Case Of Bangladesh Research Articles

Independent Directors: The Contrasting Cases of Australia and Bangladesh

The Bangladesh corporate governance regime is framed by legal rules and requirements, in comparison to those prevailing in such jurisdictions as Australia. However, it is arguable that such legal rules have not necessarily led to major modernisation of structures or to such significant changes to the profile of company boards that would maximise their effectiveness. This study involves analysis and comparison of some of the important characteristics of Bangladeshi and Australian company boards, with a particular focus on independent directors. To provide context for this study, the regulatory framework for corporate governance in Bangladesh is compared and contrasted with that of Australia as an example of a developed country, while the study itself explores directors with reference to diversity, age, remuneration, expertise and experience and governance involvement. The results demonstrate that as well as differences, particularly around diversity, there are surprising similarities as well, principally around age and expertise. What is most marked is the lack of an independent skill development or recruitment facility for Bangladeshi directors such as operates in Australia, a lack that potentially limits the extent to which an open, competitive market for director skills can develop.

Forecasting the spread of the third wave of COVID-19 pandemic using time series analysis in Bangladesh

During the third wave of the coronavirus epidemic in Bangladesh, the death and infection rate due to this devastating virus has increased dramatically. The rapid spread of the virus is one of the reasons for this terrible condition. So, identifying the subsequent cases of coronavirus can be a great tool to reduce the mortality and infection rate. In this article, we used the autoregressive integrated moving average-ARIMA(8,1,7) model to estimate the expected daily number of COVID-19 cases in Bangladesh based on the data from April 20, 2021, to July 4, 2021. The ARIMA model showed the best results among the five executed models over Autoregressive Model (AR), Moving Average (MA), Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA), and Rolling Forest Origin. The findings of this article were used to anticipate a rise in daily cases for the next month in Bangladesh, which can help governments plan policies to prevent the spread of the virus. The forecasting outcome indicated that this new trend(named delta variant) in Bangladesh would continue increasing and might reach 18327 daily new cases within four weeks if strict rules and regulations are not applied to control the spread of COVID-19.

Rohingya Refugee Movement in Bangladesh: Insiders and Outsiders in Strengthening and Weakening of Borders

This paper examines the role insiders and outsiders play directly and indirectly in strengthening both territorial and psychological borders. At the same time, it also investigates how they undermine the existing boundaries of difference; in other words, how they weaken borders. This study understands ‘borders’ as both physical and cultural boundaries or visible and invisible boundaries of (re)producing and (re)ordering “us” versus “them” or insiders and outsiders. The conceptual framework developed by Azmeary Ferdoush (2017) has been employed to investigate the role of insiders and outsiders in strengthening and weakening borders. The Rohingya movement to Bangladesh case study is used to examine the paradoxical affects that both insiders and outsiders have on borders. This study aims to contribute the existing literature by explaining how borders are (re)produced and (re)shaped with the interaction of both the insiders and outsiders, with a specific focus on the implications of the refugee movement on border-making.
 Key Words: Border, Refugee Movement, Rohingya Refugee, Bangladesh.

Food Security and the COVID-19 Crisis from a Consumer Buying Behaviour Perspective-The Case of Bangladesh.

Since COVID-19 was confirmed in Bangladesh in March 2020, the government have enacted stringent measures to prevent the spread of the coronavirus, which has had a significant impact on people’s lives. Food consumption habits of consumers have shifted as a result of declining grocery shopping frequency, negative income shock, and food prices shooting up. This paper aims to explore Bangladeshi consumers’ buying behaviour in association with the stress generated from a food supply shortage during the COVID-19 pandemic and the post-outbreak perception of the food industry, using a dataset with 540 online samples collected between July and August 2021. A two-stage cluster sampling method and self-administrated questionnaire techniques were adopted for collecting the data during the third wave of COVID-19. Using partial least squares path modelling (PLS-PM) and multivariate multiple ordered logit regression (MVORD) to reveal the pertinent structure between all the blocks, this study provides two key findings. First, a higher intensity of COVID-19 impact translates into higher food stress associated with income reduction and higher food prices. Second, food stress directly affects consumer buying and consumption behaviour. We strongly recommend connecting consumers with local producers and collective use of shared warehouses through institutions, policies, and reforms to prevent disruption in the food supply chain and to keep food prices stable. Additionally, food producers, distributors, stakeholders, and policy planners should strengthen the food supply chain to stabilize food security.

No right to read: National regulatory restrictions on refugee rights to formal education in low- and middle-income host countries

What is the state of refugee rights to education in the national regulations of host countries? Some developing host countries have progressive legal frameworks that actively support formal schooling provision for refugee children, while other countries prohibit or severely limit education provision for refugees living within their borders. This can have implications for whether and how refugee children and youth access formal schooling. With just 68% of refugee children estimated to be enrolled in primary school, examining the barriers to schooling for refugees is vital. We present exploratory evidence on the question of refugee education regulatory variation with a novel dataset on low- and middle-income countries refugee education regulations. We then look closer at the cases of Uganda and Bangladesh, two countries that host some of the world's largest refugee populations, yet have completely different legal regimes in place for refugee education, with resulting variation in education programs and outcomes. Our findings support the need to improve access to education among refugees, and we conclude with recommendations for both policy and future research.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Human Development- the Case of Bangladesh

World Community first-ever observes devastating face of COVID-19. In this context, the Bangladesh Economic Association initiative to invite Papers on “Impact of COVID-19 on Human Development” and organise 02 days conference is the demand of the time. This paper demonstrates a thorough study and analysis of COVID-19 impact on society, nation, and human capital, enabling our policymakers to set the forward path to building a prosperous Bangladesh. The article follows the guideline set by Bangladesh Economic Association. This article’s data and information have been taken from the author’s experience, different internet sources, IEB journals, sharing with stakeholders of various capacities, and interviewing COVID patients. The article concludes that the economic loss and impact on livelihoods are immeasurable. It suggests bringing 100% eligible population under vaccination, adhering to Virtual Media and making it available to marginalised people for education, and organising an online training course to address human development.

Spatial pattern of COVID-19 in Bangladesh: an ecological study

ObjectiveTo analyse the spatial clustering of COVID-19 case fatality risks in the districts of Bangladesh and to explore the association of sociodemographic indicators with these risks.Study designEcological study.Study settingSecondary data...

INDIA'S COAST REGION - THE EASIEST ROUTE FOR CONDUCTING ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES - AN UNDERSTANDING

Indian sea route are an easy target for smuggling and conducting of anti-national activities. Mumbai port which is the largest port in India has been a place for terrorism activities since a long time, the 26/attack which is regarded as the deadliest terrorist attack, India has ever experience, the terrorist had enter India through sea port , since 1960s the business of smuggling of gold , drugs and other luxury items is going on between Dubai to Mumbai to Gujarat . Smuggling of items like fuel, textile happening through different states. Illegal fishing is also very common, In fact after the lockdown, many states have brought in new rules and regulation in their fisheries culture /sector, even the government has introduced schemes and is investing a lot . There are many agencies and ministries at the local, state and center to coordinate among different committees and stakeholders and increase the manpower. The eastern and the western coast share their water border with several countries which support criminal activities in the region. Most of the illegal migrant enter India and leave India through these ports for instances cases of Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. India needs to strengthen its coastal security across the country. Keywords: Coastal security, sea roots, smuggling, drug trafficking, fisheries sector, 26/11 attack

Clinical evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-based rapid diagnostic test kit for detection of COVID-19 cases in Bangladesh

The rapid and early detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections is key to control the current Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The present study was conducted to clinically evaluate a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kit, Standard Q COVID-19 Ag Test (SD Biosensor®, Republic of Korea), with reference to the standard real-time RT-PCR for detection of COVID-19 cases in Bangladesh. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken from 900 COVID-19 suspected patients. Among them, 34.11% (n = 307) were diagnosed as COVID-19 cases by RT-PCR assay, of which 85% (n = 261) were also detectable using the RDT. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the RDT compared to RT-PCR were 85.02% and 100%, respectively, regardless of age, sex, and type of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Most of the RT-PCR positive cases (94%) were found within the first five days of disease onset, and the sensitivity of RDT was 85.91% for the same samples. The positive predictive value (PPV) of the RDT was 100%, and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 92.8%. The Cohen's kappa value of 0.882 indicated excellent agreement between the RDT and RT-PCR assays. The findings of this study showed the potential use of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-based RDT to expedite the diagnostic process and onward COVID-19 management in Bangladesh.

Book Review: Md Nazrul, Islam and Md Saidul, Islam. Islam and Democracy in South Asia: The Case ofBangladesh

Book Review: Md Nazrul, Islam and Md Saidul, Islam. Islam and Democracy in South Asia: The Case ofBangladesh

The link between climate change, food security and fertility: The case of Bangladesh.

Climate change is likely to worsen the food security situation through its impact on food production, which may indirectly affect fertility behaviour. This study examines the direct and indirect effects of climate change (e.g., temperature and precipitation) via the production of major crops, as well as their short- and long-term effects on the total fertility rate (TFR) in Bangladesh. We used structural equation modelling (SEM) to perform path analysis and distinguish the direct influence of climate change on fertility and its indirect influence on fertility through food security. We also applied the error correction model (ECM) to analyze the time-series data on temperature and precipitation, crop production and fertility rate of Bangladesh from 1966 to 2015. The results show that maximum temperature has a direct effect and indirect negative effect–via crop production–on TFR, while crop production has a direct positive effect and indirect negative effect–via infant mortality–on TFR. In the short term, TFR responds negatively to the maximum temperature but positively in the long term. The effect of rainfall on TFR is found to be direct, positive, but mainly short-term. Although indicators of economic development play an important part in the fertility decline in Bangladesh, some climate change parameters and crop production are non-negligible factors.

An Examination of Taxpayers Attitude towards Income Tax: A Case of Bangladesh

Objective - Taxation is the government's primary source of revenue, but it is unable to raise this revenue from the general public. The major goals of this article are to determine the taxpayers' attitudes toward income tax in Bangladesh, as well as the factors influencing taxpayers' behavioral intentions regarding tax evasion and avoidance. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in this study. Methodology/Technique - The respondents' primary data was acquired by a standardized written questionnaire and a face-to-face viva. To complete the job, the study used purposeful random sampling, which resulted in the selection of 150 individuals from various occupations. After gathering data, it was examined using several statistical methods. Findings - The study's findings reveal a significant negative relationship between taxpayer attitudes regarding tax evasion and tax compliance behavior, as well as the fact that taxpayer attitudes and conduct differ by occupation, resulting in diverse tax evasion and avoidance trends. Novelty - This study will aid the government authority and the National Bureau of Revenue in monitoring taxpayer attitudes and improving tax collection by reducing taxpayers' negative attitudes toward taxes and getting more people to file tax returns. Type of Paper - Empirical. Keywords: Taxpayers; Attitude; Income tax; Bangladesh. JEL Classification: H21; H24: H26.

Accessing Affordable Medicines in a Post-TRIPS Environment: The Case of Bangladesh

The cost of medicines in Bangladesh is among the lowest in the world. Over the last forty years, Bangladesh, a Least Developed Country (LDC), has nurtured a local industry based on strong industrial policy and a pharmaceutical patent-free system. Of the 46 LDCs in the world, it is the only one to have a thriving industry of this kind. In this paper, we explore how a relatively poor LDC managed to take on the dominance of MNCs in the global production of pharmaceuticals. We focus on the 1982 National Drug Policy (NDP) which transformed the pharmaceutical sector in Bangladesh from one in which three-quarters of drugs were supplied by just eight MNCs to one where almost all domestic demand is met by local industry. The thriving local pharmaceutical industry also exports generic medicines to 147 different countries. In 2026, Bangladesh is due to graduate to ‘Developing Country’ status, at which time, as a member of the WTO, Bangladesh will have to abide by the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement. Under TRIPS it will have to change its patent regime to allow for the registration of pharmaceutical patents by 2029. Using interview data with key Bangladeshi experts, we argue that TRIPS compliance could potentially wipe out this flourishing local pharmaceutical industry, leading to steep increases in the cost of essential medicines, with dire implications for the right to health. We explore policy options open to the Bangladesh government to protect affordable drugs in the country, in particular protection for the production of domestic generics in a post-TRIPS environment. We also argue that there are ways in which Bangladesh and India could co-operate to protect the affordability of high-quality medicines for domestic and international markets.

The Impact of Trade Cost on Readymade Garment Export: The Case of Bangladesh

The main purpose of this study is to understand whether the trade cost influences the export of Readymade Garment (RMG) export of Bangladesh. Theoretically, with an increase in the volume of exported goods, the costs will also increase. Therefore, this study is to examine the impact of trade costs on the readymade garment export performance of Bangladesh for the period of 2007 -2015. This study applied two types of panel data models: pooled OLS model and the Poisson-Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimation procedure have been employed in the estimation. The main contribution of the paper compared to other studies on Bangladesh lies in its approach in addressing the impact of trade costs on exports and using PPML gravity equation estimation. The results of the study indicate that trade costs have a significant negative impact on exports of Bangladesh. The major findings show that trade cost has a negative and significant impact on Bangladesh's bilateral RMG export performance. This implies that the Bangladeshi government should work to reduce domestic trade costs in order to boost efficiency and sustainably promote RMG export.

Challenges of LPG Supply, Distribution & Pricing in Growing Market: Bangladesh Case Study

The prime energy scarcity is nowadays a mostly the debated issue in Bangladesh in the awaken of spreading energy and fuel crisis. Pipeline natural gas support only 6 % domestic consumption of total population by 16 % of total produced gas which is declined mode. The claim of natural gas is on the continuous increase to meet domestic needs in the city, suburban areas together with industrial, commercial, power generation and diverse usage against the scarcity of gas. The demand for natural gas is on the continuous increase to meet domestic needs in the urban, suburban areas alongside industrial, commercial, power generation and diverse usage against the scarcity of gas. In this situation, LPG becomes a popular alternative energy source to reduce the natural gas crisis along with providing clean fuel in rustic areas. LPG is using by about 81% in its total amount for domestic purposes. At present in 2018 LPG demand in Bangladesh is approximate 750,000 MT and in future 2025 it would be 250, 0000 MT with growth rate 25%, 17 %, 14%, 15 %, 8%, 20% and 17% respectively. Now a day 12 KG LPG cylinders price is BDT 1150-1200 because of the variety of market barriers, government VAT and higher transaction costs which is not affordable for the middle as well as a low-income family though Bangladesh government fixed the price every month. LPG could assume an increasingly significant job in giving cooking energy to low-middle pay family units in Bangladesh if an appropriate advertising structure and circulation plan are masterminded. The aim of this project is to find out the challenges of LPG supply, distribution, and pricing in the growing Bangladesh market and to make a well planned and details road map so that LPG companies of Bangladesh can serve 70% of the domestic cooking fuel through LPG by 2025.

Global Climate Change and Suffering of Woman; A Case of Bangladesh

Bangladesh, a South Asian country, is critical because of its vulnerability to climate-sensitive diseases, reliance on climate-sensitive livelihoods, anticipated crop losses, and high rates of poverty and malnutrition. Women are disproportionately affected by climate change, and it has a disproportionate effect on them across a range of extreme events. The goal of this project is to gain a better understanding of climate change, its effects, and the climate resilience of women in South Asia. Additionally, it discusses discrepancies and proposes future policy recommendations. Climate change is increasingly recognized as a cause for concern, and the current review is appropriate given the devastating effects of climate change on South Asian countries.

Uncertainty of pesticides in foodstuffs, associated environmental and health risks to humans-a critical case of Bangladesh with respect to global food policy.

The uncertain fate and transport pathways of applied pesticides are the key hidden threats with respect to the safety and quality evaluation of foodstuffs in Bangladesh. The risk assessment of and uncertainty about applied pesticides are poorly explored due to weak regulatory systems, farmer ignorance, intensive agricultural practices, and lack of available research data on improper handling of pesticides on farming lands with poor phytosanitary management. However, increasing evidence suggests that the prevalence of pesticides in common foodstuffs is due to their uptake by crops and improper management of crop protection practices. Besides, the biotransformation of pesticides in common Bangladeshi food products is poorly understood. Several studies have reported higher concentrations of pesticides than allowed by European Union guidelines in Bangladeshi foodstuffs. However, to date, no systematic review with critical discussion on current research findings and knowledge gaps concerning fate, uncertainty, and health risks of pesticides in the foodstuffs of Bangladesh is published. Therefore, this review summarizes the findings of existing literature on pesticide residue in foodstuffs and points out the weaknesses in the regulatory system and risk assessments for highlighting the critical challenges to food safety in Bangladesh as compared to global food policy. In addition, strategies for the sustainable management of residual pesticides are also discussed.

Psychological and Mental Health Issues Due to COVID-19 Among Bangladeshi Tertiary Educational Institution Students.

Due to the rapid spread of the novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), cases in Bangladesh have continued to increase with a total number of confirmed cases of over 1.04 million and over 16,842 deaths (as of July 14, 2021). Such a surge in COVID-19 cases has caused detrimental impacts in all areas of human lives including students of all levels. The economic and psychological costs to students in higher learning institutions in Bangladesh are believed to be very high compared to other demographic groups in the country (Islam et al., 2020) as a large proportion of expenditure (29% of total education cost) is spent on private tutoring (Toaha, 2015). All the educational institutions in Bangladesh were (physically) closed since early March 2020 and will continue to be so until August 2021 (Ela et al., 2021; Xinhua, 2021).

Exploring factors in fear of COVID-19 and its GIS-based nationwide distribution: the case of Bangladesh.

The COVID-19 pandemic is a public health threat of international concern, intensifying peoples' psychological risk and vulnerability by strengthening mental health stressors such as fear, panic and uncertainty. The unexpected fear of COVID-19 has been reported to be associated with suicide occurrences, similar to prior pandemics. Identifying the factors associated with fear of COVID-19 could help us to develop better mental health strategy and practice to improve the situation here in Bangladesh. This was the first attempt to present a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based distribution of fear of COVID-19 across the country's administrative districts in a nationwide sample. Data for a total of 10 067 individuals were collected by an online survey during the first wave of the pandemic (1 to 10 April 2020); data for 10 052 participants were finally analysed after excluding 15 transgender individuals. The survey questionnaire included items concerning sociodemographic, behavioural and health-related variables, COVID-19-related issues, and the Bangla Fear of COVID-19 Scale. The mean fear of COVID-19 scores was 21.30 ± 6.01 (out of a possible 35) in the present sample. Female gender, highly educated, non-smoker, non-alcohol consumer, having chronic diseases, using social media, and using social media and not using newspapers as COVID-19 information sources were associated with a higher level of fear of COVID-19. Higher levels of fear of COVID-19 were found in districts of Magura, Panchagarh, Tangail, Sunamganj and Munshiganj; by contrast, Kushtia, Pirojpur, Chapainawabganj, Jhalokathi and Naogaon districts had lower fear of COVID-19. Based on the GIS-distribution, fear of COVID-19 was significantly associated with the district as well as in respect to its gender-based and education-level-based associations. However, fear of COVID-19 and COVID-19 cases were heterogeneously distributed across the districts; that is, no consistent association of higher COVID-19 cases with higher fear of COVID-19 was found. This study being exploratory in nature may help to facilitate further studies, as well as directing governmental initiatives for reducing fear of COVID-19 in at-risk individuals. Providing adequate resources and mental health services in the administrative regions identified as highly vulnerable to fear of COVID-19 is recommended.

Tea export competitiveness and the nexus between tea export and economic growth: The cases of Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka

Tea export competitiveness and the nexus between tea export and economic growth: The cases of Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka Long since the end of the British India regime, Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka have produced a signifi cant volume of tea which continues to bring them invaluable foreign currency earnings through exports. Our paper explores the tea export competitiveness of these countries by employing the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) index, and analyses the nexus between tea export and economic growth over the period from 1980 to 2018 using several dynamic econometric approaches. Results suggest that Bangladesh has lost its tea export competitiveness over the last decade. India posted moderate performance, while Sri Lanka consistently kept its dominant position. Further, the Johansen Cointegration test outcomes report no long-run relationship between tea export and economic growth across all the countries. The Granger Causality outcomes illustrate that only in Sri Lanka is it the case that tea export causes short-run economic growth. Lastly, the impulse response function projects tea export and economic growth, taking into consideration the response of each to a shock from the other. Extrapolation from the results indicate that, in contrast to the cases of Bangladesh and India (where no direct relationship was found), tea export and economic growth are intimately interconnected in Sri Lanka. This article further recommends eff ective policies so that economic growth in these countries can remain steady and that their tea industries can thrive.