: [OR] = 1.036; 95% [CI]: 0.761 − 1.411; p = 0.82; [OR] = 1.318; 95% [CI]: 0.949 − 1.830; p = 0.099; LUSC and HPV-16 E7 protein and HPV-18 E7 protein by IVW method results: [OR] = 1.123; 95% [CI]0.847 − 1.489; p = 0.421; [OR] = 0.931; 95% [CI]: 0.660 − 1.313; p = 0.682; LUAD and HPV-16 E7 protein and HPV-18 E7 protein by IVW method results: [OR] = 1.182; 95% [CI] 0.983 − 1.421; p = 0.075; [OR] = 1.017; 95% [CI]: 0.817 − 1.267; p = 0.877.Our results indicate that there is no causal relationship between genetically predicted HPV infection and LUCA and its subtypes LUSC and LUAD. In addition, in the reverse MR analysis, we did not observe a significant causal relationship between LUCA and its subtypes LUSC and LUAD on HPV infection.ConclusionsOur findings do not support a genetic association between HPV infection and lung cancer.

Outcomes of first-line treatment and their association with pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: Insights from a tertiary care institute in Pakistan.

Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) are renal parenchymal neoplasms that contribute to <5% of cancer cases worldwide. Within the diverse group of renal tumours, clear cell carcinoma is the most common subtype. The recommended first-line treatment for metastatic disease is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor given either as monotherapy or in combination with an immune checkpoint inhibitor, based on improved survival outcomes. These endpoints are not only influenced by the initial risk stratification but also by certain variables such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR) ratio. A retrospective review was conducted to evaluate the progression-free survival (PFS) with first-line treatment in patients with metastatic RCC treated at our institute from the year 2017-2021. We also investigated the association of PFS with both Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center risk groups and the pretreatment NLR ratio. Overall, 35 patients were enrolled after fulfilling the eligibility criteria. Of these, 25 patients received Pazopanib, 5 patients were treated with Sunitinib and the remaining patients were administered Pembrolizumab with Axitinib. Two-thirds of the study population belonged to the intermediate-risk group. The median PFS for all participants was 16 months. Among the overall population, patients in the favourable-risk group demonstrated superior PFS. Patients with elevated pretreatment NLR experienced shorter PFS compared to the patients with low to normal NLR. This review highlights the prognostic significance of initial risk stratification and pretreatment NLR in predicting the response to first-line treatment in metastatic RCC patients. As this is a comprehensive study emphasizing the outcomes of metastatic RCC in Pakistan, it fills a void in the literature by providing invaluable perspectives on the real-world outcomes of patients. This not only enhances our understanding of disease management in this region but also lays the foundation for future investigations.

Global epidemiology of liver cancer 2022: An emphasis on geographic disparities.

Liver cancer remains the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, causing a heavy burden globally. An updated assessment of the global epidemiology of the liver cancer burden that addresses geographical disparities is necessary to better understand and promote healthcare delivery. Data were extracted from the GLOBOCAN 2022 database, including the number, crude, and age-standardized rates of incidence and mortality at the global, country, continent, and human development index (HDI) regional levels. Age-standardized rates (incidence and mortality) per 100,000 person-years were adjusted based on the Segi-Doll World standard population. The mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIR) for each region and country were calculated. The HDI and gross national income (GNI) for 2022 were obtained, and a Pearson correlation analysis was conducted with the incidence, mortality, and MIR. In 2022, approximately 866,136 new liver cancer cases and 758,725 related deaths were recorded worldwide, with a global MIR of 0.86. Males had a disproportionately higher burden than females across all levels, and the highest burden was observed in the elderly population. Geographically, the regions with the highest incidence rates included Micronesia, Eastern Asia, and Northern Africa, and the regions with the highest mortality rates included Northern Africa, Southeastern Asia, Eastern Asia, and Micronesia. Notably, Mongolia had a strikingly high burden compared to other countries. The highest MIR was observed in North America and the lowest in Africa. Negative associations of HDI and GNI with liver cancer mortality and MIR were identified, irrespective of sex. The current liver cancer burden underscores the presence of remarkable geographic heterogeneity, which is particularly evident across countries with varying HDI levels, highlighting the urgent need to prioritize health accessibility and availability to achieve health inequities.

Universal Genetic Testing for Newly Diagnosed Invasive Breast Cancer

Between 5% and 10% of breast cancer cases are associated with an inherited germline pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant (GPV) in a breast cancer susceptibility gene (BCSG), which could alter local and systemic therapy recommendations. Traditional genetic testing criteria misses a proportion of these cases. To evaluate the prevalence and clinicopathological associations of GPVs in 2 groups of BCSGs among an ethnically diverse cohort of women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. This cross-sectional study, conducted at 3 Montreal hospitals between September 2019 and April 2022, offered universal genetic counseling and testing to all women with a first diagnosis of invasive breast cancer. Women were offered an obligatory primary panel of BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2 (B1B2P2) and an optional secondary panel of 14 additional BCSGs. Eligible participants were women 18 years of age or older who received a diagnosis of a first primary invasive breast cancer not more than 6 months before the time of referral to the study. Data were analyzed from November 2023 to June 2024. Of 1017 referred patients, 805 were eligible and offered genetic counseling and testing, and 729 of those 805 (90.6%) consented to be tested. The median age at breast cancer diagnosis was 53 years (range, 23-91 years), and 65.4% were White and of European ancestry. Fifty-four GPVs were identified in 53 patients (7.3%), including 39 patients (5.3%) with B1B2P2 and 15 patients (2.1%) with 6 of the 14 secondary panel BCSGs (ATM, BARD1, BRIP1, CHEK2, RAD51D, and STK11). On multivariable analysis, clinical factors independently associated with B1B2P2-positive status included being younger than 40 years of age at diagnosis (odds ratio [OR], 6.83; 95% CI, 2.22-20.90), triple-negative breast cancer (OR, 3.19; 95% CI, 1.20-8.43), high grade disease (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.05-2.70), and family history of ovarian cancer (OR, 9.75; 95% CI, 2.65-35.85). Of 39 B1B2P2-positive patients, 13 (33.3%) were eligible for poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. In this cross-sectional universal genetic testing study of women with newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer, the prevalence of GPVs was 7.3%, with 5.3% of patients testing positive for B1B2P2. Among B1B2P2-women women, one-third were eligible for PARP inhibitors.

The association between plasma fatty acids and risk of lung cancer: a prospective cohort study of the UK Biobank.

Fatty acids (FAs) have emerged as significant contributors to tumorigenesis, yet prospective evidence regarding their specific effects on lung cancer risk remains scarce. To investigate the association between plasma FAs and lung cancer incidence, as well as a potential modification effect of genetic susceptibility on lung cancer risk. A cohort study was conducted involving 112,547 cancer-free participants from the UK Biobank, with measurements of plasma FAs, including saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) at baseline (2006-2010). Cox regression models were employed to assess lung cancer risk according to plasma FA quartiles or 1-SD increment. Furthermore, interaction between plasma FAs and polygenic risk score (PRS) was evaluated using an additive model. Over an average 10.9-year follow-up, 1122 lung cancer cases occurred. After multivariable adjustment, MUFAs were positively associated with lung cancer risk (hazard ratio [HR] per 1-SD = 1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13-1.54). In contrast, PUFAs, particularly n-3 PUFAs, n-6 PUFAs, docosahexaenoic acid, and linoleic acid, were associated with a lower risk of lung cancer, with HRs ranging from 0.79 (95% CI: 0.72-0.87) to 0.89 (95% CI: 0.83-0.95). SFAs were not significantly associated with lung cancer risk. Moreover, we observed an additive interaction between plasma PUFAs and genetic risk. Individuals with a high genetic risk and the lowest quartile of plasma PUFAs had the highest risk of lung cancer (HR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.43-3.38). Our findings suggest that plasma PUFAs may serve as protective factors, while MUFAs represent risk factors for lung cancer, offering novel insights into lung cancer carcinogenesis and prevention.

Understanding Cancer Epidemiology in Himachal Pradesh, India

Objective This study investigated the distribution of cancer cases across different age groups, sexes, and regions in Himachal Pradesh, India, with the aim of informing targeted public health strategies. Materials and Methods Cancer incidence data were collected from various age groups, sexes, and blocks. Statistical Analysis Chi-square tests were used to assess the significance of differences in cancer patient distribution according to age, sex, and region. Results Cancer incidence increased with age, peaking in the 58 to 67 years age group. The highest number of patient was reported, particularly among individuals aged 38 years and above. Minimal cases were observed in the youngest age groups (&lt; 17 and 18–27 years), while a significant increase was noted in the middle age groups (28–57 years). Cancer cases were nearly equally distributed between males (50.1%) and females (49.9%). A chi-square value of 180.18 indicated a statistically significant difference in cancer incidence according to age and sex. Gender-specific trends revealed higher cancer incidences in females during middle age (28–57 years) and in males during older age (58 years and above). The highest number of cases was 18.1%, followed by 14.7 and 14.6%, while the lowest incidence was 1.5%. Conclusion The present study underscores the need for comprehensive and targeted public health strategies to manage cancer burdens effectively. Focusing on high-incidence regions and ensuring equitable health care access for all genders can improve cancer outcomes and reduce mortality rates associated with the disease.

A toxicogenomics-based identification of potential mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in PFCs-induced cancer in human.

The number of new diagnosed cancer cases and cancer deaths are increasing worldwide. Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are synthetic chemicals, which are possible inducers of cancer in human and laboratory animals. Studies showed that PFCs induce breast, prostate, kidney, liver and pancreas cancer by inducing genes being involved in carcinogenic pathways. This study reviews the association between PFCs induced up-regulation/down-regulation of genes and signaling pathways that are important in promoting different types of cancer. To obtain chemical-gene interactions, an advanced search was performed in the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database platform. Five most prevalent cancers were studied and the maps of their signaling pathways were drawn, and colored borders indicate significantly differentially expressed genes if there had been reports of alterations in expression in the presence of PFCs. In general, PFCs are capable of inducing cancer in human via altering PPARα and PI3K pathways, evading apoptosis, inducing sustained angiogenesis, alterations in proliferation and blocking differentiation. However, more epidemiological data and mechanistic studies are needed to better understand the carcinogenic effects of PFCs in human.

Factors Influencing Outcomes and Survival in Anal Cancer.

We aim to ascertain prognostic factors in the current management of anal cancer within this study. We reviewed the management and outcomes of anal cancer cases over a seven-year period, inclusive (2016-2023). The primary objectives were to assess the demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, and outcomes of all anal cancer patients within our institution. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to estimate survival differences between cohorts, with statistical significance determined using log-rank testing. Cox proportional hazards regression was utilised to identify prognostic factors. Cox regression hazard ratios were reported along with confidence intervals and p-values. The median follow-up time for the study was 29.8 months. Seventy-five patients with anal cancer were included in this study, with 88% (66/75) being squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and the majority having regional disease (82.7% (62/75)). The median age at diagnosis was 63.4 years (36-94). There was a female preponderance (57.3% (43/75)). In total, 84% (63/75) underwent definitive chemoradiation (dCRT), with 7/63 (11.1%) requiring a salvage abdomino-perineal resection (APR) for residual or recurrent disease. Adverse prognostic indicators include those with T4 disease hazard ratio = 3.81, (95% CI 1.13-12.83, * p = 0.04), poorly differentiated tumour disease HR = 3.37, (95% CI 1.13-10.02, * p = 0.04), having N2 nodal status HR = 5.03, (95% CI 1.11-22.8, * p = 0.04), and having metastatic disease at diagnosis HR = 5.8, (95% CI 1.28-26.42, * p = 0.02). Presenting characteristics including stage, nodal, and differentiation status remain key prognostic indicators in those diagnosed with anal malignancy.

Prostate cancer treatment recommendation study based on machine learning and SHAP interpreter.

This study utilized data from 140,294 prostate cancer cases from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Here, 10 different machine learning algorithms were applied to develop treatment options for predicting patients with prostate cancer, differentiating between surgical and non-surgical treatments. The performances of the algorithms were measured using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value. The Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) method was employed to investigate the key factors influencing the prediction process. Survival analysis methods were used to compare the survival rates of different treatment options. The CatBoost model yielded the best results (AUC = 0.939, sensitivity = 0.877, accuracy = 0.877). SHAP interpreters revealed that the T stage, cancer stage, age, cores positive percentage, prostate-specific antigen, and Gleason score were the most critical factors in predicting treatment options. The study found that surgery significantly improved survival rates, with patients undergoing surgery experiencing a 20.36% increase in 10-year survival rates compared with those receiving non-surgical treatments. Among surgical options, radical prostatectomy had the highest 10-year survival rate at 89.2%. This study successfully developed a predictive model to guide treatment decisions for prostate cancer. Moreover, the model enhanced the transparency of the decision-making process, providing clinicians with a reference for formulating personalized treatment plans.

Analysing The Breast Cancer Awareness Of Public Health Care Management In India

One of the most prevalent types of cancer impacting women worldwide is breast cancer. Breast cancer in women is a significant global public health issue because of its high rate of morbidity and mortality as well as its substantial social and financial costs. The number of new cases and fatalities from breast cancer is rising year, contributing to the disease's growing global burden. In India, breast cancer ranks second in terms of cancer-related fatalities among women and is the most common cancer. However, the percentage is undoubtedly higher in America, where one in eight people get this potentially fatal cancer. According to the Population Based Cancer Registry of India, between 25% and 31% of all malignancies in women in urban areas (such as Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Ahmadabad, Bangalore, Bhopal, etc.) are breast cancers. Although the rise in breast cancer cases is mostly reported in large cities, it is very likely that many cases go unreported in rural areas. The average age at which breast cancer is diagnosed has dropped from 50–70 years to 30–50 years. Millions of people can be assisted in lowering the risk of breast cancer by receiving the right information and treatment under the direction of professionals. Therefore, this study aims to investigate practitioners' opinions regarding the implementation of the awareness model in the health sector as well as the public's perspective of the models for women suffering breast cancer.

The current and future cancer burden in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries.

Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. This study aims to provide cancer incidence and mortality estimates in 2020 in the GCC countries alongside future projections for 2040 to shape cancer control policy in the region. The estimated numbers of new cancer cases and deaths were extracted from the GLOBOCAN database developed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer; new cancer cases, cancer deaths, and corresponding age-standardized incidence and mortality rates for the year 2020 are presented. An estimated 42,475 new cancer cases and 19,895 deaths occurred in the GCC countries in 2020, with corresponding age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of 96.5 and 52.3 per 100,000, respectively. Female breast (16%), colorectal (13%), and thyroid (9%) were the most common types of cancer in the GCC countries, accounting for almost 40% of all cancer incidence. Colorectal (14%) followed by breast cancer (9%) were the leading causes of cancer death, though the magnitude of rates of the major cancer types varied substantially across the GCC countries. Even if we assume rates in the region will remain unchanged over the next two decades, the cancer burden in the GCC will increase by 116% (Saudi Arabia) to 270% (Qatar), reaching nearly 104,000 cancer cases by the year 2040. The sharp increase in the estimated cancer incidence and mortality predicted over the next decades in the region requires workforce and financial planning for the healthcare systems in the constituent countries, alongside broader strengthening of national cancer prevention and control efforts.

Outcome of early detection approach in control of breast, cervical, and oral cancer: Experience from a rural cancer center in India.

In low- and middle-income countries most of the cancer patients attend the hospital at a late stage and treatment completion of these cases is challenging. The early detection program (EDP), in rural areas of Punjab state, India was initiated to identify breast, cervical, and oral cancer at an early stage by raising awareness and providing easy access to diagnosis and treatment. A total of 361 health education programs and 99 early detection clinics were organized. The symptomatic and self-interested (non-symptomatic individuals who opted for screening) cases visited the detection clinic. They were screened for breast, cervical, and/or oral cancer. Further diagnosis and treatment of screen-positive cases were carried out at Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital (HBCH), Sangrur. Community leaders and healthcare workers were involved in all the activities. The EDP, Sangrur removed barriers between cancer diagnosis and treatment with the help of project staff. From 2019 to 2023, a total of 221,317 populations were covered. Symptomatic and self-interested individuals attended the breast (1627), cervical (1601), and oral (1111) examinations. 46 breast (in situ-4.3%; localized-52.2%), 9 cervical (localized-77.8%), and 12 oral (localized-66.7%) cancer cases were detected, and treatment completion was 82.6%, 77.8%, and 50.0%, respectively. We compared cancer staging and treatment completion of cases detected through EDP with the cases attended HBCH from Sangrur district in 2018; the difference between two groups is statistically significant. Due to the early detection approach, there is disease down-staging and improvement in treatment completion. This approach is feasible and can be implemented to control these cancers in low- and middle-income countries.