Carriage Horses Research Articles

Welfare and stress assessment of tourism carriage horses under real working conditions in Sicily

Animal welfare has become an increasingly important concern regarding equids working as carriage animals. In the present study, the changes in the markers of stress and inflammatory responses as a result of the work performed by tourism carriage horses under real working conditions in Sicily (Italy) were investigated. Twenty-two Standardbreds performed a normal working day in the carriage tourism business during the months of May, June and July 2022, consisting of one day of work for each month. Blood samples were collected in the stables at rest before the tour route (Pre; 07.00 AM) and within 10 min after the end of the workday (Post; 05.00 PM). Haematological parameters, serum concentration of cortisol, total proteins together with the globulin fractions were investigated before and after the carriage work. Environmental temperature, relative humidity and temperature humidity index (THI) were also assessed. The direct erythrocyte indices increased after work compared to rest condition (P < 0.05). The values of cortisol, total proteins and globulins were not affected by carriage work (P > 0.05), while, higher cortisol, total proteins, α1- and α2-globulins values were observed in July compared to May and June (P < 0.05). These changes are probably due to the increase in THI values which showed mild stress in June and high stress in July. This study suggests that the tourism carriage horses herein investigated have adapted to their work activity, however, avoiding working horses during the hottest hours of the day in the summer months is advocated.

An exploratory study of negative and positive facial expressions of carriage horses during nocturnal resting

Studies on the welfare of carriage horses have been addressed during working activity; however, their nocturnal resting behavior remains poorly explored. The aim of our study was to quantify the frequency of negative, positive, and neutral facial expressions (FE) of carriage horses used in tourism displayed under nocturnal resting conditions. Observations were carried out in the tropical city of Mérida, México, from January to March 2021. Nine crossbreed horses, including 3 mares and 6 geldings (400 ± 50 kg, 9-20 years old), were used. Prior to FE observations, an evaluation of resting locations was performed with regard to available surface area, movement restriction, floor and roof conditions, and visual and auditory contact between horses. A 40-point veterinary health examination was also performed on all horses. FE were identified based on the Horse Grimace Scale and EquiFacs coding system. Occurrences of stiffly backwards ears EAD103, orbital tightening AU145, tension above the eye area AU5, prominent strained chewing muscles AU18, strained mouth and pronounced chin AU24+17, and strained nostril and flattening of the profile EAD103+AUH13 were considered negative; ears forward EAD101 and nostril dilation AD38 were considered positive; and right ear forward EAD101R and without movement (WM) were considered neutral. All FE were photographed with a hidden camera (GoProHero3+, 12 megapixels) every minute for at least 8 hours overnight immediately following a randomly selected working day. Good resting location scores were fulfilled by 100% of horses except for good floor and roof conditions (66.6%). Physical health evaluations resulted in 90% of horses with good health scores. The most frequent FE per hour were WM (27.0 ± 5.6), EAD101 (12.8 ± 5.6), and EAD103 (8.9 ± 5.8). Statistical differences (P < 0.0001) were found for mean comparison test between neutral (15.7 ± 3.1 FE/h), positive (6.6 ± 2.9 FE/h), and negative (2.4 ± 1.3 FE/h) FE/h. No significant differences were found for the frequency of neutral, positive, or negative FE/h according to age, body condition score, or health status of the animals, nor according to floor and roof condition of resting locations. The higher frequency of neutral and positive FE compared to negative FE is consistent with the good health scores and generally good conditions of resting locations in the large majority of the horses observed.

Cloning and Transformation with Plasmid Vectors.

Plasmids occupy a place of honor in molecular cloning: They were used in the first recombinant DNA experiments and, 40 or more years later, they remain as the carriage horses of molecular cloning. After almost half a century of sequential improvement in design, today's plasmid vectors are available in huge variety, are often optimized for specific purposes, and bear only passing resemblance to their forebears. Here, various features of plasmid vectors and methods for transforming E. coli cells are introduced.

Dexaject dosage for carriage horses: side effects &amp; fixing

The instant study clarify excellent treatment response of dexaject with a dose 3.5/2 mg-ml in fixing musculoskeletal injuries imaged by x-rays to get a statistical probability less than 0.001 (P&lt;0.001) put it in progress for uses without serious side effects mentioned or noticed in carriage horse models

Use of fecal glucocorticoid and salivary cortisol concentrations as a measure of well-being of New York City carriage horses.

OBJECTIVE To use noninvasive approaches to assess stress in New York City (NYC) carriage horses during the course of their daily routine to determine whether use of these horses affected their well-being. DESIGN Prospective case control study. ANIMALS 13 (5 mares and 8 geldings) stabled working NYC carriage horses and 5 pastured (nonworking) NYC carriage horses (1 mare and 4 geldings). PROCEDURES Samples for determination of fecal glucocorticoid and salivary cortisol concentrations were collected on 3 successive days from 10, 8, and 9 working carriage horses during rest (time 1), preparation for work (time 2), and return to the stable (time 3) and at 1 hour after work (time 4). Infrared thermography (IRT) measurements were made to determine maximum temperature of the medial canthus at each time point. Fecal samples were also collected from 5 pastured carriage horses for determination of glucocorticoid concentrations. RESULTS No difference was found in mean ± SE fecal glucocorticoid concentrations between pastured (22.1 ± 9.8 ng/g) and working (19.5 ± 4.2 ng/g) carriage horses. A significant difference was found in salivary cortisol concentrations of working carriage horses between time 3 (0.96 ± 0.06 ng/mL) and time 4 (0.77 ± 0.07 ng/mL). The IRT measurement at time 2 (35.5 ± 0.64°C [95.9 ± 1.2°F]) was significantly lower than that at time 3 (36.2 ± 0.64°C [97.1 ± 1.2°F]). No other differences in IRT measurements were found. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These working NYC carriage horses did not have physiologic responses indicative of a negative welfare status.

Effect of the Work Performed by Tourism Carriage Horses on Physiological and Blood Parameters

Welfare of working horses is a matter of public concern, with scarce information on their possible physiological coping mechanisms. The aim of this study was to assess changes in possible physiological welfare indicators in working horses, as a result of pulling tourism carriages under field conditions. A descriptive field study of the work performed by tourism carriage horses and their physiological, hematological, and blood biochemistry implications was performed. For this, 10 tourism carriage horses were studied under normal working conditions. For description of work, speed, distance, and force were calculated. To assess welfare, physiological variables including heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and hematological and blood biochemistry parameters were evaluated before, during, and after work. Results show that tourism carriage horses exerted a submaximal effort in terms of speed, force, and physiological variables assessed. The heart and respiratory rate showed significant increases (P < .05) after work, but recovered to basal values within the first 10 minutes. Blood variables did not show significant changes that could be related to poor welfare. Lactate and packed cell volume (PCV) were the only blood variables with significant differences across work (P < .05) with lactate decreasing over time and PCV increasing with work and returning to basal levels at 10 minutes after work. Physiological variables showed a possible adaptation to work by the carriage horses but were not sufficient to diagnose a welfare problem. Management practices and other animal-based indicators should be included in further studies to obtain a holistic conclusion.

Retrospective Review of Carriage Horse and Mule Welfare in Charleston, South Carolina (2009–2012)

Equine Welfare and Carriage Horse Companies have been recently highlighted as matters of public concern, although little data exists to describe working conditions, municipal regulations, and veterinary attention. In light of the current pandemic of unwanted horses in this country, it is prudent for the veterinary community to identify objective measurements of satisfactory equine welfare in the carriage horse industry to regulate and maintain working horses in sound conditions. Retrospective data from a carriage company in South Carolina was collected from 2009 to 2012. Variables included days in work, hours and/or tours worked, veterinary charges, management practices, and environmental conditions. City veterinary reports were also reviewed for all five local carriage companies. The average number of days in work per animal ranged from 163 to 188 per year. On average, each animal performed 4.6 hour long tours per working day, resulting in an average 865 tours per year. Each animal cost on average $2.00 per day in veterinary costs, and $0.84 of each animal's tour went toward veterinary bills. Welfare among carriage horses is a subject on which equine veterinarians should be well versed; not only to answer questions from clientele but also to promote good working and living conditions for these animals in an effort to stem the number of unwanted horses in America. The carriage company reported in detail here provides acceptable welfare for their animals. Prospective studies are needed to collect objective, evidence-based data regarding stress levels in the animals.

Horse Traction in Victorian London

The economics of horsepower in London transport during the nineteenth century is a neglected subject. The author discusses three separate issues relating to horsepower in London: the major owners of carriage horses, cart and van horses, and cab horses; the working life of the horses; and how the steam competition affected the horse transport industry. The paper includes detailed tables and historical information on the number of horses in London for the years 1825, 1854-1864 and 1893, as well as the prices of horses purchased at that time.

Welcome; The revolution in horsemanship; Equine welfare and emerging social ethics; The role of the equine practitioner in disasters; The pregnant mares' urine industry—management and research; Racing; Animals in rodeo—a closer look; The Horse Protection Act—a case study in self-regulation; Equine slaughter transport—update on research and regulations; Who speaks for the horse—the sport of endurance riding and equine welfare; Urban

"Welcome; The revolution in horsemanship; Equine welfare and emerging social ethics; The role of the equine practitioner in disasters; The pregnant mares' urine industry—management and research; Racing; Animals in rodeo—a closer look; The Horse Protection Act—a case study in self-regulation; Equine slaughter transport—update on research and regulations; Who speaks for the horse—the sport of endurance riding and equine welfare; Urban carriage horses 1999—current status and concerns" published on 01 Apr 2000 by American Veterinary Medical Association.

Reproductive characteristics and semen quality in maiden Dutch Warmblood stallions.

The semen characteristics and testicular size of 398 3-year-old maiden Dutch Warmblood stallions were studied during February and March. Mean values (+/- SD) of age (1030 +/- 88 days) and testicular size (9.8 +/- 0.9 cm) of the maiden stallions were determined as well as the following semen characteristics (mean of two ejaculates, taken 1 h apart): volume (65 +/- 26 ml), sperm concentration (2.061 +/- 1.685 x 10(8) ml-1), total number of spermatozoa (1.129 +/- 0.71 x 10(10)), percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa (68 +/- 9%), percentage of live spermatozoa with normal morphology (66 +/- 15%), total number of progressively motile morphologically normal spermatozoa (5.307 +/- 3.833 x 10(9)) and pH (7.5 +/- 0.2). The morphology of the spermatozoa was studied and data on the most common abnormalities are presented. The first and second ejaculates show significant differences (P < 0.05) in volume, motility, number of spermatozoa, sperm morphology, total number of progressively motile morphologically normal spermatozoa and pH. The original breed has been split up into two different lines. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in semen characteristics between the types (riding and carriage horses). The semen quality and quantity of semi-siblings were compared and a significant sire effect (P < 0.05) was shown for the following characteristics: volume, motility (%) and sperm concentration. These results indicate that there are differences of heritability of those factors, which makes it possible to select on semen quality.

Exploratory laparotomy in a 22-year-old Holstein carriage horse.

Exploratory laparotomy in a 22-year-old Holstein carriage horse.

Studies in Yama and MāRa

AbstractEhni points out that in the Vedas there is a word y´ma (accent on initial) meaning “tamer, guider (especially of the carriage horse)”, and another word yam´ (accent on final) meaning “twin”. This latter word is the name of the deity Yama. The Taittirīya Samhitā gives this explanation: “The gods and Yama were at strife over this world; Yama appropriated (ayuvata) the power and strength of the gods; therefore Yama has his name.” The Brhaddevatā has this: “He giving (prayachan) offspring here, and gathering (them) goes forth (to the other world): therefore the seer Yama calls him, the son of Vivasvat, Yama.” In the epic, “He is called Yama, it being he who keeps mankind in check.”

Studies in Yama and M?ra

Ehni points out that in the Vedas there is a word y´ma (accent on initial) meaning “tamer, guider (especially of the carriage horse)”, and another word yam´ (accent on final) meaning “twin”. This latter word is the name of the deity Yama. The Taittirīya Samhitā gives this explanation: “The gods and Yama were at strife over this world; Yama appropriated ( ayuvata ) the power and strength of the gods; therefore Yama has his name.” The Brhaddevatā has this: “He giving ( prayachan ) offspring here, and gathering (them) goes forth (to the other world): therefore the seer Yama calls him, the son of Vivasvat, Yama.” In the epic, “He is called Yama, it being he who keeps mankind in check.”

Price of carriage horses

Price of carriage horses

Price of Carriage Horses

Price of Carriage Horses

The American Carriage Horse

The American Carriage Horse Get access A. T. Cole A. T. Cole Chicago, Ill. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Heredity, Volume os-6, Issue 1, January 1911, Pages 283–285, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/os-6.1.283 Published: 01 January 1911

Report of the Committee on Breeding Carriage Horses

Report of the Committee on Breeding Carriage Horses

Breeding American Carriage Horses

Breeding American Carriage Horses

Horse Breeding for Farmers

THE aim and object of this little work is to impress upon the impecunious present-day farmer the pecuniary profit which is to be derived from horse-breeding; and if the balance-sheets which Mr. Pease produces are to be relied upon, it undoubtedly constitutes a profitable pursuit. Unfortunately, however, so much depends upon the judgment, care, and skill bestowed by the individual in the purchase of suitable mares, the selection of proper sires, as well as upon the business capacity of the breeder, when the time arrives for placing the produce upon the market, that a profit on paper may readily be converted into a loss in practice. More particularly is this so in the case of the lighter breeds, such as the hunter and high-class carriage horse, whose value is largely dependent upon the thoroughness with which they have been trained and schooled. Mainly for these reasons we believe that the average farmer will be best advised to confine his horse-breeding operations to the heavier or agricultural breeds. They possess the additional advantage of being more docile, less trouble to break in, more useful to the farmer whilst young, and, finally, are more readily disposed of. The other breeds are best left to the landowners and so-called gentleman-farmer. Holding these views, we regret Mr. Pease should devote twenty pages to tracing the origin and history of the English thoroughbred, the Arab, the Barb, and other Oriental breeds. Horse Breeding for Farmers. By Alfred E. Pease. (London: Macmillan and Co., 1894.)