Drug Carriers For Release Research Articles

High‐performance aminosilane‐infused alginate capsules for sustained drug release

AbstractSodium alginate (AlgNa) is often used to prepare oral drug capsules, offering the advantages of facile carrier formation and pH sensitivity. However, these capsules suffer from high porosity, large pore size, and mechanical and physiological instabilities. Although the performance of AlgNa in oral drug carriers can be enhanced through hybridization with other substances, this results in increased complexity and additional preparation steps. To address this problem, organic–inorganic hybrid capsules are herein prepared via the one‐step incorporation of aminosilanes (3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane and 3‐(2‐aminoethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane) into AlgNa and evaluated as delivery vehicles for the sustained release of a model drug, diclofenac sodium. The hybrid capsules show elevated drug encapsulation efficiencies (up to 92.7%) and pH responsiveness and outperform pure alginate capsules, exhibiting contraction and low release rates (<10%) in a simulated stomach environment (pH 1.2) and swelling and sustained release (10 h) in a simulated intestinal environment (pH 7.4). The formation of siloxane bonds between the aminosilane molecules results in stronger and more compact capsule membranes contributing to sustained drug release. Thus, our results demonstrate the potential of the proposed capsules, fabricated using a simple ecofriendly method, as carriers for sustained drug release.

A lignocellulose nanofibril-poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel with controlled drug delivery for wound healing

Employing lignocellulosic nanofibers (LCNF) with natural, high specific mechanical performance and abundant functional groups to design a hydrogel as a drug-sustained release carrier, which conforms to the concept of green and sustainable development. Herein, we facilely extracted carboxylated lignocellulose nanofibrils (CLCNF) from bagasse via a deep eutectic solvent (DES) and mechanical defibrillation-based strategy. The CLCNF was crosslinked with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to obtain a nanocomposite hydrogel (PVA/CLCNF/B) whereupon the mechanical strength and drug release behavior were improved in the process. Consequently, the lignocellulose nanocomposite hydrogel presented a high compression modulus (3.92 MPa) and significant sustained-release effect with a release rate of 80.73 % after 336 h. The delivery behavior of the PVA/CLCNF/B composite hydrogel could be controlled by acidic pH conditions. The TH release kinetics of PVA/CLCNF/B hydrogel in different phosphate buffer saline (PBS) followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model better, and the release of TH occurred through the Fickian diffusion mechanism. Importantly, in vivo experiments and histopathological studies showed that TH-loaded PVA/CLCNF/B hydrogel had a superior pro-healing rate. Overall, the incorporation of CLCNF into a hydrogel may have considerable potential as a drug delivery carrier for drug release and therapy. SynopsisAdding the CLCNF from bagasse into PVA dispersions obtained a hydrogel for pH-responsive drug delivery can accelerate wound healing.

Effect of Crosslinking Agents on Chitosan Hydrogel Carriers for Drug Loading and Release for Targeted Drug Delivery.

Numerous studies report on chitosan hydrogels in different forms, such as films, porous structures, nanoparticles, and microspheres, for biomedical applications; however, this study concentrates on their modifications with different crosslinking agents and observes their effects on drug loading and releasing capacities. Linear chitosan, along with chitosans crosslinked with two major crosslinkers, i.e., genipin and disulfide, are used to formulate three different hydrogel systems. The crosslinking process is heavily impacted by temperature and pH conditions. Three different drugs, i.e., thymoquinone, gefitinib, and erlotinib, are loaded to the hydrogels in de-ionized water solutions and released in phosphate-buffered solutions; thus, a total of nine combinations are studied and analyzed for their drug loading and releasing capabilities with ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. This study finds that thymoquinone shows the lowest loading efficacy compared to the two other drugs in all three systems. Gefitinib shows stable loading and releasing regardless of crosslinking system, and the genipin-crosslinked system shows stable loading and releasing with all three drug molecules. These experimental results agree well with the findings of our previously published results conducted with molecular dynamics simulations.

Loading of antibiotic molecules into organically modified layered calcium silicate

ABSTRACT Calcium silicate is the basic component of bioactive materials that directly bond to living bone (bone-bonding property) in the body environment because calcium silicate can easily form a hydroxyapatite layer on its surface after exposure to body fluids. The organic modification of calcium silicate ceramics is expected to improve their physicochemical properties. Organic modifications of layered inorganic substances have been studied to allow drug loading and sustained release through structural changes. However, few studies have investigated the effect of organic modifications on drug-release carriers. In this study, layered calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) prepared via a hydrothermal process was chemically modified with alkyl groups using alkoxysilane. In addition, the loading behavior of the antibiotic levofloxacin was quantitatively analyzed. Structural analysis of the synthesized samples indicated that the interlayer distance and amount of organic content in C-S-H increased with increasing carbon chain length and concentration of alkoxysilane. Levofloxacin was successfully incorporated into the modified C-S-H. It has been suggested that drug incorporation occurs mainly via surface adsorption rather than intercalation into the interlayer.

Synthesis of Taxifolin-Loaded Polydopamine for Chemo-Photothermal-Synergistic Therapy of Ovarian Cancer.

Chemotherapy is a well-established method for treating cancer, but it has limited effectiveness due to its high dosage and harmful side effects. To address this issue, researchers have explored the use of photothermal agent nanoparticles as carriers for precise drug release in vivo. In this study, three different sizes of polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA-1, PDA-2, and PDA-3) were synthesized and evaluated. PDA-2 was selected for its optimal size, encapsulation rate, and drug loading rate. The release of the drug from PDA-2@TAX was tested at different pH and NIR laser irradiation levels. The results showed that PDA-2@TAX released more readily in an acidic environment and exhibited a high photothermal conversion efficiency when exposed to an 808 nm laser. In vitro experiments on ovarian cancer cells demonstrated that PDA-2@TAX effectively inhibited cell proliferation, highlighting its potential for synergistic chemotherapy-photothermal treatment.

Analytical and numerical computation of self-oscillating gels driven by the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction

Self-oscillating gel is a class of deformable polymers driven by Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reactions, which can form periodic deformations without any external stimuli, and are widely used in the research of micro actuators, AI sensors, drug release carriers or biomimetic materials. However, quantitative study on formation of the self-oscillating gel is limited especially from the perspective of energy conservation. This work adopts frequency domain analysis to the chemo-mechanical model, and the basic frequency is obtained to evaluate the maintenance energy of the deformable gel. For accurate computation, boundary value problem with unknown period is formulated; then, continuation algorithm based on technique of perturbation is performed to obtain the periodic trajectories with varying model parameters. The results could be implemented to design self-oscillating gels with prescribed periodicity.

High ion barrier hydrogel with excellent toughness achieved by directional structures.

Owing to their nontoxicity, environmental friendliness, and high biocompatibility, physically cross-linked hydrogels have become popular research materials; however, their high water content and high free volume, along with the weak bonding interactions inherent to ordinary physically cross-linked hydrogels, limit their application in fields such as flexible devices, packaging materials, and substance transport regulation. Here, a structural barrier approach based on directional freezing-assisted salting out was proposed, and the directional structure significantly enhanced the barrier performance of the hydrogel. When the direction of substance diffusion was perpendicular to the pore channel structure of the directional freezing-PVA hydrogel (DFPVA), the Cl- transmission rate was 57.2% for the uniform freezing-PVA hydrogel (UFPVA). By adjusting the concentration of the salting-out solution and the salting-out time, the crystallinity and crystal domain size of the hydrogel could be further changed, optimizing and regulating the barrier performance of the hydrogel, with the best Cl- unit permeability being 36.02 mg mm per cm2 per day. Additionally, DFPVA had excellent mechanical properties (stress of 6.47 ± 1.04 MPa, strain of 625.85 ± 61.58%, toughness of 25.77 ± 3.72 MPa). Due to the barrier and mechanical properties of the direct structure, DFPVA is suitable as a drug carrier for slow drug release in vitro.

Metal-Organic Framework as a New Type of Magnetothermally-Triggered On-Demand Release Carrier.

The development of external stimuli-controlled payload systems has been sought after with increasing interest toward magnetothermally-triggered drug release (MTDR) carriers due to their non-invasive features. However, current MTDR carriers present several limitations, such as poor heating efficiency caused by the aggregation of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) or the presence of antiferromagnetic phases which affect their efficiency. Herein, a novel MTDR carrier is developed using a controlled encapsulation method that fully fixes and confines IONPs of various sizes within the metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). This novel carrier preserves the MOF's morphology, porosity, and IONP segregation, while enhances heating efficiency through the oxidation of antiferromagnetic phases in IONPs during encapsulation. It also features a magnetothermally-responsive nanobrush that is stimulated by an alternating magnetic field to enable on-demand drug release. The novel carrier shows improved heating, which has potential applications as contrast agents and for combined chemo and magnetic hyperthermia therapy. It holds a great promise for magneto-thermally modulated drug dosing at tumor sites, making it an exciting avenue for cancer treatment.

Rapid self-healing carboxymethyl chitosan/hyaluronic acid hydrogels with injectable ability for drug delivery

In this study, the quaternized carboxymethyl chitosan (QCMCS), oxidized hyaluronic acid (OHA), 3,3′-dithiobis-(propionohydrazide) (DTP) were used as raw materials for the synthesis of hydrogels with excellent properties as carriers for drug release. The hydrogels were prepared by a simple “one-pot” method without external stimuli on the basis of interactions between formed dynamic covalent bonds (imine bonds, acylhydrazone bonds, disulfide bonds) and hydrogen bonds. The hydrogels had rapid self-healing properties, with a self-healing rate of 96 % after 30 min, as well as good pH responsiveness and excellent cytocompatibility (up to 98 % cell survival). The compressive stress of the hydrogels reached 423 kPa. Moreover, a representative drug (acetylsalicylic acid) demonstrated sustained release in the hydrogels (>72 h). The drug release behaviour was shown to be consistent with the Fick diffusion mechanism by kinetic modelling. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that the QCMCS + OHA + DTP injectable self-healing hydrogels are a potential material for the construction of pH-controlled drug delivery platforms.

Hypoxia-responsive calixarene-grafted self-assembled peptide hydrogel for inflammation suppression in ischemic stroke

Hypoxia is a significant characteristic of ischemic stroke. Recently, development of the pathology of tissue injury and deployment of new hypoxia-responsive technologies provide further opportunity for the application of hypoxia-responsive materials beyond cancer. To fully take advantage of hypoxic pathological feature of stroke and make advancement of stroke therapy, a hypoxia-responsive self-assembled peptide hydrogel was prepared for inflammation suppression in ischemic stroke treatment, utilizing azocalixarene (CA) as a hypoxia-responsive controlled release drug carrier. After induction of PBS, the peptide hydrogel was fabricated with brain-similar rheological modulus and shear-thinning property. The hypoxia-responsive performance of the peptide hydrogel was validated by three hypoxia & reductase systems including sodium hydrosulfite (SDT), rat liver microsomes and oxygen-glucose deprivation model (OGD) to achieve the responsive release of Cyanine 5-dimethyl (CY5-DM) or Fingolimod (FTY720) in vitro. After local administration of the hypoxia-responsive self-assembled peptide hydrogel, the improved motor function, reduced infarct volume and alleviated inflammation were achieved, revealing the effective stroke therapy in vivo.

Development and Functionalization of a Novel Chitosan-Based Nanosystem for Enhanced Drug Delivery.

Nowadays, infection diseases are one of the most significant threats to humans all around the world. An encouraging strategy for solving this issue and fighting resistant microorganisms is to develop drug carriers for a prolonged release of the antibiotic to the target site. The purpose of this work was to obtain metronidazole-encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles using an ion gelation route and to evaluate their properties. Due to the advantages of the ionic gelation method, the synthesized polymeric nanoparticles can be applied in various fields, especially pharmaceutical and medical. Loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency varFied depending on the amount of antibiotic in each formulation. Physicochemical characterization using scanning electron microscopy revealed a narrow particle size distribution where 90% of chitosan particles were 163.7 nm in size and chitosan-loaded metronidazole nanoparticles were 201.3 nm in size, with a zeta potential value of 36.5 mV. IR spectra revealed characteristic peaks of the drug and polymer nanoparticles. Cell viability assessment revealed that samples have no significant impact on tested cells. Release analysis showed that metronidazole was released from the chitosan matrix for 24 h in a prolonged course, implying that antibiotic-encapsulated polymer nanostructures are a promising drug delivery system to prevent or to treat various diseases. It is desirable to obtain new formulations based on drugs encapsulated in nanoparticles through different preparation methods, with reduced cytotoxic potential, in order to improve the therapeutic effect through sustained and prolonged release mechanisms of the drug correlated with the reduction of adverse effects.

Rationally designed chitosan-interpenetrated cryobeads functionalized with polyacrylamide chains: Comparative analysis by Hertzian model and rubber elasticity

Optimization of the synthesis of polymer microspheres and millimeter-sized gel beads has gained importance due to efficiency and design advantages in applications. A systematic study is presented to allow for a molecular-based understanding of elasticity of crosslinked-chitosan (CS) beads. Unique results were obtained examining the effect of polymerization temperature and gel-preparation form on physico-mechanical properties of CS-incorporated poly (N-isopropylacrylamide‑sodium acrylate)/polyacrylamide, PNIPA/PAAm-CS, beads. ATR-FTIR, and thermogravimetric analysis results confirmed the successful preparation and enhanced thermal stability of CS-based gel beads in the form of semi-IPN. The structural changes of semi-IPN gels were studied based on powder X-ray diffraction analysis. After being incorporated with CS, the cryopolymerization was carried out under cryo-conditions, and PNIPA/PAAm structure became much more resistant to mechanical load. Addition of CS to semi-IPN structure caused a 2-fold increase in compressive elastic modulus, while the gel preparation under cryoconditions also improved the mechanical properties considerably by lowering the polymerization temperature. The scaling parameter calculations estimated by Hertz model for PNIPA/PAAm-CS semi-IPN cryobeads are related to displacement of compression force with an exponent of 1.63 ± 0.19. As cryobead diameter increased, swelling degree tendency increased, while a decrease in modulus was observed with increasing swelling. The presence of CS in semi-IPNs improved pH-response in an acidic environment, but stiffness of CS reduced the shrinkage ability of cryobeads upon increasing swelling temperature. Based on the interaction between semi-IPN structure and salt solutions, an improvement in elastic modulus was observed in various ammonium salts and sodium tripolyphosphate solution. On-off switching of cryobeads was a reversible process that was consistent with changes in ammonium salt concentration. Qualitative comparisons with experimental results showed that the prepared cryobeads can be designed as drug release carriers by ionic strength-switching modulation.

Light and temperature dual stimuli-responsive micelles from carbamate-containing spiropyran-based amphiphilic block copolymers: Fabrication, responsiveness and controlled release behaviors

With the increasing demand for treating cancer and cardiovascular diseases in recent years, drug delivery therapy using intelligent nanocarriers has been investigated intensely. Usually, hydrophobic dyes were used as drug models for the development of drug-release carriers. In this study, light and temperature dual-responsive micelles were designed and fabricated, and the controlled release property was investigated using the hydrophobic fluorescent dye coumarin 102 as the model. A carbamate-containing spiropyran methacrylate monomer (SPMA) was adopted as the photosensitive unit because it is more conducive to stabilize the micelle structure compared to traditional spiropyran. Firstly, a light and temperature dual-responsive copolymer P[DMA50-b-(SPMA20-co-NIPAAm17)] was synthesized through reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Then, the copolymer was self-assembled into micelles with coumarin 102 encapsulated in the hydrophobic core above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and under visible light (Vis) irradiation. When the visible light was switched to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the micelles' permeability increased as a result of the change from closed, three-dimensional spiropyrans (SP) to open, planar merocyanines (MC), resulting in the release rate of 51% for coumarin 102 in 15 min with “low” release capability. Lowering the temperature to room temperature (RT), the hydrophobic nuclei were partially destructed as a result of the changing of PNIPAAm segment from hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity. Meanwhile, the release rate was observed to be 77% in 15 min showing “medium” release capability. The micelles were almost wholly disintegrated under the dual stimulation of both UV irradiation and RT, achieving the release rate of 96% within the same time exhibiting “high ” release capability. This study offered an approach for the construction of controllable drug release carriers.

Synthesis and characterization of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer of polydopamine/graphene oxide as drug carrier for rivastigmine

In this study, a magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer based on magnetic graphene oxide and polydopamine (PDA) was synthesized, and its application in a drug delivery system (DDS) for rivastigmine (RIV) was investigated. In order to investigate the effect of imprinting on the performance of the MIP-GO/Fe3O4/PDA, its non-imprinted polymer (NIP-GO/Fe3O4/PDA) was also synthesized. Various analyses such as Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), N2 adsorption and desorption (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, BET), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were used to characterize the prepared polymers. The isotherm and kinetics studies for the drug loading process were done and modeled by various models. Drug release was performed in buffers with different pHs of 2.2, 6.4, 7.4, and 9, and in addition, in simulated nasal electrolyte solution (SNES) buffer. In addition, to investigate the drug release mechanisms, different models were studied. The results of this study showed that the drug loading process in this polymer follows the Freundlich isotherm model and the pseud-second-order model. The maximum efficiency of drug loading on the MIP and NIP was 96.44% and 72.78% at 400 ppm drug concentration, respectively. The results of drug release by these two polymers showed that molecularly imprinted techniques caused controlled drug release carriers, and the maximum amount of drug released from this polymer was 78.65% (301.98 ppm) at pH 9. In addition, the results of drug release modeling showed that the mechanism of rivastigmine release from MIP-GO/Fe3O4/PDA is Fickian diffusion.

Silk Fibroin/PLA 3D Printed Composite Stent Fabricated through Direct Ink Write Technology

Bioresorbable alternatives are emerging on the market as alternatives to the cardiovascular stents that are implanted nowadays. Permanent drug-eluting stents are no longer the only viable option during an angioplasty surgical procedure. The new generation of medical stents aims to degrade the device within the artery walls after its function has been completed. In this context, biological materials that degrade inside the body without creating toxic residues such as silk fibroin (SF) are very promising materials for such applications. Moreover, SF has been reported to have non-thrombogenic properties and to reduce the immune response compared to other synthetic polymers, making it ideal for this application. SF has been printed through additive manufacturing techniques such as direct ink write. This study proposes to fabricate a composite stent by combining polylactic acid (PLA) and SF. In this way, it is expected to obtain a stent with potential for a two-phase drug release. A fast burst with the degradation of the SF and a slower drug release period with the degradation of the PLA. For this purpose, stents were fabricated with a PLA and chloroform ink (24.5 % w/v). The last layer of the stent was fabricated with a SF water-based ink at 56.69-60.09 % w/w. Finally, the stents were immersed at different times in ethanol and exposed to 30' of ultraviolet light for sterilization purposes. The degradation results indicate that 24h is sufficient to degrade almost completely the last layer of SF. These results are significant as the SF layer could potentially be used as a carrier for drug delivery, providing biocompatibility and drug release at the earliest post-intervention stage.

Application of Calcium Carbonate as a Controlled Release Carrier for Therapeutic Drugs

A drug carrier usually refers to a tool that can carry the effective ingredients of drugs into the human body. The drug-controlled release system prepared by a new drug carrier can allow the gradual release of the drug in the human body at a stable rate, thus decreasing the frequency of administration and reducing the toxicity and side effects thereof; however, existing drug carriers generally have problems such as low drug loading, poor biocompatibility, stability, and specificity, each of which could be improved. Calcium carbonate can be used as a sustained-release carrier of active substances, with good biocompatibility, biodegradability, low cost, easy preparation, and broad application prospects. This paper reviews the synthesis and structural characteristics of calcium carbonate carrier materials and the related research progress of calcium carbonate as a controlled release carrier for therapeutic drugs, providing a reference for promoting the research and application of calcium carbonate as a drug carrier.

Development of chondroitin sulfate-based mucoadhesive interpenetrating polymeric hydrogels of captopril with adjustable properties as gastro-retentive sustained drug release carriers

Development of chondroitin sulfate-based mucoadhesive interpenetrating polymeric hydrogels of captopril with adjustable properties as gastro-retentive sustained drug release carriers

Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles loaded with recombinant Staphylococcus LukS-PV toxin.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) accounts for approximately 15% of leukemias. LukS-PV, a Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) component, is secreted by Staphylococcus aureus. Silver nanoparticles have increasingly been used for different purposes, most notably for drug delivery and anticancer agents. In this work, the cytotoxicity effect of recombinant LukS-PV protein, chemically synthesized AgNPs, and recombinant LukS-PV protein-loaded silver nanoparticles was investigated on human Chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells and human normal embryonic kidney HEK293 cells. Cell apoptosis was investigated by staining with Annexin V/propidium iodide. The recombinant LukS-PV protein-loaded silver nanoparticles exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity and induced apoptosis in the K562 cells but had little effect on normal HEK293 cells. After 24h of exposure to recombinant LukS-PV protein-loaded silver nanoparticles (IC50 concentration), flow cytometry showed that 31.17% of K562 cells were apoptotic. These results indicate that recombinant LukS-PV protein-loaded silver nanoparticles maybe are a potential chemotherapeutic agent candidate against K562 cells. Hence, silver nanoparticles could be used as drug carriers for toxin release to cancer cells.

Carboxymethylcellulose based self-healing hydrogel with coupled DOX as Camptothecin loading carrier for synergetic colon cancer treatment

The self-healing hydrogels have important applications in biomedication as drug release carrier. In this research, the Doxorubicin (DOX) was coupled onto oxidized carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) (CMC-Ald) to fabricate self-healing hydrogel with intrinsic antitumor property and loaded with Camptothecin (CPT) for synergetic antitumor treatment. The DOX coupled CMC-Ald (CMC-AD) was reacted with poly(aspartic hydrazide) (PAH) to fabricate injectable self-healing hydrogel. The coupled DOX avoided the burst release of the drug and the 100 % CPT loaded hydrogel could take the advantages of both drugs to enhance the synergetic antitumor therapeutic effect. The in vitro and in vivo results revealed the CPT loaded CMC-AD/PAH hydrogel showed enhanced antitumor property and reduced biotoxicity of the drugs. These properties demonstrate that the CMC-AD/PAH hydrogel has great application prospects in biomedication.

Sandwich-like electro-conductive polyurethane-based gelatin/soybean oil nanofibrous scaffolds with a targeted release of simvastatin for cardiac tissue engineering

Cardiac tissue engineering (CTE) is a promising way for the restoration of injured cardiac tissue in the healthcare system. The development of biodegradable scaffolds with appropriate chemical, electrical, mechanical, and biological properties is an unmet need for the success of CTE. Electrospinning is a versatile technique that has shown potential applications in CTE. Herein, four different types of multifunctional scaffolds, including synthetic-based poly (glycerol sebacate)-polyurethane (PGU), PGU-Soy scaffold, and a series of trilayer scaffolds containing two outer layers of PGU-Soy and a middle (inner) layer of gelatin (G) as a natural and biodegradable macromolecule without simvastatin (S) and with simvastatin (GS), an anti-inflammatory agent, were fabricated in the sandwich-like structure using electrospinning technique. This approach offers a combination of the advantages of both synthetic and natural polymers to enhance the bioactivity and the cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix intercommunication. An in vitro drug release analysis was performed after the incorporation of soybean oil (Soy) and G. Soy is used as a semiconducting material was introduced to improve the electrical conductivity of nanofibrous scaffolds. The physicochemical properties, contact angle, and biodegradability of the electrospun scaffolds were also assessed. Moreover, the blood compatibility of nanofibrous scaffolds was studied through activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), and hemolytic assay. The results showed that all scaffolds exhibited defect-free morphologies with mean fiber diameters in the range of 361 ± 109 to 417 ± 167 nm. A delay in blood clotting was observed, demonstrating the anticoagulant nature of nanofibrous scaffolds. Furthermore, rat cardiomyoblast cell lines (H9C2) were cultured on scaffolds for 7 days, and the morphology and cell arrangement were monitored. Data indicated an appropriate cytocompatibility. Of note, in the PGU-Soy/GS nanofibrous scaffold, a high survival rate was indicated compared to other groups. Our findings exhibited that the simvastatin-loaded polymeric system had positive effects on cardiomyoblasts attachment and growth and could be utilized as a drug release carrier in the field of CTE.Graphical