Carroll's Pyramid Research Articles

Caroll Pyramid Implementation of Environmental Responsibility Programs of PT Pertamina EP Subang Field, Tambun Field, and Jatibarang Field in Organic Agriculture

The era of using synthetic chemical fertilizers in agriculture is slowly being abandoned and is now entering the era of organic fertilizers. Against this background, this study aims to: (1) Analyze the implementation of environmental social responsibility programs at PT. Pertamina EP Subang Field, Jatibarang Field, Tambun Field (2) Analyzing the process of implementing environmental social responsibility at PT. Pertamina EP Subang Field, Jatibarang Field, Tambun Field (3) Analyze the implications of behavior related to the implementation of environmental social responsibility at PT. Pertamina EP Subang Field, Jatibarang Field, and Tambun Field in terms of sustainable development responsibilities and social empowerment. This research method uses qualitative methods. The data analysis technique uses the four strategic principles of Carroll's pyramid. The results of the research show that PT Pertamina EP Subang Field, Jatibarang Field, and Tambun Field have and are implementing the four strategic principles of the Carroll pyramid in principle, including economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic principles. Meanwhile, the managerial implication of this research is the management of PT. Pertamina EP Subang Field, Jatibarang Field, and Tambun Field must continue their responsibilities in these four dimensions. Companies must also continue to provide concrete support for the development of new, renewable energy and energy conservation (EBTKE) through the establishment of Subholding Power & NRE. Companies must continue to strive to change HR behavior, internally and externally, so that social and environmental responsibilities can be carried out together.

The Implementation of Triple Bottom Line on CSR Effort Toward Sustainable Development: Case Study Starbucks Greener Nusantara

This research discusses Starbucks Indonesia's Greener Nusantara program as a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in responding to the phenomenon of plastic waste that is currently an issue of sustainable development. This research aims to describe and examine the implementation of Starbucks Greener Nusantara's CSR program at Starbucks Coffee Banjarmasin toward sustainable development from the perspective of the Triple Bottom Line. This research focuses on Archie B. Carroll's pyramid of CSR and is measured through the perspective of the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) Theory by John Elkington. This research used the descriptive qualitative approach with a case study and triangulation methods to prove the primary data obtained from observation and interviews and secondary data analysis obtained from relevant books and journals and websites, news, reports, and documents. This research shows that the Starbucks Greener Nusantara program has implemented CSR through the economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic aspects. However, this program has not fully achieved the people (social) aspect of the TBL, and the Greener Nusantara program still requires more promotion to the local community at Starbucks Coffee Banjarmasin outlets. The practical implications of this research are to improve the main objectives of the Greener Nusantara program and achieve profit (economic), people (social), and planet (environment) sustainability at Starbucks Coffee Banjarmasin. This research also encourages further action among governments, MNCs, society, and other actors to collaborate to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and encourage companies to measure their overall CSR success periodically.

Using the Concept of Precedence as an Approach to Explain the Logical Interaction and Interrelationships among Corporate Social Responsibilities: Battal's CSR Train VS. Carroll ′s CSR Pyramid

Purpose: The model of CSR devised by the American scientist ″Archie B. Carroll in 1991″ - which became well- known in academic circles as Carroll′s CSR pyramid, has been criticized by academics and researchers. The researcher firmly believes that one of the most important reasons that led to the emergence of these criticisms was Carroll's adoption of the idea of the pyramid as a form to illustrate his idea of CSR. The content of the pyramid does not match the accompanying explanations given by Carroll. Carroll's CSR pyramid does not reflect the concept of simultaneous CSRs. Also, Carroll's CSR pyramid does not reflect the logical interaction and interrelationships among CSRs. It is also noted that, Carroll's pyramid reflects the expectations of stakeholders and does not reflect the expectations of companies from their commitment to their social responsibilities. This study aimed to design a model for CSR, in which the content of its figure matches the explanations attached to it, and reflects the concept of simultaneous CSRs, in addition to the logical interaction and the interrelationship among those responsibilities. Method: The researcher used the concept of precedence as an approach to explain the logical interaction and interrelationships among CSRs. The idea of precedence is clearly found only in the railway industry. The interaction of CSRs with each other can be likened to the interaction of the components of a classic train (a cockpit and coaches). Therefore, the researcher adopted the idea of the classic train as an innovative model to address some of the shortcomings of Carroll ′s pyramid. Battal's CSR train as an innovative model- in this study, can reflect the notion of simultaneous CSRs, the logical interaction and interrelationships among CSRs, and expectations and aspirations of both stakeholders and companies. Result: By adopting the idea of the classic train work and its components, this study was able to produce a model of CSR as an alternative model for Carroll′s pyramid (1991). Originality/Value: Battal ′s CSR train is an educational model that is designed to address some of the shortcomings of Carroll's CSR pyramid "as a figure and content." The content of Battal′s CSR train matches the attached explanation, and this will help to understand how CSRs interact with each other, as well as the concept of simultaneous CSRs. It is an enrichment of the thought of CSR.

Sustainability disclosure and reporting by municipally owned water utilities

Municipally owned enterprises (MOEs) are showing interest in sustainability reporting. To understand how institutional pressures influence non-financial disclosures, we undertook a multiple case study involving three comparable municipal water utilities from different contexts and applied the institutional logics perspective. The comparative approach demonstrates how their sustainability reporting is slightly sensitive to national institutional settings. The findings reveal how the market, state, community, and professions logics drive MOE disclosures. The analysis also suggests that MOEs disclose their commitment to social and environmental responsibilities and promote collaboration. Finally, Carroll's pyramid reveals how MOEs disclose the most economical content.

The integration of corporate social responsibility and marketing concepts as a business strategy: evidence from SEM-based multivariate and Toda-Yamamoto causality models

Research background: This paper integrates the marketing and corporate social responsibility concepts by investigating how the previous studies de-bated CSR as a business strategy. This discussion extended from academics to business practices. Hence, this study investigated the concept of CSR as a business strategy in a multifactorial fashion in the marketing field.
 Purpose of the article: This study evaluates the modified model of CSR initiatives as business and marketing strategy and their impact on customers' buying behavior. For this purpose, we have taken dimensions of Carroll's pyramid of CSR as marketing strategies. We have also examined the influence of brand loyalty and cause-related marketing as mediating variables and technology as a moderator between dimensions of Carroll's pyramid and customers' buying behavior.
 Methods: We employed modified theoretical & conceptual model for evaluating the direct and indirect hypothesized relationship. We have collected 693 responses from the structured and adapted questionnaire. The survey was done among marketing and senior managers of the Asian pharmaceutical industry. We employed SEM-based multivariate modeling to examine the hypothesized relationship.
 Findings & value added: The finding of this research exhibited that dimensions of Carroll?s pyramid of CSR have a positive and significant impact on customers' buying behavior. The results further demonstrated that brand loyal-ty and cause-related marketing positively and significantly impact mediators between CSR dimensions and customers? buying behavior. Finally, the technology has a significant influence as a moderator between exogenous and endogenous factors. The undertaken study demonstrated important theoretical and practical implications. The modified conceptual framework has provided several new dimensions for future researchers to use and replicate in different economic sectors. On the other hand, practitioners of the pharmaceutical industry should incorporate Carroll's CSR pyramid as business strategies to gain the trust and respect of their customers.

Consumer understanding of corporate social responsibility dimensions: an application of CSR pyramid model in Indian context

This study empirically examines applicability of Carroll's pyramid model of CSR dimensions in India. The study employed online survey method, using 934 respondents, from six major cities in India, across different demographics. The findings show that most Indian consumers are aware of CSR, with older and more educated Indian consumers, from privileged socio-economic classes being more aware than others. Their understanding is that CSR is pre-eminently about following laws, followed by ethical responsibilities towards the environment and regarding human rights while economic and philanthropic dimensions are considered to be relatively less important. The findings will help corporate India, with its historical penchant for philanthropy, to note the consumer perspective and reap the benefits of strategic CSR. The study sheds light on the way forward for CSR practices in the large and growing consumer market of India, being one of the very few consumer studies using the CSR pyramid in India.

Groundwater contamination with the threat of COVID-19: Insights into CSR theory of Carroll's pyramid

In this study, we elucidated the effect of sewage drain on groundwater contamination as including different contaminants, microbes, and pathogens, which deteriorating the groundwater by poor infiltration and seepage. This is getting severer in developing countries like India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, where unprocessed effluent is discharged into the water bodies. This study was planned to elucidate the effect of sewage drain (based on distance 0–5, 5–10, 15–20, 20–25 m) from two different sewage drains to explain the different physiochemical, and biological parameters including total soluble solids (TSS), chloride, total dissolved solids (TDS), calcium, total hardness, magnesium, nitrate, chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (D.O.), and biological oxygen demand (BOD). Drainage channel number-1 results showed that E. coli (positive), coliform count (22.75–48.66 /100 mL), and BOD (8–25.75 mgL−1) remained above the permissible limit of the World Health Organization (WHO). Besides, drainage channel number 2 results exposed that E. coli (positive), coliform count (17.7–47 /100 mL), and BOD (6.25–21.5 mg/ L) was not within the permissible limit of WHO. The presence of COVID-19 in the stool has been significantly reported in the literature. The presence of stool in sewage drain leading to groundwater contamination can be an emerging threat to water pollution and could lead to the spread of COVID-19. This study helps to minimize this threat with the help of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Because organizational responsibility towards its society is one of the critical factors to contain numerous issues related to the society.

Social media as stakeholder engagement tool: CSR communication failure in the oil and gas sector

AbstractThis article explores to what extent oil and gas companies use social media to engage with stakeholders on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategies. Drawing from the analysis of oil and gas megaproject facing the local community's protects, the research aims to highlight the level of stakeholder interaction on CSR's actions disclosed by social media. The study considers the Trans Adriatic Pipeline experience and the degree of interactions between the company and its stakeholders. According to Carroll's pyramid, the contents of Tweets were analyzed with the assistance of the statistics software program “TwitteR” and classified by their content. The analysis of the engagement practices on Twitter reveals that legitimization is influenced by the CSR contents proposed by the firms and the phase of megaproject development. Results suggest that social media communication does not always respond to stakeholder claims that should be periodically monitored through adequate stakeholder engagement tools.

Corporate social responsibility impact on talent retention among Generation Y

PurposeAs the new emerging workforce, Generation Y (Gen Y) is said to be demanding, influential and possessing strong bargaining power. This study examines the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on employee retention among Gen Y in the accounting profession. CSR is widely researched subject due to its applicability in multidisciplinary fields and industries. This research intends to investigate the nexus between CSR and human capital disciplines. It employs Carroll's pyramid of CSR as the main theoretical framework to establish its relationship with talent retention among Gen Y employees. This study has a threefold aim: (1) to determine the level of CSR awareness, (2) to determine the relationship between CSR dimensions and talent retention and (3) to examine the effect of CSR dimensions on talent retention.Design/methodology/approachThe paper opted for an exploratory study using the structured questionnaire. A total of 377 Gen Y accountants who are currently working in accounting firms located in Klang Valley, Malaysia, were involved as respondents. Data were analyzed using descriptive, correlation and regression analyses to answer the research objectives.FindingsThe paper provided empirical insights about the impact brought by CSR practices in financial-based firms on employee retention. It was found that all CSR elements, as suggested by Carroll, have a significant relationship with employees’ retention. The interaction between the CSR elements and employee retention accounts for 16% of the research model. Based on the multiple regression analysis, it was found that only two CSR elements are the significant predictors of employee retention among Gen Y in the case of financial-based firms in Malaysia.Research limitations/implicationsThis research covers Gen Y employees in accounting firms; thus, generalization is not applicable to other generations. Besides, the predictors of the research study utilize Carroll’s pyramid of CSR. Therefore, future research studies are encouraged to validate the research model into other sectors. Other models of CSR could also be used.Practical implicationsThis paper includes implication for the organization to understand employee retention practices on Gen Y who are currently dominating the workforce.Originality/valueThis paper fulfills an identified need to study how CSR practices could enhance employee retention among Gen Y in the organization.

Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility in Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Case of Consumers of Small and Medium Enterprises

Corporate Social Responsibility represents the voluntary and expressed concern of the company towards itself and its employees and towards the environment in a way to avoid or to minimize the negative consequences of its activities and to encourage, improve, and invest in its own development and development of the society. As Bosnia and Herzegovina belongs to a group of countries in development with a traditionally rooted philanthropy, we expect that the presented results of this paper will contribute to the reduction of the literary gap that had arisen from the lack of researches that have in its context corporate social responsibility, consumers and small and medium enterprises in such countries. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the ranking of responsibility from the pyramid of corporate social responsibility from the aspect of small and medium enterprises consumers in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Particularly, this paper analyzes the difference in the priorities and the achieved mean values of economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibility with respect to gender, whether the consumers in the environment know the company that operates ethically and socially responsibly, and respect to the material situation of consumer's household. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that consumers give priority to the philanthropic responsibility, i.e. in this research the redistribution of the importance of certain responsibility dimensions from the Carroll's pyramid of corporate social responsibility has not been confirmed. Statistically significant and positive values of Pearson correlation coefficient show us that economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities are interconnected. There is no difference in the achieved mean values of economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities with respect to the respondents’ gender (although there is a difference in the ranking of responsibilities). The highest mean values of the stated responsibilities have been achieved among the respondents who rated their material household status as "Much worse than the average", while the difference in the achieved mean values is statistically significant only for the legal and philanthropic responsibility in favor of consumers who had rated their household material condition as much worse than the average compared to those who had rated the household material condition as much better than average. Also significant mean values are noticable among respondents who know in their surrounding enterprises that are ethically and socially responsible, although statistically significant difference exist only with philanthropic responsibility. The results achieved in this research support the claims that in developing countries as well as in countries with traditionally rooted philanthropy priority is given to philanthropic responsibility compared to others.

CONSUMER UNDERSTANDING OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DIMENSIONS : AN APPLICATION OF CSR PYRAMID MODEL IN INDIAN CONTEXT

This study empirically examines applicability of Carroll's pyramid model of CSR dimensions in India. The study employed online survey method, using 934 respondents, from six major cities in India, across different demographics. The findings show that most Indian consumers are aware of CSR, with older and more educated Indian consumers, from privileged socio-economic classes being more aware than others. Their understanding is that CSR is pre-eminently about following laws, followed by ethical responsibilities towards the environment and regarding human rights while economic and philanthropic dimensions are considered to be relatively less important. The findings will help corporate India, with its historical penchant for philanthropy, to note the consumer perspective and reap the benefits of strategic CSR. The study sheds light on the way forward for CSR practices in the large and growing consumer market of India, being one of the very few consumer studies using the CSR pyramid in India.

Providing an operational model for the development and assessment of companies’ social responsibility

The present study aims to provide a practical model for the development and assessment of the attitude of private sector industrial manufacturing companies of Semnan province toward social responsibility of organizations. After reviewing the literature, a mixed model, which is a combination of the pattern of the Carroll pyramid, the pattern of social reporting, corporate governance issues, organizational excellence model, and ISO 26000, is proposed, where Carroll’s pattern plays a central role. In this study, four economic, legal, ethical, and humanitarian dimensions are used to meet economic responsibilities, respond to legal responsibilities, implement ethical necessities, and undertake leadership in social institutes, respectively. Accordingly, a questionnaire was prepared and distributed among the population that turned out to be 93 companies from among companies with more than 6 months activity in 2015 in Semnan province that were selected based on Morgan method. Data are analyzed using SPSS and LISREL software. Based on the results, utility of the model is reported to be high in four parts.

Carroll’s pyramid of CSR: taking another look

In this review article, the author takes another look at the well-known Carroll's Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). In this article, he comments on the framework's popular useage and then presents a summary of the four-part definitional framework upon which the pyramid was created. He then comments on several characteristics of the model that were not emphasized when initially published: ethics permeates the pyramid; tensions and tradeoffs inherent; its' integrated, unified whole; its' sustainable stakeholder framework, and; its' global applicability and use in different contexts. The article concludes by looking to the future.

Corporate social responsibility

PurposeThe world is becoming global, digital, health conscious and spiritual. In this new and evolving international environment with a large private sector and global integration of world capital markets, Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become the prominent topic of institutional reform. This issue of CSR is of great importance as the Saudi economy is opening up and the government is trying to diversify its investments and reduce its reliance on the petroleum sector. The proposed research study is aimed at identifying perceptions of managers, company practices and performance of companies concerning CSR practices of 21 listed companies in Saudi Arabia.Design/methodology/approachFrom each company, ten managers were chosen randomly totaling two hundred and ten respondents. Primary and secondary data was collected for the study. Primary data were collected by conducting interviews and discussions with management respondents through questionnaires structured for the purpose.FindingsThe empirical findings in the KSA study support the applicability of Carroll's Pyramid of CSR constructs and Lawrence et al.'s charity and stewardship principles.Research limitations/implicationsThere is excellent scope for future research on the current topic and in improving the instruments, measures and constituent concepts of CSR constructs in order to provide better guidance to policy makers and managers, as well as academic interest.Originality/valueSaudi Arabia is known for its charity and stewardship principles, but not much empirical work based on CSR constructs has been done. Hence, this study attempts to measure perception and construct validity.

An Investigation of Practicing Carroll’s Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Countries: an Example of Bangladesh Ready-made Garments

This study has been conducted to explore the present scenario of implementing corporate social responsibility in our garment industry by using Carroll's (1991) pyramid. Garments sector is one of the most important sectors of industries in our country. Practicing CSR in this industry is very much necessary. This paper aims to investigate that what level of CSR activities are practiced by our garment industry. This study also identifies to what extend Carroll's (1991) pyramid is understood by the corporate body of our garment industry. In this regard, we take interviews of 50 garments workers and top executives from the areas of Savar, Gazipur, Ashulia and Tongi. At the end of the study, we explore the implications of these findings and suggest actions to practice CSR properly in the Bangladesh garment industry.

VALUE CREATION THROUGH CSR AT STAKEHOLDERS LEVEL

In spite of the existing strong literature about the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the aspects of environment and society, there is a significant gap about how CSR can create value for company stakeholders. In spite of Carroll's pyramid and 3C-SR model, there is a lack of holistic framework that exhibit the process of value creation for company stakeholders. The objective of this paper work is to identify theoretical possibilities of value creation through CSR for stakeholders, yet avoiding extensive discussions concerning value creation to common environment. Study shows that most likely only shared value creation through CSR seems to be sustainable. It’s already foreseen that CSR will evolve and value creation through CSR will change and possibly implementation of CSR will become more oriented towards creation of shared value.The employed research methods refer to scientific literature analysis and synthesis.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.em.17.2.2200

Perceptions of corporate social responsibility in Kazakhstan

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to understand the attitudes of individuals towards corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Kazakhstan and identify the benefits that CSR activities may bring to business and its stakeholders.Design/methodology/approachTheoretical underpinnings for the research are drawn from existent literature on CSR. A total of 120 questionnaires were collected, 68 percent of which were filled in online, the rest were answered manually by the respondents.FindingsThe results suggest that environmental friendliness, legal responsibility and stewardship principle are considered to be very important in Kazakhstan. The attitudes towards economic responsibility are significantly affected by age and working experience. The application of Carroll's Pyramid of CSR identified that the hierarchy of responsibilities in Kazakhstan exists in the following order: legal, ethical, economic, and philanthropic. The primary payback of CSR is improved company image and reputation.Research limitations/implicationsAs the concept of CSR is relatively new in Kazakhstan misunderstanding of CSR principles might have led to wrong perceptions and attitudes and distortion of the research results. The sample is not representative of the population as a whole and cannot be generalized.Practical implicationsThe paper is a valuable contribution to the development and promotion of CSR principles in Kazakhstan which provides an insight into the current situation in the country. Managers and policy makers may revise their strategies and policies with the expectations of the general public.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the limited scope of literature on the attitudes towards CSR in Kazakhstan.

Por trás do discurso socialmente responsável da siderurgia mineira

A Responsabilidade Social Corporativa (RSC) é um tema relevante e recentemente tem estimulado vários debates científicos, enfocando as vantagens que apresenta aos negócios em geral e à sociedade. Num esforço para explorar processos organizacionais de RSC, o principal objetivo do presente estudo é analisar o balanço social de empresas brasileiras. O framework da análise embasa-se no conteúdo publicado do instrumento (balanço social) ao longo de de 2 anos. As unidades de análise são duas grandes empresas do setor siderúrgico de Minas Gerais. Usamos análise de conteúdo e de fotografias (BAUER, 2004; BARDIN, 2004) para atingir os objetivos da pesquisa. Para dar suporte à análise de conteúdo, usamos a pirâmide de Carroll (1991) como abordagem teórica. Os resultados mostram que apesar do discurso das empresas focar-se principalmente em razões éticas para investir em RSC, a motivação real é reforço da marca e do posicionamento corporativo.

Chinese Consumers’ Perception of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

The findings of this article increase our understanding of corporate social responsibility from the consumers' perspective in a Chinese setting. Based on primary data collected via a self-administered survey in Shanghai and Hong Kong and results of similar studies conducted in Europe and the United States, we provide evidence to show that Chinese consumers are more supportive of CSR. We also show that Carroll's pyramid of responsibilities can be applied in China. We evaluated the importance placed by Chinese consumers on the four responsibilities of firms - economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic - and find that economic responsibilities are most important while philanthropic responsibilities are of least importance. The nature of these differences is important for firms intending to use corporate social responsibility for strategic purposes.

THE FUTURE OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Corporate social responsibility is one of the earliest and key conceptions in the academic study of business and society relations. This article examines the future of corporate social responsibility. Bowen's (1953) key question concerned whether the interests of business and society merge in the long ran. That question is assessed in the present and future contexts. There seem to be distinctly anti‐responsibility trends in recent academic literature and managerial views concerning best practices. These trends raise significant doubts about the future status of corporate social responsibility theory and practice. The vital change is that a leitmotif of wealth creation progressively dominates the managerial conception of responsibility. The article provides a developmental history of the corporate social responsibility notion from the Progressive Era forward to the corporate social performance framework and Carroll's pyramid of corporate social responsibilities. There are three emerging alternatives or competitors to responsibility: (1) an economic conception of responsibility; (2) global corporate citizenship; and (3) stakeholder management practices. The article examines and assesses each alternative. The article then assesses the prospects for business responsibility in a global context. Two fundamentals of social responsibility remain: (1) the prevailing psychology of the manager; and (2) the normative framework for addressing how that psychology should be shaped. Implications for practice and scholarship are considered.