Carry-on Luggage Research Articles

Towards balancing efficiency and customer satisfaction in airplane boarding: An agent-based approach

The airplane boarding process, which can have a significant impact on a flight’s turnaround time, is often viewed by researchers and airlines primarily in terms of minimizing total boarding time (TBT). Airplane capacity, number of passengers on board, amount of luggage, and boarding strategy are common factors that affect TBT. However, besides operational efficiency, airlines are also concerned with customer satisfaction, which affects customer loyalty and financial return. One factor that influences passenger experience is the individual boarding time (IBT), here defined by the time passengers stand inside the cabin. Considering these two aspects, an agent-based model is presented that compares the performance of three alternative mainstream boarding strategies in a 132-seat and a 160-seat single-aisle commercial airplane. An important characteristic of the model that differentiates it from previous work is that overhead bins have a physical limitation, which could lead to an increase in aisle interferences on full flights as passengers take longer to find a place for their carry-on luggage. Another important contribution is the analysis of how passenger seat location affects IBT. Our results show that outside-in (OI) produces shorter TBT than random and back-to-front boarding, and also shorter IBT and much shorter maximum IBT than BTF, particularly for passengers seated in the middle of the airplane. This suggests that among the three most popular boarding strategies used by airlines across the world, OI is the best when it comes to balancing airplane boarding efficiency with individual customer satisfaction.

Numerical Modeling of Aircraft Fire: Postcrash Fire

The Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) model was utilized in this study to replicate a full-scale aircraft postcrash experiment conducted within the C-133 test facility by the Federal Aviation Administration. FDS is a computational fire field model that incorporates submodels for soot formation, pyrolysis, and thermal radiation transport. It solves three-dimensional time-dependent Navier–Stokes equations and is grounded in the large-eddy simulation approach and the eddy dissipation concept, serving as turbulence and combustion models. The obtained results, including the heat release rate and temperature, were validated against experimental data and compared with earlier prediction studies employing different turbulence and combustion models. The results from this simulation closely align with the experiment’s findings. The impact of fire-blocking layers and carry-on baggage on interior material was examined. Moreover, two boundary conditions were imposed on the fuselage structure: 1) the adiabatic wall, and 2) heat loss within the wall. Both the fire-blocking layers and the adiabatic boundary condition played a significant role in the flashover occurrence. The large-eddy simulation and eddy dissipation concept approaches have demonstrated a reliable ability to predict flashover and general fire properties to a considerable extent.

Methodology, Deployment, and Performance of Pico Balloons in Antarctica

Abstract During the 2022/23 Antarctic summer, eight pico balloon flights were deployed from Neumayer Station III (70.6666°S, 8.2667°W), yielding valuable insights into the Antarctic stratospheric wind structure. Pico balloons maintain a lower altitude compared to larger superpressure balloons, floating between 9 and 15 km MSL. The most impressive flight lasted an astounding 98 days, completing eight circumnavigations of the Southern Hemisphere. Throughout the flights, pico balloons encountered diverse air masses, displaying zonal velocities ranging from −50 to 250 km h−1 and meridional velocities between ±100 km h−1. Total wind speeds observed were extensive, spanning from 2.0 to 270 km h−1. A significant finding revealed that lower-flying pico balloons could rise due to convection underneath the flight paths, influenced by high convective available potential energy environments, resulting in changes to the balloons’ float density. Moreover, the flights demonstrated that pico balloons tended to drift farther south compared to larger stratospheric balloons, with some balloons reaching up to 8° south of the equator and 2° from the South Pole. This article explores the pressure-testing process and deployment techniques for pico balloons, showcasing their transformation from inexpensive party balloons (costing less than $20) into efficient superpressure balloons. The logistical demands for pico balloon flights were minimal, with a single person transporting all materials for the balloons (excluding lifting gas) to the Antarctic continent in carry-on luggage. The authors aim to promote the application of pico balloons to a wider scientific community by demonstrating their usefulness. Significance Statement Pico balloons are small party-sized balloons that are capable of floating at lower altitudes than traditional superpressure balloons. In Antarctica, where research is challenging due to harsh weather and limited resources, pico balloons present an affordable and easy-to-deploy alternative to traditional research methods. By studying the distinctive wind patterns at lower altitudes around Antarctica, pico balloons can provide valuable insights into this remote region. By demonstrating the potential use of pico balloons for scientific purposes, this study aims to offer the atmospheric community a new method of conducting research on a global scale.

The Impact of Effectiveness of Luggage Arrangement on the Airplane Passengers' Boarding Process

The boarding process is the role activity to maintain the airline's efficiency in the turnaround process on the ground. One of the scenarios to optimize the boarding process is the arrangement of passengers who enter the plane based on the amount of carry-on luggage, adjusted to the selected boarding strategy. This research aims to develop an agent-based simulation model to increase the effectiveness of passengers' boarding process by applying the luggage arrangement method for an airplane with a 180-seat configuration. The simulation results showed that applying the Ascending luggage arrangement method reduced the overall boarding process performance by 6.12%, while the Descending method increased boarding performance by 2.50%, compared to the standard Random method.

A novel low cost minimally invasive surgical system allows for the translation of modern pediatric surgical technology to low- and middle-income nations

BackgroundThere is a critical need for pediatric surgical humanitarian care. The role of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in these environments with its reduction in pain and wound care, operative time, length of hospitalization, and morbidity is logical. However, the costs, logistics and feasibility of MIS in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC) can be challenging. Our goal was to develop a new low cost rapidly deployable minimally invasive surgical system (RDMIS) for use during remote pediatric general surgical (GPS) missions in LMIC. MethodsRDMIS system components consist of a universal serial bus (USB) interfaced laparoscopic camera, portable computer and a battery powered wireless portable laparoscopic light source. The surgeon transports the RDMIS in a single standard carry-on luggage. Utilizing prepositioning logistics from prior World Pediatric GPS missions, a standard MIS tower system (sMIS) was maintained on site. ResultsThe RDMIS was utilized to carry out procedural components of laparoscopic appendicostomy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Both sMIS and RDMIS were interchanged during the cases to allow for subjective comparison of surgical exposure and visualization. The RDMIS system allowed for safe and effective visualization and dissection of surgical structures. All children recovered uneventfully and were discharged the following day and have had no complications. The RDMIS system costs were significantly less than those of sMIS. ConclusionsRDMIS appears to be a safe, inexpensive option that will allow for the translation of modern MIS technology during GPS in remote locations. Further studies validating the RDMIS are indicated, however, the lower costs, ease of transport and potential benefit to children in the LMIC may be significant.

Tourists, Shoppers, and Smugglers: Brazilian Re-configurations of Circuits of Imported Goods

In many countries, imported products resold in stores, fairs, and digital platforms arrive in tourists’ suitcases and carry-on luggage. The categories of accompanied baggage and exception quota for travelers are central to understanding contemporary forms of mobility and commerce, providing the script through which many irregular practices take place. This article analyzes two ongoing processes at Brazilian land borders that represent efforts to regulate the flow of commercial mobilities by recalibrating the relationship between tourism and shopping: the creation of a specific micro-import regime for Ciudad del Este and Foz do Iguacu on the border between Paraguay and Brazil and the authorization of free-shops in Brazilian border cities. In the first case, trying to regulate the activity that for years attracted thousands of buyers to the Paraguayan city. In the second case, internalizing in the Brazilian territory the exceptional spaces that attracted Brazilian buyers abroad or in free-shops at airports for decades.

Minimizing health risks as a function of the number of airplane boarding groups

Airlines and researchers have been working to reduce the health risk to passengers from the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2. Recent literature indicates that the Reverse Pyramid boarding method provides a lower health risk than other boarding methods using a limited number of boarding groups, while keeping the middle seats empty. With a primary objective of minimizing health risks, we determine the number of passengers to include in each boarding group when using the Reverse Pyramid method. We examine how the optimal performance varies with the volume of carry-on luggage, the social distance maintained between passengers walking down the aisle, and the number of boarding groups. An increased quantity of luggage increases health risk, while changing the aisle social distance from 1m to 2m brings provides negligible health value to seated passengers. Increasing the number of boarding groups decreases the risk to passenger health while increasing the time to complete boarding.

Medications when travelling with underlying inflammatory rheumatic disease

Travelling poses particular challenges for patients with rheumatic diseases. This article provides specific guidance on how best to manage medication while away from home. Besides outlining advice on basic logistic issues, such as the transportation, importation and storage of drugs, the article concentrates on travelling while receiving immunosuppressive therapy and carrying narcotics. Especially when transporting narcotics, travel requires careful planning in advance in close collaboration with physicians on account of the strict and internationally diverse import restrictions on controlled substances. While travelling, all drugs should be kept in the original packaging, including the package insert and stored in carry-on luggage. Aspecific medical passport may be needed. Immunosuppressive and narcotic drugs require medical certificates issued by the prescribing physician, which may need to be certified by the responsible national agencies. Patients receiving glucocorticoid treatment who travel in or across multiple time zones should also be aware of how the medication impacts and interacts with circadian rhythms so as to optimize the anti-inflammatory effects of the drugs and to avoid unnecessary complications. Given the significant discrepancies in medical care and availability of medication worldwide, the article further stresses the importance of acomprehensive medical kit tailored to the patient's individual medicinal needs. Finally, as immunocompromised travellers are at increased risk of infections, advice is given on the use of anti-infective drugs and chemoprophylaxis for patients travelling to areas in which malaria is endemic as well as on their possible interactions with immunosuppressive treatment.

The Performance Analysis of Beibu Gulf airlines Based on DEA Model during the Pre-COVID-19 Pandemic Period

During the COVID-19 pandemic period, all airlines experienced a severe impact and the route operating cost is very susceptible to the impact of flight duration and aviation fuel prices. This paper analyzes the operation performance of Beibu Gulf airlines (low cost airline company) with data envelopment analysis CCR model in pre-COVID-19 pandemic period. Under the domestic vigorous promotion of tourism development and people's huge demand for travel, the airlines in mainland China continue rapid development, which accelerates the emergence of local airlines other than the four major airlines and leads to increasingly fierce operation competition in the civil aviation industry. Behind the competition among airlines, the operational performance of airlines can best reflect the company's development status. In this context, airlines should choose appropriate operational strategies to strengthen its competitiveness and operational capabilities. The DEA model is a mature input-output research tool, and there have been many studies related to operational performance of the aviation industry. By using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) solver software, the input and output indicators from 2017 to 2019 are analyzed. Preliminary results show that routes and oil price factors have not reached effective status. Beibu Gulf Airlines gradually shifts to low-cost mode, the faced challenges are as follows: 1. The competition among domestic low-cost airlines; 2. The current poor overall service quality of low-cost airlines as evaluated by customers; 3. How to arrange routes, flight, service strategy, etc. Airbus uses enhanced aviation systems for this series of aircraft to improve the overall reliability of the aircraft, reduce maintenance and spare parts costs, thus helping airlines greatly reduce maintenance costs, which is very beneficial to low-cost airlines. Based on this, this paper puts forward some suggestions, such as optimizing routes, developing feeder flights in second tier cities of popular destinations, controlling fuel costs, making low-cost aviation fuel reserves, reducing the weight of passengers' carry-on luggage or charging additional baggage charges.

An Investigation of Social Distancing and Quantity of Luggage Impacts on the Three Groups Reverse Pyramid Boarding Method

The social distancing imposed by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has affected people’s everyday lives and has resulted in companies changing the way they conduct business. The airline industry has been continually adapting since the novel coronavirus appeared. A series of airlines have changed their airplane boarding and passenger seat allocation process to increase their passengers’ safety. Many suggest a minimum social distance among passengers in the aisle while boarding. Some airlines have reduced their airplanes’ capacities by keeping the middle seats empty. Recent literature indicates that the Reverse Pyramid boarding method provides favorable values for boarding time and passenger health metrics when compared to other boarding methods. This paper analyses the extent to which aisle social distancing, the quantity of carry-on luggage, and an airline’s relative preferences for different performance metrics influence the optimal number of passengers to board the airplane in each of three boarding groups when the Reverse Pyramid method is used and the middle seats are empty. We also investigate the resulting impact on the average boarding time and health risks to boarding passengers. We use an agent-based model and stochastic simulation approach to evaluate various levels of aisle social distancing among passengers and the quantity of luggage carried aboard the airplane. When minimizing boarding time is the primary objective of an airline, for a given value of aisle social distance, decreasing the carry-on luggage volumes increases the optimal number of boarding group 1 passengers and decreases the optimal number of group 2 passengers with aisle seats; for a given volume of luggage, an increase in aisle social distance is associated with more passengers in group 1 and more aisle seat passengers in group 2. When minimizing the health risk to aisle seat passengers or to window seat passengers, the optimal solution results from assigning an equal number of window seat passengers to groups 1 and 2 and an equal number of aisle seat passengers to groups 2 and 3. This solution is robust to changes in luggage volume and the magnitude of aisle social distance. Furthermore, across all luggage and aisle social distancing scenarios, the solution reduces the health risk to aisle seat passengers between 22.76% and 35.31% while increasing average boarding time by less than 3% in each scenario.

A Simplified Model to Assess the Influence of the Configuration of Commercial Aircraft on Boarding and Deboarding

This paper presents an evaluation of the influence of aircraft configuration on the boarding and deboarding times using a simplified model and computer simulation. Boarding and deboarding times are important to airlines since both procedures are part of the critical path of the turnaround time (TAT) of aircraft in airports. During the TAT, a series of activities are performed in the aircraft in order to prepare it for the next flight. A reduction in boarding and deboarding times may represent a reduction in TAT for airlines. For the comparisons, three aircraft configurations are used: single aisle 3 × 3 (“six abreast”), single aisle 3 × 2 (“five abreast”), and single aisle 2 × 2 (“four abreast”), all with the same number of passengers. For the boarding analyses, two boarding procedures are used: random and random outside-in. The 2 × 2 aircraft interior configuration holds the shortest boarding times; deboarding times are similar for the three configurations. Also, a sensitivity analysis is carried out, and the results show that the higher the aircraft occupancy and the number of passengers with carry-on baggage, the higher are boarding and deboarding times, with the 2 × 2 having the lowest times in comparison with the other two configurations.

Prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort among female cabin crew in Taiwan.

ObjectivesThis study investigated the prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort among female cabin crew through cabin tasks and demographic factors, including age and seniority.MethodsThis study conducted an online questionnaire survey targeted at female cabin crew in Taiwan and ensured that the sample size was with a statistical power of 0.95. This study evaluated the work intensity by ranking six common cabin tasks and examined musculoskeletal discomfort with Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to learn the work intensity and discomfort conditions. In addition, the Chi‐square test of independence and multivariate adjustment were applied to clarify the impact of age and occupation on musculoskeletal discomfort in the neck, shoulders, and lower back.ResultsThis study enrolled 88 female cabin crew members. Handling carry‐on baggage was voted as the highest intensity cabin task (40%), which was also ranked as the strongest intensity on shoulders. Meanwhile, the upper trunk was more prevalent in musculoskeletal discomfort. Moreover, after multivariate adjustment with controlling the effect of age, this study found a marginal significant association (p = .09) between seniority and right shoulder discomfort for younger staff.ConclusionThis study found that handling carry‐on baggage was associated with musculoskeletal complaints in the shoulders. Therefore, this study suggested that shoulders, especially for the right side might be related to the occupational injury, which was prevalent along with seniority among the younger crew. Overall, this study provided the preliminary findings to improve occupational training for preventive health.

DEBISim: A simulation pipeline for dual energy CT-based baggage inspection systems1.

Materials characterization made possible by dual energy CT (DECT) scanners is expected to considerably improve automatic detection of hazardous objects in checked and carry-on luggage at our airports. Training a computer to identify the hazardous items from DECT scans however implies training on a baggage dataset that can represent all the possible ways a threat item can packed inside a bag. Practically, however, generating such data is made challenging by the logistics (and the permissions) related to the handling of the hazardous materials. The objective of this study is to present a software simulation pipeline that eliminates the need for a human to handle dangerous materials and that allows for virtually unlimited variability in the placement of such materials in a bag alongside benign materials. In this paper, we present our DEBISim software pipeline that carries out an end-to-end simulation of a DECT scanner for virtual bags. The key highlights of DEBISim are: (i) A 3D user-interactive graphics editor for constructing a virtual 3D bag with manual placement of different types of objects in it; (ii) An automated virtual bag generation algorithm for creating randomized baggage datasets; (iii) An ability to spawn deformable sheets and liquid-filled containers in a virtual bag to represent plasticized and liquid explosives; and (iv) A GPU-based X-ray forward modelling block for spiral cone-beam scanners used in checked baggage screening. We have tested our simulator using two standard CT phantoms: the American College of Radiology (ACR) phantom and the NIST security screening phantom as well as on a set of reference materials representing commonly encountered items in checked baggage. For these phantoms, we have assessed the quality of the simulator by comparing the simulated data reconstructions with real CT scans of the same phantoms. The comparison shows that the material-specific properties as well as the CT artifacts in the scans generated by DEBISim are close to those produced by an actual scanner. DEBISim is an end-to-end simulation framework for rapidly generating X-ray baggage data for dual energy cone-beam scanners.

Juliette ou Les morts ne portent pas de bigoudis par Pénélope Mallard

Reviewed by: Juliette ou Les morts ne portent pas de bigoudis par Pénélope Mallard Kate M. Bonin Mallard, Pénélope. Juliette ou Les morts ne portent pas de bigoudis. Lévesque, 2020. ISBN 978-2-89763-094-2. Pp. 121. This charming first novel invites multiple readings; or one might say it steadily refuses closure. Alternation flows from the title itself: is this the coming-of-age narrative of Juliette, a young Québécoise returning home to the city of Rimouski after completing her studies in France? Or does the narrative more broadly encompass the network of family members, some living but most dead (and straight-haired, as the title suggests), who form Juliette's matrix of memories, teachings, values shared or rejected? At home or abroad, Juliette's family is inescapable, as she goes about her everyday life accompanied by the unruly ghost of Momone, her grandmother, the genie-like inhabitant of a rose-colored teakettle. The marvelous and the mundane go hand in hand here: Momone's haunted teakettle is stowed as a piece of (unruly) carry-on baggage; Tonton Anatole appears to possess the secrets of telekinesis, but he also knows a killer recipe for salad vinaigrette; Juliette loses focus during a medical exam and dialogues with Claude Monet himself by way of a Giverny landscape hanging in the doctor's office. Juliette is comprised of eighteen chapters, each of which may be read [End Page 271] as an independent short story: a "roman par nouvelles," as the title page announces. Aristotelian dramatic structure is utterly rejected in favor of loosely interwoven vignettes that loop back and forth in time and space. Although Juliette's matrilineal ancestors settled in Quebec and (literally) put down deep roots in the New World, she and various family members crisscross the Atlantic as the scene shifts: from World War II-era Paris to farmland in Bretagne to coastal Quebec. Matrilineal heritage both enriches and weighs down Juliette and her extended (mostly female) family circle: gorgeous but sinister heirlooms; genetic predispositions toward twins and toward rheumatoid arthritis; a shared love of gardens and growing things. Where Juliette's dour father believes in stoic acceptance of life's misery—"La vie est une vaste tartine de merde, Juliette. Il faut en manger un peu tous les jours" (37)—Juliette's own philosophy seems more energetic, free-spirited, and inclusive: "Les graines, c'est à tout le monde. Ça doit circuler, ça doit se promener" (109). Such a de-territorialized worldview may strike readers as a bit rosy-colored. When Juliette is welcomed onto a small island in the Saint-Lawrence river by a delegation of gracious, multi-ethnic ghosts, one can't help but wonder what happened to the centuries of strife and territorial aggression among these Iroquois, Micmacs, Scottish, French, Basques, even Vikings who traded violent possession of the territory. Can a ghost story that takes place in a multinational, inter-generational setting not be haunted by a grim colonial past? Evidently, it can. Mallard's delightful, uncanny fable with its unconventional heroine(s) invites readers to suspend some of our beliefs as well as our disbelief, and to refocus our attention on the everyday miracles of forests, fields, and gardens. Kate M. Bonin Arcadia University (PA) Copyright © 2021 American Association of Teachers of French

Online bus-pooling service at the railway station for passengers and parcels sharing buses: A case in Dalian

Taking a taxi at the railway station is difficult in many large Chinese cities, especially during the night. Passengers off trains always have carry-on luggage, which may affect the travel choices for the next trip. This study integrates the passenger and freight transportation at the railway station by bus-pooling service. A two-stage model with passenger incentive is built. In the first stage, passengers are matched in a fair way while in the second stage, parcels are inserted into the bus routes. An algorithm is designed to find the fair bus-pooling plan in which a large neighborhood search is tailored to generate group rides. To assess the performance of the proposed model and algorithm, cases are presented based on real-life taxi data related to Dalian North Railway Station. The results indicate that the fairness, waiting time of passengers, walking distance of recipients and time span have impacts on the matching rate. Relaxing the fairness constraint could improve the application of the fair bus-pooling in practice.

Caught red handed: iDNA points to wild source for CITES-protected contraband leeches

In October of 2018, Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) at Pearson International Airport in Toronto notified the Wildlife Enforcement Branch of Environment and Climate Change Canada that a passenger had arrived aboard a flight from Russia with a large quantity of live leeches. The leeches had been discovered in the passenger’s carry-on luggage. An enforcement officer with Environment and Climate Change Canada detained the leeches to identify the species in order to determine whether the import was lawful. We identified the leeches as Hirudo verbana and extracted DNA from the bloodmeals of a subsample of 240 leeches and used metabarcoding of 6 mitochondrial loci to determine the vertebrate host species on which the leeches had previously fed. Sixteen undomesticated vertebrate host species were identified from the bloodmeals of the imported leeches, indicating that these leeches were collected from wild habitats. Furthermore, the overlap of host species’ distributions point to a possible collecting source in the Volga delta, the Danube delta, or the coastal area region on the east side of the Sea of Azov. Our findings support the utility of invertebrate-derived DNA (iDNA) as a valuable tool in forensic evaluation of trafficked wildlife and provide new evidence regarding illegal exploitation of the European medicinal leech.

Carry-On Nitric-Oxide Luggage for Enhanced Chemotherapeutic Efficacy.

In this work, we proposed a carry-on nitric-oxide (NO) luggage strategy for enhanced chemotherapeutic efficacy. A stimuli-responsive NO-releasing polypeptide was prepared as the building block to assemble into a micelle as a chemodrug-carrier. The micelle was anchored with cRGD peptide with the aim of targeting to tumors' neoangiogenesis. In situ generation of NO at the tumor site can promote the neovascularization to recruit more chemotherapeutics. Besides, the introduced exogenous NO can directly induce apoptosis, synergistically with the chemotherapeutics. A specific near-infrared-region (NIR) NO-probe was also developed to be coloaded to the micelle to report the in situ NO-release. In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to demonstrate the targeting capability, increased accumulation, real-time NO-release reporting phenomenon, improved antitumor efficacy, and favorable biosafety. Embedding NO into drug cargo as carry-on luggage for enhanced chemotherapeutic efficacy, hopefully, can cast new lights and build a basic principle in the future clinical translation of nanomedicines.

A new model of luggage storage time while boarding an airplane: An experimental test

The boarding process is on the critical path of the turn-around. Reduction in boarding time can benefit airline carriers and airports and improve passenger satisfaction. However, aisle interference caused by passengers placing their luggage during boarding is a key factor leading to cabin congestion and low boarding efficiency. Therefore, the storage time for the carry-on luggage and its influencing factors is analyzed in this study. An experiment was conducted in a B737-800 model (1/3 size) to explore the factors effecting the time of luggage storage, and a new effective model of luggage storage time is proposed through a significance test and data fitting. The results show that the age of passengers, the type and quantity of luggage, and the existing luggage in the luggage bin have a significant impact on the luggage storage time; the rule of the variation in luggage placing time is similar between young adult passengers and middle aged passengers; the impact of the existing luggage in the overhead bin on the luggage storage time shows a stable trend in the initial period, but with the quantity of the luggage increasing to a certain point, the luggage storage time begins to increase sharply, which is known as a “jump”; and the luggage type has a great influence on the threshold value of jump. The results of the study can provide a reference for airlines to manage cabin luggage to improve boarding efficiency and improve passenger experience.

News - Briefing. Transport: 3D scanning will allow Heathrow passengers to keep liquids in carry-on luggage

Passengers travelling through security at Heathrow Airport may soon be able to keep their liquids and laptops in their cabin bags thanks to the rollout of new 3D-scanning technology that can produce more detailed images than today's equipment.

Safety measures for nurses working abroad

Safety measures for nurses working abroad