Carrier Phase Recovery Algorithm Research Articles

Compensation of Laser Frequency Fluctuations and Phase Noise in 16-QAM Coherent Receivers

Frequency fluctuations caused by mechanical vibrations, power supply noise, and other mechanisms are detrimental to the phase estimator performance in high speed intradyne coherent optical receivers. In this letter, we propose the use of a low-latency parallel digital phase lock loop in combination with common feed-forward carrier phase recovery algorithms in order to compensate both the phase noise and laser frequency fluctuation effects on 16-quadrature amplitude modulation receivers. Numerical results demonstrate the excellent behavior of the proposed two-stage carrier recovery scheme.

Efficient Parallel Carrier Recovery for Ultrahigh Speed Coherent QAM Receivers with Application to Optical Channels

This work presents a new efficient parallel carrier recovery architecture suitable for ultrahigh speed intradyne coherent optical receivers (e.g., ≥100 Gb/s) with quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The proposed scheme combines a novel low-latency parallel digital phase locked loop (DPLL) with a feedforward carrier phase recovery (CPR) algorithm. The new low-latency parallel DPLL is designed to compensate not only carrier frequency offset but also frequency fluctuations such as those induced by mechanical vibrations or power supply noise. Such carrier frequency fluctuations must be compensated since they lead to higher phase error variance in traditional feedforward CPR techniques, significantly degrading the receiver performance. In order to enable a parallel-processing implementation in multigigabit per second receivers, a new approximation to the DPLL computation is introduced. The proposed technique reduces the latency within the feedback loop of the DPLL introduced by parallel processing, while at the same time it provides a bandwidth and capture range close to those achieved by a serial DPLL. Simulation results demonstrate that the effects caused by frequency deviations can be eliminated with the proposed low latency parallel carrier recovery architecture.

Pilot-aided carrier phase recovery for M-QAM using superscalar parallelization based PLL

In this paper, we present a carrier phase recovery (CPR) algorithm using a modified superscalar parallelization based phase locked loop (M-SSP-PLL) combined with a maximum-likelihood (ML) phase estimation. Compared to the original SSP-PLL, M-SSP-PLL + ML reduces the required buffer size using a novel superscalar structure. In addition, by removing the differential coding/decoding and employing ML phase recovery it also improves the performance. In simulation, we show that the laser linewidth tolerance of M-SSP-PLL + ML is comparable to blind phase search (BPS) algorithm, which is known to be one of the best CPR algorithms in terms of performance for arbitrary QAM formats. In 28 Gbaud QPSK (112 Gb/s) and 16-QAM (224 Gb/s), and 7 Gbaud 64-QAM (84 Gb/s) experiments, it is also demonstrated that M-SSP-PLL + ML can increase the transmission distance by at least 12% compared to BPS for each of them. Finally, the computational complexity is discussed and a significant reduction is shown for our algorithm with respect to BPS.

Experimental investigation of the equalization-enhanced phase noise in long haul 56 Gbaud DP-QPSK systems

We experimentally demonstrate the impact of equalization-enhanced phase noise (EEPN) on the performance of 56 Gbaud dual-polarization (DP) QPSK long haul transmission systems. Although EEPN adds additional noise to the received symbols, we show that this reduces the phase variance introduced by the LO laser, and therefore should be considered when designing the carrier phase recovery (CPR) algorithms and estimating system performance. Further, we experimentally demonstrate the performance degradation caused by EEPN when a LO laser with a large linewidth is used at the receiver. When using a 2.6 MHz linewidth distributed feedback (DFB) laser instead of a ~100 kHz linewidth external-cavity laser (ECL) as a LO, the transmission distance is reduced from 4160 km to 2640 km due to EEPN. We also confirm the reduction of the phase variance of the received symbols for longer transmission distances showing its impact on the CPR algorithm optimization when a DFB laser is used at the receiver. Finally, the relationship between the EEPN-induced penalty versus the signal baud rate and the LO laser linewidth is experimentally evaluated, and numerically validated by simulations.

Improvements to Digital Carrier Phase Recovery Algorithm for High-Performance Optical Coherent Receivers

The Viterbi-and-Viterbi (V-V) algorithm is widely used to recover the carrier phase in optical digital coherent receivers. For simplicity, the basic V-V algorithm assumes constant carrier phase within the average duration. However, this basic assumption is probably violated by factors such as laser frequency offset and nonlinear XPM. In order to improve the basic V-V carrier phase recovery, five methods are introduced, verified, and analyzed. All these methods are compatible with parallel implementation that is mandatory for a realistic DSP circuit. The Q-improvement brought by each algorithm is analyzed together with the complexity of each. Among the five methods, the laser frequency offset compensation expands the tolerable frequency offset to 0.37 symbol rate, and the optimum weighted averaging in conjunction with normalization processing improves the Q-value by 2 dB under severe XPM condition.

Impact of Mechanical Vibrations on Laser Stability and Carrier Phase Estimation in Coherent Receivers

Coherent communication systems are largely limited by the laser linewidth of the local oscillator. In addition to phase noise, large frequency deviations can occur if the laser is mechanically vibrated. The detrimental effect of the frequency instability is measured for coherent optical receivers on a typical laser and numerically analyzed for quadrature phase-shift keying and 16-quadrature amplitude modulation using common feed-forward carrier phase recovery algorithms.

Equalization and Carrier Phase Recovery of CMA and MMA in Blind Adaptive Receivers

This paper derives general formulae for normalized error surface curvatures by using the constant modulus algorithm (CMA), the multimodulus algorithm(MMA), and two well known blind carrier phase recovery algorithms (CPRA) at the stationary points with arbitrary two-dimensional symmetric signal constellations. Based on the derived error surface curvatures, both the performance of the CMA followed by a blind CPRA and the performance of the MMA are forecasted and evaluated in terms of blind equalizer convergence and carrier phase recovery.

Blind Equalization and Carrier Phase Recovery in a 16-QAM Optical Coherent System

Blind equalization and carrier phase recovery in a simulated 14 Gbaud 16-QAM optical coherent system are investigated. Equalization techniques to compensate for linear transmission impairments are presented using the constant modulus algorithm (CMA), the recursive least-squares (RLS)-CMA, and the radius directed equalization (RDE). With 7 T/2-spaced taps, the RDE and the RLS-CMA can compensate up to 1000 ps/nm of CD in the 16-QAM coherent system with performances comparable to the decision-directed (DD) equalizer. We show that the RDE is a promising technique for blind equalization in a 16-QAM coherent system with lower complexity than the RLS-CMA. Blind carrier phase recovery is investigated in a decision-directed-mode. We show that the blind carrier phase recovery algorithm can recover the Square-16-QAM constellation for laser beat linewidths of DeltanuTs ~ 10-4 in a polarization-multiplexed (POLMUX) 16-QAM coherent system with the RDE algorithm giving better overall performance than the CMA when compensating for CD and differential group delay (DGD). Finally, the dynamical characteristics of the equalizers to track endless polarization rotations are discussed. With the adaptation parameters optimized, the equalizers can track angular rate of rotation ~ 105 rad/s.

Joint decoding and carrier phase recovery algorithm for turbo codes

In this letter, we investigate the sensitivity of the iterative maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) decoder to carrier phase offsets and propose simple carrier phase recovery algorithms operating within the iterative MAP decoding iterations. The algorithms exploit the information contained in the extrinsic values generated within the iterative MAP decoder to perform carrier recovery, thus requiring low hardware complexity.

Performance analysis of extended OQPSK carrier phase recovery algorithm in satellite channel

This paper proposes a new extended decision-directed decision-estimated phase recovery algorithm based on maximum likelihood parameter estimation for OQPSK (offset QPSK). In this scheme, compared to the conventional one, the data dependent noise of the phase recovery loop is reduced by inserting a filter with 2 taps to the in-phase and quadrature channel respectively before the phase detector. The proposed scheme is compared to the conventional QPSK scheme with respect to BER (bit error rate) and phase error for roll-off factors of the baseband filter, output backoffs of the nonlinear satellite channel and loop bandwidth.

Joint phase and timing recovery with CPM signals

We describe joint carrier phase and timing recovery algorithms for CPM signaling. They may be employed with any CPM format, and with either full or reduced state detectors. Their implementation is fully digital, and involves a limited computational complexity. Simulation results show that these algorithms have excellent tracking performance. When operated in their simplest form, however, they may exhibit false locks. In particular, this occurs with multilevel and partial response formats. A simple solution to the false lock problem is proposed.

REDUCED COMPLEXITY FREQUENCY ESTIMATOR FOR BURST TRANSMISSION

In burst transmission, carrier recovery is a critical point for synchronization systems. With a feedforward carrier phase recovery algorithm, a small frequency offset can significantly increase the cycle slip rate and then the phase error variance. Therefore, in order to obtain an accurate carrier phase estimation, a precise frequency correction is required. For M-states phase shift keying (M-PSK) modulated signals an unbiased feedforward reduced complexity frequency estimator (RCFE), operating in the non-data aided mode (NDA) is derived from the maximum likelihood (ML) principle. A compromise is realized between noise filtering and estimation slip probability by minimizing the estimator variance. It is optimized to operate at a low signal-to-noise ratio and short bursts. Its performance is compared to that of the ML estimator. The estimator is applied to an all-feedforward synchronization structure with QPSK modulated signals. Global performance of the modem synchronization structure is supplied.