Hybrid Carrot Research Articles

Analysis of Combining Ability to Obtain Tropical Carrot Hybrids for Production Traits

Carrots (Daucus carota L.), a globally significant vegetable, lack extensive research on heterotic groups and diallel analysis to generate hybrid combinations. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess combining abilities and identify optimal carrot parents for producing hybrids suitable for tropical climates with elevated metabolite levels. Twenty carrot hybrids, ten parent plants, and three commercial cultivars were evaluated during the summers of 2020/2021 and 2021/2022. Agronomic evaluations were carried out and chlorophyll and carotenoid levels were determined, followed by a diallel analysis using Griffing’s Method III and GGE biplot analysis. There were significant general combining ability (GCA) effects for various agronomic traits, suggesting additive genetic effects. Based on GCA, cultivars 5, 4, and 2 were the most promising parents. Specific combining ability (SCA) revealed that hybrids 1 × 2 and 3 × 5 stood out in environment 1, whereas hybrids 1 × 5 and 5 × 3 performed well in environment 2. The GGE biplot analysis showed that hybrids 1 × 2 and 3 × 2 displayed larger average root diameters, belonged to the group with the best bolting percentages, and exhibited stability across environments. Moreover, hybrids 2 × 4, 3 × 1, 4 × 1, and 4 × 2 exhibited higher metabolite levels. These findings suggest the feasibility of obtaining superior hybrids tailored for the tropical carrot market.

Impact of isolated and unattractive crops on honeybee foraging: A case study using radio frequency identification and hybrid carrot seed crops

Abstract Hybrid vegetable varieties have become essential for global agricultural production, offering key advantages for yield, quality and disease resistance. The production of hybrid seeds is however limited by pollination challenges, with these systems commonly associated with unattractive and low‐quality floral resources, isolated growing environments and frequent insecticide applications. Here, we utilise commercial carrot seed crops to investigate the impact of hybrid pollination on the behaviour of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Six full‐strength bee colonies were equipped with solar powered radio frequency identification systems and over 900 tagged bees per season. These colonies were deployed to commercial hybrid seed crops over two consecutive seasons. The colonies were allocated to either an on‐crop or off‐crop group. Individual bees were autonomously monitored for the pollination period to assess key parameters such as survival, age at foraging and the number and duration of orientation and foraging trips. Hybrid carrots were found to have a significant impact on bee foraging behaviour. Bees situated on the carrot crop undertook less frequent yet longer foraging trips, resulting in less total time outside of the colony compared to off‐crop bees. However, bees placed in carrot fields survived to an older age, orientated successfully, became foragers later and collected more pollen by weight, despite only 2% originating from carrot. We hope that the improved behavioural understanding can be utilised to enhance both pollinator health and hybrid seed production globally.

Critical Pollination Chemistry: Specific Sesquiterpene Floral Volatiles in Carrot Inhibit Honey Bee Feeding.

Many plants rely on insect pollination, yet numerous agricultural plant-breeding programs focus on traits that appeal to growers and consumers instead of pollinators, leading to declining pollinator attraction and crop yields. Using hybrid carrot seed production as a model, we investigated low-yielding carrot varieties by analyzing sugars and minerals in nectar and floral volatile composition. While the analysis of nectar sugars and minerals did not reveal any key differences between the carrot varieties, differences between the 112 detected volatiles in 23 samples were observed. Numerous differentiating sesquiterpenes were identified in floral solvent extracts, and subsequent behavioral assays showed that β-ocimene from higher-yielding carrot varieties stimulated nectar feeding (attractant), while α- and β-selinene from lower-yielding lines decreased feeding (deterrents). Sesquiterpenes have previously been implicated in plant defense, suggesting a trade-off between pollination and protection. Our results highlight the importance of volatiles as regulators of pollinator attraction in agricultural settings.

The golden native drone fly (Eristalinus punctulatus) is an effective hybrid carrot pollinator that lives within Australian crop agroecosystems

Abstract Native insect flower visitors can be important contributors to crop pollination, yet little is known of their pollination abilities and the resources (habitat) they need to be supported within crop agroecosystems. Here, we compared the abundance and pollination abilities of the golden drone fly (Eristalinus punctulatus) to the European honey bee (Apis mellifera) in hybrid carrot crop fields known to produce variable seed yields in regional New South Wales, Australia. We further observed the egg‐laying behaviours of female golden drone flies at a commercial berry orchard to provide insight into the habitat needs of this species. In hybrid carrot crop fields, golden drone flies were far less abundant flower visitors than European honey bees; however, these flies deposited more carrot pollen grains on average (8.21 ± 3.04 SE) onto carrot flowers than European honey bees (3.45 ± 1.06 SE). Both insects also deposited pollen onto a similar number of carrot flowers (pollinated) per visit (about 2 out of 18). Golden drone flies were observed laying eggs within masses of discarded red raspberry plant roots and soil (root balls) at a commercial berry orchard. The natural habitat utilised by these flies, as well as their egg‐laying behaviours, were described for the first time. Our results indicate that golden drone flies are effective pollinators of hybrid carrot crop plants. The habitat that these flies utilised to lay eggs (discarded plants and water) is cheap and commonly found in crop agroecosystems. Therefore, we recommend placing this low‐cost habitat within, or nearby, crop fields as a potential management practice to support the lifecycle needs of golden drone flies and other non‐bee pollinators.

Selection of inbreds with better combining ability is instrumental in developing CMS-based heterotic hybrids in tropical carrot (Daucus carota L.)

Abstract Carrot is an important vegetable crop worldwide valued for its fleshy edible roots of varied colours. Owing to its highly cross-pollinated nature and small flower size, cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is being utilized for hybrid development. Among different types of male sterility, petaloid CMS is widely used for hybrid carrot breeding globally. This study aimed to develop selection criteria for parents in developing heterotic F1 hybrids using CMS lines. A large number of agro-morphological traits and Simple Sequence Repeats (genomic-SSRs) were used to assess the diversity among parental lines. We developed 60 F1 hybrids by crossing four petaloid CMS lines and 15 testers in line × tester mating design and evaluated them in replicated randomized block design trial for four vegetative and 11 economic traits. The mean squares of all the traits in line × tester interactions were significant. The estimates of genetic components of variance indicated predominance of non-additive gene action except for root maturity, root length and core diameter. The hybrids with highest per se performance also had significant positive specific combining ability effects. The root yield and root weight showed highest heterosis percentage (33%). The best performing heterotic hybrids were DCatH-5392, DCatH-700 and DCatH-9892. Correlation between genetic distance and relative heterosis of economic traits indicated no significant association and thus genetic distance could not be used to predict heterosis. As most of the yield-related traits were controlled by non-additive gene action, heterosis breeding could be potentially used along with combining ability analysis to reduce time in selection of best parents and crosses in tropical carrot.

Calcium Nutrition for Improving the Growth and Yield of Carrot in Acid Soils

Aims: To evaluate the effect of various sources, levels and methods of calcium application on the growth, yield and SPAD index of carrots grown on acid soils
 Study Design: Factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with three replications.
 Place and Duration of Study: A field experiment was conducted in the farmer’s field at Takkarbaba Nagar, Ooty from February to June, 2023.
 Methodology: A field experiment was conducted with carrot hybrid Zubera using lime at 50% LR and dolomite at 20,40,60 and 80 kg Ca ha-1 as basal soil application and foliar spraying of 0.5% calcium EDTA and calcium citrate twice on 30 and 45 DAP in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. The growth parameters such as plant height, petiole length, number of leaves per plant, SPAD index and tuber yield were recorded as per standard protocols at different plant growth stages viz., vegetative, tuber development and harvest stages.
 Results: A significant linear increase in plant height, petiole length, number of leaves per plant, SPAD index and tuber yield was recorded with the supplementation of calcium at different levels. Higher plant height (26.3 cm, 51.2 cm and 56.1 cm), petiole length (13.8 cm, 23.0 cm and 35.8 cm), number of leaves per plant (7.62, 7.82 and 9.30), SPAD index (22.0, 38.0 and 35.2) and fresh tuber yield (37.2 t ha-1) was registered with NPK+ 80 kg Ca as dolomite along with two sprays of 0.5% Ca EDTA twice which was followed by the same level of calcium as dolomite + foliar spraying of 0.5% calcium citrate twice. The minimum growth and yield response of carrot at all the growth stages was noticed with NPK control.
 Conclusion: Application of calcium through soil and foliar spraying showed synergistic influence on the growth and SPAD index of carrot at all stages of growth. Application of NPK+ 80 kg Ca ha-1 as dolomite performed better when compared to lime applied at 50% LR. Between Ca EDTA and Ca citrate, the performance of Ca EDTA was better in improving the growth and yield of carrot. It was concluded that the combined application of soil test based NPK+80 kg Ca ha-1 as dolomite along with two sprays of 0.5% calcium EDTA on 30 and 45 DAP would be effective in improving the growth, yield and SPAD index of carrot grown on acid lateritic soils.

Germ and seed morphometric parameters of seeds of vegetable plants of the Umbelliferae family as a breeding subject

The work is devoted to the study of statistical parameters of the linear dimensions of the seed, endosperm and embryo, variability, correlations, and the manifestation of these traits in hybrid combinations. Morphometric parameters largely determine the quality of seeds. The presence of an underdeveloped embryo determines the duration of the period of heterotrophic development of the seedling, affects germination, energy, longevity, seed response to changes in germination conditions, and, ultimately, increases the interphase period from sowing to germination. The article shows the high variability of these parameters in numerous representatives of vegetable crops - representatives of the Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) family, analyzes the causes that cause them, and predicts the potential use of this variability in breeding programs. The object of research was the seeds of various varieties of carrots, parsley, parsnips, celery, dill. Measurement of the length of the seed and endosperm was carried out using a caliper. The length of the embryo was determined using a microscope and a video eyepiece at ×40 magnification using the Scope Photo program. The experiment was repeated four times, in each repetition at least 20 seeds. The values of the coefficient of variation in the length of the endosperm and seed varied from 9 to 19%, depending on the species and cultivar characteristics. The variability of the embryo reached 18-28%. between the size of the embryo on the one hand and the length of the endosperm (0.208-0.369) and seed (0.213-0.376) on the other, weak correlations were noted, indicating the independent inheritance of these parameters. The hereditary conditionality of the variability of the embryo, endosperm and seed of carrots (50.8-86.5%) and parsnips (49.6-58.9%) is shown, which characterizes the real possibility of their breeding improvement. In the process of studying distant hybrids of carrots (the parental forms of which differed sharply in morphometric parameters of seeds), it was found that F1 hybrids for these traits predominantly showed positive overdominance (38.1%) and dominance (16.7%). According to the complex of relative parameters (indices), negative overdominance (23.8%) and dominance (4.8%) were more often noted. The results of many years of research indicate that the morphometric parameters (length of the seed, endosperm, embryo) and their ratios (indices) of seeds, like any other biological traits, are genetically determined and depend on species and cultivar characteristics. A comparison of wild-growing and varietal samples of carrots indicates that in the process of cultivation, the size of the embryo underwent significant upward changes, even in the absence of targeted selection. Therefore, when applying artificial selection in this direction, one can expect more significant results.

Effect of Bio-Fertilizer and Banana Peel Extract on the Vegetative Traits and Yield of Carrot Plants

The field experiment was conducted in the training extension farm in Al-Mahanawiya / Al-Musayyab district, 25 km northwest of Hilla city center / Babylon province. The seeds of the stinger carrot hybrid were planted during autumn season on October 3, 2021. To study the effect of adding biofertilizers and banana peel extract on the vegetative growth and yield of carrots. The experiment was designed according to a split plot-system using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results of the experiment were statistically analyzed according to the method of analysis of variance and according to the significant differences between the treatments at the probability level of 0.05 using the least significant difference LSD. The results indicated that bio-fertilization had a significant effect on (percentage of dry matter in the vegetative total) and (Fulzyme) scored a significantly excelled in (number of leaves, relative content of chlorophyll, percentage of dry matter in the root, root length, root diameter, average root weight and total yield). Treatment with the organic extract of banana peels showed at the concentration of 40 ml. L-1significantly excelled in (plant height, number of leaves, percentage of dry matter in vegetative and percentage of dry matter in the root) and at a concentration of 20 ml. L-1 in (relative content of chlorophyll in leaves, root size, average weight of the root and total yield). The bi-interaction of the biofertilization treatment and the organic extract indicated significant differences, where the interaction of Fulzyme and concentration 40 ml.L-1 was significantly excelled in the percentage of dry matter in the vegetative and root (29.67% and 13.09%), respectively. As for the Biohealth interaction and the concentration of 40 ml.L-1, it significantly excelled in the plant height (25.26 cm). The interaction Fulzyme and concentration 20 ml.L-1 recorded the highest root volume and average root weight (135.8 cm3, 80.9 g), respectively, The interaction between Biohealth and concentration of 20 ml.L-1 recorded the highest total yield (12.73 tons. ha-1) while it was the lowest for all studied traits when the control treatment of both biofertilization and banana peel extract.

Influence of planting ratio and plant spacing on hybrid seed yield and quality in tropical carrot (Daucus carota) cv. Pusa Vasuda

The present experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of planting ratio and plant spacing on hybrid seed yield and quality in carrot (Daucus carota L.) hybrid Pusa Vasuda at SPU, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi during 2014-15 and 2015-16. The experiment consisted of two different planting ratio (1:4 and 1:6) of pollen parent and seed parent and five plant spacing, viz. 60 cm × 20 cm, 60 cm × 30 cm, 60 cm × 40 cm, 60 cm × 50 cm and 60 cm × 60 cm. The results revealed that planting ratio and plant spacing had a significant effect on seed yield. Higher seed yield/ha (380.10 kg) was obtained in a planting ratio of 1:6 with closer plant spacing of 60 cm × 20 cm and it reduced significantly with increasing plant spacing. The planting ratio and spacing had no influence on seed quality trait was at par within the planting ratio and spacing. However, 1000 seed weight was significantly reduced with decreasing plant spacing. Thus, to obtained higher seed yield a planting ratio of 1:6 and a plant spacing of 60 cm × 20 cm should be recommended for hybrid seed production of carrot cv. Pusa Vasuda under Delhi conditions during rabi season.

Application of Genetic Resources in the Development of New Lithuanian Vegetable Cultivars

The investigations of genetic resources in Lithuania started in 1924. Collections including more than 110 samples of different vegetable species have been accumulated and continue to expand. The breeding program is focused on productivity, quality traits and biochemical composition, and tolerance of unfavorable environmental factors in changing climates. Currently, over 95 cultivars and hybrids of vegetables have been released, about 40 of which are included in the EU Common catalogue of varieties of vegetable species. From 2012 to 2021, twelve cultivars were developed at the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, seven of which are fruit vegetables, four are root crops, and two are in the onion group. The breeding direction was to increase the sustainable production of vegetables and improve the quality of the products by using national and adapted genetic resources as valuable parental forms. For 10 years, vegetable plant hybrids and cultivars were developed to meet commercial cultivars' market requirements. The tomato cultivars 'Ainiai' H, 'Adas' H, 'Auksiai' H, 'Alvita' and cucumber cultivar 'Roliai' are distinguished by a good biochemical composition and taste, while the sweet pepper cultivar 'Gabija' has high productivity and fruit quality. The carrot hybrids 'Ieva', 'Rokita', 'Jola', garlic cultivar 'Dangiai', and onion cultivar 'Joriai' are distinguished by their productivity and good storage ability. The Jerusalem artichoke cultivar 'Sauliai' has tubers with white skin and the colour of the flowers is yellow.

ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ ФАКТОРОВ ПРИ ОЦЕНКЕ СОРТОПОПУЛЯЦИЙ МОРКОВИ СТОЛОВОЙ НА УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ К FUSARIUM И ALTERNARIA

At present more than 10,000 species of fungi associated with plants have been identified. A convincing proof of this is the widespread spread of fungal diseases on table carrots at all stages of plant development. Seedlings of Daucus carota L. are affected by pathogens of the genus Fusarium, causing a disease called «black leg», which leads to the death of infected seedlings. Adult plants are damaged by brown leaf spotting (pathogen Alternaria dauci (Kuhn), Grovers & Skolko), which contributes to premature death of the tops, which makes it difficult to use mechanization tools when harvesting root crops. With a high degree of plant damage in the root crops of table carrots, the content of carotene decreases by 24 % and sugars by 31 %. The degree of alternariasis spread by the end of the growing season reaches 90–100 %. These diseases of carrots are the most common and harmful in the Russian Federation and in the world. The creation of new highly productive and pathogen-resistant varieties and hybrids of carrots is complicated by the fact that the signs of resistance to fungi of the genera Alternaria and Fusarium in table carrots are controlled polygenically. Based on the above, the purpose of the research was: To identify the interaction of factors during field and laboratory experiments on varietal populations of table carrots to pathogens of the genera Fusarium and Alternaria. As a result of the work carried out, a high correlation coefficient (more than 0.70) was revealed between the assessment of mycosis resistance in field and laboratory experiments: spraying with a suspension of A. dauci leaf plate spores; infection of A. radicina and F.oxysporum seedlings; infection of disks with A. radicina and F. oxysporum mycelial blocks; evaluation of A. dauci and F. oxysporum culture fluid filtrate; assessment of resistance on artificial infectious backgrounds of A. radicina, A. dauci and F. oxysporum. A medium-susceptible group of varieties of table carrots has been identified, these are Vitamin 6, Losinoostrovskaya 13, Leander, Nuance, Queen of Autumn, Topaz F1, Star F1, Color F1, Irkut F1.

Comparative assessment of varieties and hybrids of table carrots breeding abroad in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest-Stepp of Ukraine

Comparative assessment of varieties and hybrids of table carrots breeding abroad in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest-Stepp of Ukraine

Carrot (Daucus carota L.) of the plant Alternaria disease (review)

Nowadays, fungi-related illnesses are widespread in all nations that cultivate vegetables, which lowers output. Carrots are harmed by pathogenic fungus both during the growing season and while they are in storage, which reduces both the amount and quality of the crop. From this perspective, it is critical to investigate the bioecological characteristics of the fungus that cause illnesses in carrots and to carry out research on the creation of effective and ecologically friendly countermeasures. Alternaria diseases Daucus carota L. is one of the most common diseases of the carrot plant and often has a significant impact on the yield of carrots. Carrot Alternaria several fungi belonging to the genus are harmful and the symptoms of the disease are manifested in the form of leaf spotting, black crown and black rot of roots. Protecting carrots from these diseases is one of the main tasks facing field experts. Therefore, this research intends to make a summary of literature data on Alternaria leaf spotting, root rot and black rot of young seedlings caused by Alternaria fungi. The results showed that the most stable yielding carrot hybrid was F1 Santa Cruz taken as the control variant, which showed the highest yield, accounted for 113.7, however, its resistance to alternariosis was slightly lower, which was 2.3. In this regard, it is recommended to continue research on other new hybrids.

Selection of lines and hybrids of f1 carrots (daucus l.) by the type of seed bush

The purpose of our research was to identify the effectiveness of selections by type of carrot seed bush, taking into account the degree of genetic homogeneity of the material of varieties, lines and hybrids obtained from saturating crosses, as well as to determine tolerant samples from the collection for interspecific and saturating crosses. As a result of the selection of table carrots for heterosis, the study of the patterns of variation of traits on seed plants of carrot varieties, lines and hybrids was carried out and their corresponding genetic and statistical parameters of traits were determined. As a result of our research, it was revealed that, despite the significant dependence of the type of seed bush on environmental conditions, it is still possible to conduct selection on it. However, it is necessary to take into account the degree of genetic homogeneity of the studied material. In our opinion, the most effective selection by the type of seed bush is possible among the lines, which is confirmed by the results of our observations. Thus, a number of lines were identified and selected, the variation of which according to the type of bush during the years of research was insignificant or absent.

IMPROVEMENT OF ORGANIC TECHNOLOGY OF TABLE CARROT GROWING ON THE RIDGE

The article considers the biological significance of table carrots in human life and the country's economy. It is concluded that the value of table carrots, first of all, is explained by the presence in its composition of a large set of useful substances for the vital functions of the human body. The special value of carrots is that its varieties have an orange color of roots containing carotene (provitamin A), which in humans and animals is converted into vitamin A. Named the most promising hybrids of carrots, lists the basic climatic requirements for growing high yields of this vegetable. The most important conditions of organic carrot cultivation are briefly described. The stages of the technological scheme of carrot cultivation by organic technology are described and the influence of organic cultivation technology on the biometrics of the carrot plant in 2018–2020 is estimated. Analyzing the results of a field experiment on organic cultivation of table carrots, we can say that as a result of organic cultivation and simultaneous application of organo-mineral fertilizer HelpRost vegetables or HelpRost Boron plant height of Abaco F1 hydride was the highest and amounted to 76 cm, which exceeded the height of control plants almost 1.5 times. The variants in which the Abaco F1 and CB 7381 MS F1 hybrids were grown were characterized by the corresponding length. In these variants, the length of the root was the longest and was 16 and 17 cm, respectively, which exceeded the control variant by 4 and 5 cm, respectively. It was found that the bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus subtilis of the biological product of BTU-Center and chelated microelements, improve the biometrics of the plant and root crop (most positively for the root of Abaco F1 hydride where their value can be 5.1 cm. The yield of table carrot hybrids using organic technology, t / ha for 2018–2020 was studied and it is said that the highest yield can be obtained by growing Abaco F1 hybrid, where its value reaches 68 t / ha . During the cultivation of hybrids Bolivar F1 and SV 7381 MS F1 the yield is lower, is only 61.0-62.5 t / ha and exceeded the yield of Olympi F1 hybrid by 9 and 6%, respectively.

Results of carrot cultivation test under the conditions of the south of the Amur Region

Carrot is one of the main vegetable crops due to its high yield and long-term preservation during winter storage. In the Amur Region, the vegetable crop zoning is underdeveloped. As a result, the assortment of recognized varieties and hybrids of carrot has long been outdated and is not replenished with new items. As part of the research work of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "BGPU" at its agrobiological station, the specialists perform testing and assessment of various vegetable crops, including carrot. The purpose of the study is to identify high-yielding varieties of garden carrots suitable for cultivating in the agricultural and climatic conditions of the south of the Amur Region. The field trial was performed in accordance with the methods developed by B.A. Dospekhov (1985) and the state variety testing of agricultural crops described in "Vegetable and Cucurbit Crops, Potato, and Fodder Root Crops" (1956). The researchers applied agricultural technology that is commonly used in the region. Fifteen carrot samples of foreign selection were the object of the study. The hybrid F1 Abaco that had been grown at the agrobiological station for a long time was set as a standard. The vegetative period of the studied varieties under the regional conditions is 92-110 days. Nanco F1 and Sylvano F1 showed high yields, producing 41.0 and 47.0 tons of marketable roots per ha, with an average root weight of 110.1 and 120.9 g, respectively. The marketability of harvested root crops was 89.0% for Nanco F1 and 94.0% for Sylvano F1. We recommend vegetable growers in the region to establish a cultivation conveyor for garden carrots using the mid-early Presto F1 hybrid for sale in an early bunch and high-yielding F1 hybrids Nanco and Sylvano for fall use.

Ecological study of carrots of the canteen selection of the Federal scientific vegetable center in the conditions of the south of the Rostov region

The results of ecological variety testing of table carrot samples in soil and climatic conditions of the south of the Rostov region are presented. The experiments were laid in the period 2020 and 2021 in the fields of the Biryuchekut OSOS branch of the FSBI FNCO in the city of Novocherkassk, Rostov region. 12 samples of carrot plants from the first year of life were studied. The most productive samples were Marlinka – 59.7 t/ha Aksinya – 55.3 t/ha and Abaco F1 standard – 51.9 t/ha. The marketability of root crops was higher in the samples of Shantane 2461-82%, Aksinya – 78.9%, Boyar – 74.2% and Primorskaya 22-72.9%. The conducted research makes a great contribution to the process of selecting the source material for the creation of new varieties and hybrids of table carrots. The isolated samples can be recommended for commercial cultivation in the Rostov region and used in breeding work as a starting material.

Identification of SNP markers linked to Rf locus in carrot using GBS

Commercial carrot production is based on the use of hybrid seed varieties worldwide. Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS) mechanism has been widely used as the main method for hybrid carrot seed production. There is a significant demand for a rapid method for identification of fertility restorer gene (Rf) carrying individual plants in a carrot breeding population. The objective of this research was to identify SNP markers linked to Rf locus and develop a genetic map of Rf gene in carrot. For this purpose, a carrot F2 population segregating for male sterility was produced and segregating 10,425 SNP markers were discovered by using genotyping by sequencing (GBS). Association mapping analysis demonstrated that Rf was located on chromosome 9 in the carrot genome. A genetic map of chromosome 9 was constructed by using GBS based SNP markers. In order to confirm GBS-generated SNP markers, three markers closely linked to Rf locus were converted to simple probe markers (DcSNP-ch9_3342931, DcSNP-ch9_4822988 and DcSNP-ch9_6233708). Simple probe assay was able to distinguish the individuals of F2 population as homozygous male fertile (RfRf), heterozygous male fertile (Rfrf) and male sterile (rfrf). Simple probe assay confirmed the phenotypic observation in the population and a genetic map of Rf was constructed by using these markers. In conclusion, mapping of Rf in this work would be an efficient tool for future fine mapping and cloning studies of Rf gene in carrot. Thus, this research can help to accelerate the identification of maintainer lines for the development the new hybrid carrot varieties.

Multivariate techniques for identifying potential carrot hybrids

The adaptation of carrot cultivars to the environment is a fundamental factor for the cultivation. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic potential of carrot genotypes cultivated in two periods by the hierarchical and optimization methods. The experiments were set as completely randomized block design. The treatments consisted of four experimental hybrids (Hybrid 8, 12, 14 and 17), three open-pollinated cultivars (Brasilia, BRS Planalto and Suprema), and a commercial hybrid (Verano), carried out at two cropping seasons. The unweighted pair-group using arithmetic averages (UPGMA), Tocher, and graphics of dispersion methods were applied. The UPGMA method and the graphic of dispersion enabled better separation of the genotypes evaluated in the growing seasons. The genotypes hybrid 12, cultivars Suprema and Verano presented a similar performance in both growing seasons. The cultivar Alvorada presented the greatest carrot yield (26.6 t ha-1) and leaf fresh mass (1538.6 g plant-1) in the spring-summer season, while hybrid 27 presents great potential for a great production (37.6 t ha-1) of carrots in the autumn season

Results and prospects for the development of scientific research in FSBSI FSVC

The article reflects the issues of the current state of scientific research at the FSBSI FSVC, shows the directions and prospects for the development of selection and seed production of vegetable crops. The main mission of the selection and seed-growing work of the FSVC is the creation and reproduction of varieties and hybrids of vegetable and melon crops of a new generation, characterized by resistance to abiotic and biotic stressors, high productivity and product quality. One of the main ways to increase the efficiency of the breeding process is the use of modern methods of biotechnology and molecular genetics, which make it possible to obtain new genotypes and reduce the time of breeding. Success has been achieved in the creation of homozygous lines of cabbage, squash, cucumber, carrots. For the first time, it was possible to complete a full cycle of obtaining doubled radish haploids in microspore culture in vitro. The institution pays special attention to immunological research on the resistance of crops and new varieties to diseases, as well as protecting plants from pests and diseases. Phytosanitary monitoring, assessment and selection of resistant genotypes are carried every years. One of the important theoretical and practical problems solved at the institution is the development of environmentally friendly products based on preparations obtained from plants with a high content of biologically active compounds with adaptogenic properties. In the center, a new direction of research in traditional breeding has received significant development - the creation of varieties of vegetable plants with an increased content of biologically active substances and antioxidants, on the basis of which functional products are created. The persistence of modern varieties and hybrids of table carrots, depending on the biochemical composition, has been studied. Methods for enriching vegetable plants with micronutrients are being developed. A large amount of scientific research is being carried out on the development of technologies for the cultivation of new varieties and hybrids, as well as technologies for their seed production. At the branches located in different soil and climatic conditions, hospitals were established to study the interaction of factors controlling soil fertility and the productivity of vegetable crops in agrocenoses (crop rotation, soil treatment systems, fertilizers and plant protection). In general, at the FSBSI FSVC, all research is aimed at developing and improving methods in breeding and seed production of vegetable crops, creating new breeding achievements and developing varietal technologies for their cultivation.