Carrier Distillation Research Articles

The effect of halide carriers in the spectrographic examination of trace impurities in copper

A study has been made with the view of applying carrier distillation techniques to the analysis of trace impurities in copper by emission spectroscopy. Of many materials investigated, the halides of copper and silver, particularly the fluorides and chlorides, appear to be promising spectroscopic carriers for this purpose. Detection limits have been measured for sixteen impurity elements in copper both with and without the halide carriers and sensitivity enhancement factors of up to twenty-fold are achieved. Sensitivities, using copper fluoride as the carrier, appear to be at least equivalent to, and in many cases an order of magnitude better than, those achieved in the sensitive globule arc method. There are indications that these carriers are equally effective for impurities in silver, gold and the platinum metals. The technique has been applied to the analysis of arsenic in copper with excellent results.

A STUDY ON THE PHYSICAL MECHANISM OF THE "CARRIER EFFECT" IN SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

摘要 实验研究了常用载体Ga2O3,Na2CO3在石墨、氧化锆、八氧化三铀、氧化钍、氧化铍及五氧化二钽等六种基体中的作用规律。实验结果指出,在上述六种基体中,载体对谱线强度的影响(logI/I0)与该元素的电离电位(V)之间有一定的比例关系。根据实验测到的电弧温度和电离度的数据,分析了载体影响的各种因素;最后我们认为,在分馏法的条件下,需要考虑电场的影响,这时,载体的作用主要是通过弧柱中的温度和电离度的 Abstract The possible role of certain carrier (Ga2O3,Na2CO3) on the intensity of spectral lines in various matrices such as graphite, U3O8, ZrO2, etc., was investigated. The resultsshow that, in any matrix there is a relationship between the carrier effect (logI/I0) and the ionization potential (V) of impurity elements. From the measurements of the arc temperature and degree of ionization, we believe that in the case of carrier distillation method the electric field must be considered. The addition of these carriers brings about a change of arc temperature as well as degree of ionization in the arc column, which leads to a more suitable condition for the excitation of many elements, resulting in an increase of the intensity of spectral lines, but it has no influence on the process of evaporation. 作者及机构信息 徐升美 Authors and contacts HSU SHENG-MEI 参考文献 [1] 施引文献

Spectrographic Analysis of Tantalum and Tantalum Oxide

Tantalum metal is analyzed for 12 impurity elements by using a carrier distillation technique with a dc arc. The metal is oxidized in a muffle oven at 900°C. The oxide is mixed with a special carrier made of silver metal, silver chloride, and barium fluoride. A set of standards is included on each plate, and the analytical curves are linear for the concentration range used. The coefficient of variation varies from 30 to 87%

The Effects of Various Grades of Graphite Electrodes on the Carrier Distillation of Impurities in U3O8

Seven grades of graphite electrodes were evaluated for their effects upon the carrier distillation excitation of impurities in U3O8. Two carrier materials, AgCl-LiF (11.1) and Ga2O3, were independently investigated using a Wadsworth mount spectrograph and a Quantometer Time resolved spectra for 19 impurities were made by recording the instantaneous response of each impurity in the arc for each type of graphite electrode. Elemental sensitivity comparisons were made from the measured area under each spectral recording. The analytical precisions of the elements (B, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Si) for each graphite type were determined from replicate analyses of common samples. The comparative precision data show that a selection of a graphite type, which provides the greatest advantages for determining impurities in U3O8 with carrier distillation techniques, can be made

Band Narrowing in Elution Gas Chromatography and in Analytical Carrier Distillation

Band Narrowing in Elution Gas Chromatography and in Analytical Carrier Distillation

Spectrographic Determination of Trace Amounts of Rare Earths. II. Analysis of Lanthanum, Yttrium, Europium, Prasedymium, Neodymium, and Samarium by the Carrier Distillation Method

A method for the spectrographic determination of trace amounts of Eu, La, Y, Nd, Pr, and Sm in the 5 N HCl solution has been developed. The solution is evaporated on graphite powder and excited in the craters of graphite electrodes in a dc arc using the carrier distillation method CsF is used as the carrier. Excitation is made in the special atmosphere of 80% oxygen and 20% argon. For Y and La, the range of determination is from 0.25 to 10 μg/ml and for Eu, Nd, Pr, and Sm the range is from 0 5 to 20 μ g/ml. The average coefficient of variation amounts to ± 10%. It has been found that in the investigated concentration range the influence of some rare earth elements on excitation of the others is negligible This method can be applied also to the analysis of other rare earth elements

A New Carrier for Uranium Oxide

Carrier distillation techniques, frequently employed in the analysis of uranium oxide and other compounds having complex spectra suffer drastically when impurity levels are moderately high. This is especially true in the case of refractories such as alumina and silica, which are strongly suppressed at the 100-ppm level. An additional analysis has been necessary for the determination of the elements that were suppressed in the sensitive carrier methods. The difficulty with refractories has been obviated in the UCNC Y-12 Plant Laboratory by using a mixed carrier compound of silver chloride and silver fluoride. The mixture ratio is 4 to 1 (chloride to fluoride) for the analysis of uranium oxide. The weight of carrier per crater charge, as well as the mixture ratio, can be varied according to matrix and number of impurities desired. The carrier, called NK-2, is also used for thorium dioxide.

Sectrographic determination of yttrium or lanthanum in beryllium-copper alloys

An oxide d-c excitation method using internal standards was applied successfully for the spectrographic determination of yttrium or lanthanum in beryllium- copper alloys. A series of standards covering 0.01 to 1.0% of each element with respect to yttrium or lanthanum is prepared in nitric acid solution. These solutions are evaporated to dryness in crucibles on a hot plate, and ignited in a muffle furnace at 800 deg C for 3 hours to be converted completely to black oxides. The samples are oxidized in exactly the same manner as the standards. Lanthanum is used as an internal standard for the determination of yttrium and yttrium is used for lanthanum. The shape of the electrodes used is the same as that used in the carrier distillation method. The spectrographic conditions are as follows: amounts of the oxide 100 mg; spectrograph, Shimazu Littrow type; excitation voltage, d-c 200 v; arc current, 12 amperes; slit width, 15 mu ; and duration of exposure, 40 sec. Variation coefficients of these determinations for the range of 0.01 to 1.0% for yttrium and lanthanum are 7.2 and 7.8%, respectively.

Determination of Trace of Boron in Highly Purified Graphite by Emission Spectrographic Analysis

An emission spectrographic method applicable to the determination of extremely low concentration of boron in highly purified graphite for an atomic reactor is described. The strong current d-c arc excitation and carrier distillation of boron carbide-sodium fluoride-graphite mixtures were applied in the procedures. Studies on the variation of analytical intensity during excitation and on the effect of changing arc current, arc voltage, gap, and form of electrode on the intensity values were included. As a result, it was found that an amount of 0.04 ppm boron in the graphite was determined in air without any chemical concentration. The experimental error of the method may be about 10%. (auth)

Spectrochemical Determination of Impurities in Neptunium

The spectrochemical determination of impurities in neptunium should be similar to the determination of impurities in other actinide elements. The most common spectrochemical methods are various modifications of the carrier distillation method and methods involving prior separation of the actinide element by liquid extraction or ion exchange. Because of the complexity of the spectra of the transuranic elements, direct methods not involving a separation, either before or during arcing, have not been generally successful or sufficiently sensitive.

Application of Carrier Distillation to the Spectrographic Determination of Tramp Elements in Cast Iron and Low Alloy Steels.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTApplication of Carrier Distillation to the Spectrographic Determination of Tramp Elements in Cast Iron and Low Alloy Steels.J. Y. EllenburgCite this: Anal. Chem. 1962, 34, 2, 230–233Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1962https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60182a024RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views32Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (504 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Reactor-irradiated phosphoryl chloride

Samples of POCl 3 were reactor irradiated for varying periods of time in a thermal neutron flux of approximately 6 × 10 11 n cm −2 sec −1. The irradiated samples were examined by carrier distillation techniques which showed the presence of 32PCl 3, 32POCl 3 and a labelled high-boiling component. A changing distribution of 32P in the products was observed. The percentage of total 32P found in combination as 32PCl 3 decreased from about 60 per cent to less than 10 per cent to less than 10 per cent with increasing irradiation time while that found as 32POCl 3 increased from about 30 per cent to greater than 80 per cent. Phosphorus exchange in the system PCl 3 32POCl 3 was investigated and appeared to be negligible for the distillation conditions used in this study.

Spectrographic Analysis of Hafnium by a Point-to-Plane Technique

A method has been developed for the analysis of hafnium metal for aluminum, copper, iron, titanium, and tungsten in the ppm range and zirconium in the 1 0–4.0% range. Solid machined pieces 1 × 1 in. or larger are used. Spectra are excited with a low voltage ignited ac arc with low inductance and capacitance. Hafnium serves as the internal standard The method offers an increase in speed and improved precision over the carrier distillation technique which has been commonly used

Ion Exchange Spectrographic Method for Determination of Impurities in Uranium and Plutonium

An investigation was undertaken to provide a method for determining plutonium without the hazards and the elaborate glove box facilities required for the carrier distillation procedure. The new method gives results comparable to the latter method but with sensitivities an order of magnitude better for many elements. As more plutonium becomes available for reactor and research purposes. the determination of its purity will be greatly facilitated by the methcd. (anth)

A carrier distillation method for the estimation of non-rare earth impurities in Y2O3 without using an external atmosphere

A carrier distillation method for the estimation of non-rare earth impurities in Y2O3 without using an external atmosphere