Carrageenan-induced Rat Paw Edema Test Research Articles

Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Satureja hortensis Seed Essential Oil, Hydroalcoholic and Polyphenolic Extracts in Animal Models

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Satureja hortensis seed extracts and to analyze their essential oil constituents. Materials and Methods: Hydroalcoholic and polyphenolic extracts and essential oil of S. hortensis seeds were prepared using standard methods. Analgesic activity was assessed in male mice (25-35 g) using standard methods (acetic acid and formalin tests). For the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity, the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test was used. The mice were pretreated with 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg, i.p., hydroalcoholic or polyphenolic extracts or 100 or 200 µl/kg, p.o. Results: Hydrodistillation of the seeds of S. hortensis afforded a pale yellowish oil in a yield of 0.05% (v/w). Pretreatment of mice with hydroalcoholic or polyphenolic extracts or essential oil significantly (p < 0.001) reduced acetic acid-induced abdominal twitches. Hydroalcoholic extracts also significantly reduced pain responses in early and late phases of the formalin test whereas the polyphenolic extract and essential oil were only effective in the late phase of the formalin test. All three fractions were found to reduce paw edema in the carrageenan test. Conclusion: These results clearly demonstrate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of S. hortensis seeds and since the hydroalcoholic extract relieved pain in the first phase of the formalin test, it seems that at least part of its analgesic activity may be mediated centrally. The results of this study substantiated the traditional use of S. hortensis plant seeds in painful and inflammatory ailments.

Fluorine bearing sydnones with styryl ketone group: synthesis and their possible analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities

In continuation of structure activity relationship studies, a panel of fluorine containing sydnones with styryl ketone group 4-[1-oxo-3-(substituted aryl)-2-propenyl]-3-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)sydnones 2a–i, was synthesized as better analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents. The title compounds were formed by condensing 4-acetyl-3-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)sydnone with various substituted aryl aldehydes, characterized by spectral studies and evaluated at 100 mg\\kg b.w., p.o. for analgesic, anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic activities. Compounds 2c and 2e showed good analgesic effect in acetic acid-induced writhing while none showed significant activity in hot plate assay in mice. In carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test, compound 2c and 2f exhibited good anti-inflammatory effect at 3rd h, whereas compounds 2c, 2e, 2d, 2g and 2h showed activity in croton oil induced ear oedema assay in mice. Compounds 2c and 2e were less ulcerogenic than ibuprofen in rats, when tested by ulcer index method. Compounds with electron attracting substituents such as 2c and 2e were found to be promising in terms of the ratio of efficacy and adverse effect. These compounds generally exhibited better activity than those of earlier series signifying fluorine substitution.

Thiazolidin-4-one, azetidin-2-one and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives of isonicotinic acid hydrazide: Synthesis and their biological evaluation

A series of thiazolidin-4-one (2a-h, 3a-h), azetidin-2-one (4a- h) and 1,3,4-oxadiazole (5a-h) derivatives of isoninicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) were synthesized in order to obtain new compounds with potential anti-inflammatory, analgesic, ulcerogenic and lipid peroxidation activities. The structures of the new compounds were supported by their IR, 1H-NMR and mass spectral data. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity by the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test method. Eleven of the new compounds, out of 32, showed very good anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test, with significant analgesic activity in the tail immersion method together with negligible ulcerogenic action. The compounds, which showed less ulcerogenic action, also showed reduced malondialdehyde content (MDA), which is one of the by-products of lipid peroxidation. The study showed that the compounds inhibited the induction of gastric mucosal lesions and it can be suggested from the results that their protective effects may be related to inhibition of lipid peroxidation in the gastric mucosa.

Anti-inflammatory and Gastroprotective Properties of Hypericum Richeri Oil Extracts

Oil extracts of flowering tops of Hypericum richeri Vill. prepared in three different ways were evaluated for chemical composition, and anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective activities. An HPLC method was developed for determination of two dominant flavonoids, quercetin and I3,II8-biapigenin. The carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test was used for screening the anti-inflammatory activity, while indomethacin-induced rat gastric mucosa damage test was used for evaluation of gastroprotective activity. The oil extract prepared by maceration with 96% ethanol, followed by extraction with sunflower oil by heating on a water bath, exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory (38.4%) and gastroprotective activities (gastric damage score of 0.9). The same oil extract had the highest content of quercetin (49 microg/mL) and I3,II8-biapigenin (60 microg/mL). These results approve the usage of oil extracts of H. richeri as an anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective agent.

Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel 1-(2-(Benzoyl-Substituted-2-phenyl-1H-Indol-5-Carbony) Hydrazinyloxy) Vinyl Nitrate Derivatives as Potent Non-Ulcerogenic, Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Agents

Six derivatives of 1-(2-(benzoyl-(substituted)-2-phenyl-1H-indole-5-carbony) hydrazinyloxy) vinyl nitrate were synthesized and tested in vivo for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and ulcerogenic properties. Synthesized compounds shown significant anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of Diclofenac sodium in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test and all of the compounds were found to be equipotent to Diclofenac sodium in the acetic acid induced writhing analgesic model. Out of six derivatives two derivatives found to produce no ulceration in stomach specimen of rats; nitric oxide seems to contribute to their excellent safety profile which supports several endogenous GIT defense mechanisms, including increase in mucus, bicarbonate secretions, increase in mucosal blood flow, and inhibition of the activation of pro-inflammatory cells by which NO-Indomethacin protects GI mucosa.

Antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective potential of the extract from Parathelypteris nipponica (Franch. et Sav.) Ching

Aim of the study The present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant, free radical scavenging, hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory potential of Parathelypteris nipponica (Franch. et Sav.) Ching. Methods and results Antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of Parathelypteris nipponica (Franch. et Sav.) Ching (TMPN) was studied using in vitro and in vivo models, total flavonoids content in TMPN was found to be 262 ± 5.6 mg/g (w/w). The TMPN exhibited strong antioxidant activity with EC 50 values in reductive ability (0.18 ± 0.02 mg/ml) and ferric thiocyanate (FTC) assay (0.10 ± 0.01 mg/ml), strong free radical scavenging activity as evidenced by the low EC 50 values in DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) (2.00 ± 0.02 mg/ml), superoxide anion (0.60 ± 0.05 mg/ml), OH radicals (0.26 ± 0.03 mg/ml), and hydrogen peroxide (0.45 ± 0.03 mg/ml) methods. Acute toxicity study revealed that the LD 50 value of the extract was more than the dose 2000 mg/kg bodyweight of mice. Hepatoprotective activity of TMPN was determined by the carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4)-induced oxidative tissue injury in rat liver, the extract showed significant hepatoprotective activity that was evident by enzymatic examination and histopathological study. In assessing anti-inflammatory activity the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test was used, the extract reduced carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema in dose-dependent manner, achieving high degree of anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusion This study provides a scientific basis for the ethnomedical claims that Parathelypteris nipponica (Franch. et Sav.) Ching is effective against inflammation and liver injury.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect of Zosima absinthifolia and deltoin.

In this study, n-Hexane extracts prepared from aerial part of Zosima absinthifolia(ZAA) and the root of Z. absinthifolia (ZAR) (Umbelliferae) as well as deltoin were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity using the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test. The anti-inflammatory activity of Z. absinthifolia was not found to be significantly different at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg. However, the aerial part of ZAA at 75 mg/kg, i.p., and Deltoin at 10 mg/kg, i.p. showed a significant reduction with 86.56 and 71.05% respectively in rat paw oedema induced by carrageenan against the reference anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin (3 mg/kg, i.p.) (87%). The ED50 of deltoin, ZAA and ZAR were determined as 5.08, 69.82 and 38.51 mg/kg, respectively. Furthermore, content of deltoin and columbianadin in both ZAA and ZAR were also analyzed by HPLC. Deltoin content of plant was found higher than the columbianadin content in ZAA and ZAR. The present study reveals that the aerial part of Z. absinthifolia possesses promising anti-inflammatory activity in rats. Key words: Anti-inflammatory activity, deltoin, umbelliferae, Zosima.

Evaluation of Hypericum perforatum oil extracts for an antiinflammatory and gastroprotective activity in rats

Oil extracts of Hypericum perforatum L. (Oleum Hyperici) were prepared in three different ways according to the prescriptions from traditional medicine. Variability of constituents and biological activity were evaluated in the obtained oil extracts. The carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test has been used for screening the antiinflammatory activity, while the indomethacin-induced rat gastric mucosa damage test was used for evaluation of gastroprotective activity. All examined oil extracts possessed antiinflammatory and gastroprotective activity. Among them, the oil extract prepared by maceration with 96% ethanol, followed by extraction with sunflower oil by heating on a water bath (extract 2), in a dose of 1.25 mL/kg p.o., exhibited the highest antiinflammatory effect (95.24 +/- 11.66%) and gastroprotective activity (gastric damage score of 0.21 +/- 0.12). The same oil extract had the highest content of quercetin and I3,II8-biapigenin (129 +/- 9 microg/mL and 52 +/- 4 microg/mL, respectively). Quercetin and I3,II8-biapigenin exhibited antiinflammatory activity similar to those of indomethacin as well as significant gastroprotective activity. The results provide evidence for the usage of Oleum Hyperici as an antiinflammatory and gastroprotective agent, which has been based previously only on ethnopharmacological claims.

Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activities of Ferula heuffelii root extracts

Ferula heuffelii Griseb. ex Heuffel (Apiaceae) is an endemic and rare W. Moesian perennial species, predominantly growing in E. Serbia, and locally in S.E. Romania and E. Bulgaria [1]. Roots of this plant were extracted with CHCl3 and then with MeOH. Antimicrobial activity of CHCl3 and MeOH extracts was tested against 7 standard bacterial strains and two standard strains of yeast Candida albicans using the agar diffusion [2] and broth microdilution methods [3]. The best inhibitory effect (MIC=12.5µg/ml) CHCl3 extract exhibited against Staphylococcus aureus, and MeOH extract against S. aureus and Micrococcus luteus. In assessing anti-inflammatory activity, the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test was used [4]. MeOH and CHCl3 extracts showed significant dose dependant anti-inflammatory effect (in dose of 100mg/kg p.o. extracts reduced oedema with 84.00% and 64.71%, respectively). These effects were comparable with that of indomethacin (76.00% in dose of 8mg/kg p.o.). Extracts inhibited ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats [4] and their activity was comparable with the activity of ranitidine used as a positive control. Gastric damage score for the animals treated with MeOH and CHCl3 extracts (in dose of 100mg/kg p.o.) was 0.50±0.55 and 0.25±0.42, respectively, while the score for the animals treated with ranitidine (in dose of 20mg/kg p.o.) was 0.58±0.49. Statistical analysis was performed by Student's t test for antimicrobial activity and Mann-Whitney U-test for anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activity. Preliminary LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of several analogs with elemental composition of C24H30O4. Analysis of tandem mass spectra of these metabolites suggested that they are likely sesquiterpene coumarins.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Viburnum opulus

Water extract of Viburnum opulus L. (Caprifoliaceae) (VO) leaf was investigated for antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in mice and rats. The tail flick test, acetic acid-induced writhing test, and the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test were used to determine these effects. Our findings show that VO causes dose related inhibition in acetic acid-induced abdominal stretching in mice. VO inhibited abdominal stretching at 100 and 200 mg/kg. VO showed antinociceptive activity, which was quantified by the tail-flick test at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. However, VO did not have an anti-inflammatory effect at these doses. The LD50 of VO was determined as 5.447 g/kg.

Zinc(II) 5-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-X-phenyl)pyrazolinates and their adducts with N and P donor ligands: synthesis, spectral, biological, and anti-inflammatory investigations

Synthesis, spectral, biological, and anti-inflammatory investigations of a series of complexes of zinc(II) with 5-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-X-phenyl)pyrazolines of the type (C15H12N2OX)2Zn (where X =–H,–Cl,–CH3,–OCH3) are presented. The complexes were synthesized by reaction of anhydrous zinc(II) chloride with sodium salts of pyrazoline in 1 : 2 molar ratio. Adducts with N and P donor ligands (2,2′-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline and triphenylphosphine) were prepared in 1 : 1 molar ratio. The complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, molecular weight, conductivity, IR, electronic, 1H, 13C, 31P NMR, and FAB mass spectral studies. All complexes are amorphous. Tetrahedral geometry around zinc confirms the presence of two bidentate pyrazoline ligands in zinc(II) 5-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-X-phenyl)pyrazolinates. In adducts pyrazoline is monodentate. Bidentate and monodentate pyrazoline were confirmed by IR, 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectral data. All metal complexes were tested for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Anti-inflammatory activity was also carried out by the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test. Brine shrimp bioassay was also carried out to study in-vitro cytotoxic properties.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of β -aroylpropionic acid based 1,3,4-oxadiazoles

In the present investigation, two new series, 1-(4-benzylphenyl)-3-(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-1-propanone and 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-3-(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-1-propanone from β-(4-benzylbenzoyl)propionic acid and β-(4-ethylbenzoyl)propionic acid, respectively, were synthesized and tested for antiinflammatory, analgesic, lipid peroxidation, ulcerogenic and antibacterial actions. A fair number of compounds were found to have good antiinflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test, while a few compounds showed significant antibacterial activity. The newly synthesized compounds showed very low ulcerogenic action.

The antiinflammatory, gastroprotective and antioxidant activities of Hieracium gymnocephalum extract

The present study investigated the antiinflammatory, gastroprotective and antioxidant activities of a CH(2)Cl(2) extract of western Balkan endemic Hieracium gymnocephalum Griseb. ex Pant. (Compositae). The carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test was used as an experimental model for screening the antiinflammatory activity. The extract was administrated p.o. in doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg to rats and its effects compared with indomethacin, used p.o. as a reference drug. The results showed that the investigated extract reduced the oedema in a concentration-dependent manner. The obtained antiinflammatory effect was 5.9%, 11.7%, 31.2% and 44.1% at doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively, being statistically significant at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Indomethacin had a strong antiinflammatory effect of 73.4% at a dose of 8 mg/kg, but caused large gastric lesions. When the plant extract in the highest tested dose (200 mg/kg) was concomitantly given with indomethacin, the antiinflammatory effect was slightly enhanced, but the gastric lesions were significantly reduced. The antioxidant activity of the H. gymnocephalum extract, investigated using DPPH radical assay, OH-radical assay and TBA-test, was not substantial.

Aroylpropionic acid based 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles: Synthesis and their anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities

Synthesis and biological evaluation of various aroylpropionic acid derivatives containing 1,3,4-Oxadiazole nucleus is reported here. The compounds ( 3a– w) were synthesized by cyclization of 3-aroylpropionic acids into 1,3,4-oxadiazole nucleus by treating with various aryl acid hydrazides in the presence of POCl 3. The structures of new compounds are supported by IR, 1H NMR and MS data. These compounds were tested in vivo for their anti-inflammatory activity. All the compounds tested showed anti-inflammatory activity. The compounds which showed activity comparable to the standard drug ibuprofen were screened for their analgesic, ulcerogenic and lipid peroxidation activities. Seven ( 3c, g, i, j, m, o, p) out of 23 new compounds showed very good anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test with very less ulcerogenic action. The compounds, which showed less ulcerogenic action, also showed reduced malondialdehyde production (MDA), which is one of the byproducts of lipid peroxidation. Compound 3i and o showed 89.50 and 88.88% of inhibition in paw edema, 69.80 and 66.25% protection against acetic acid induced writhings and 0.7 and 0.65 of severity index respectively, compared to 90.12, 72.50 and 1.95 values of ibuprofen. The study showed that the cyclization of carboxylic group of aroylpropionic acids into an oxadiazole nucleus resulted in compounds having good anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects with reduced gastric irritation.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Cotinus coggygria extracts

Aim of this study was the investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the smoke tree, Cotinus coggygria Scop., Anacardiaceae. Ground, dried young shoots were extracted with acetone and then fractionated with chloroform, ethyl-acetate and water (yield of extracts: 42.5%, 7.3%, 53.0% and 39.7%, respectively). Content of total phenolics and tannins was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and total flavonoids on basis of flavonoid-aluminium complex formation [1]. Antioxidant activity was evaluated with FRAP test [2], DPPH radical scavenging activity [3] and lipid peroxidation (LP) test [4]. The carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test was used for investigation of anti-inflammatory activity [5]. Highest content of total phenolics (92.9%), tannins (83.4%) and flavonoids (3.5%) was determined in ethyl-acetate fraction. In this fraction gallic acid, apigenine, luteoline and their derivatives were detected by HPLC. All extracts showed antioxidant effects but the highest activity was obtained with the ethyl-acetate fraction. This fraction also exhibited significant ferric reducing ability (5.0 mmol Fe 2+/g extract), very high DPPH radical scavenging activity (SC50=1.7µg/ml) and high inhibition of LP on liposomes (IC50=41.8µg/ml). Furthermore, it reduced the carrageenan rat paw oedema in a dose-dependent manner; doses of 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg led to a 46.5% and 76.7% reduction of the oedema, being statistically very significant (p&lt;0.01). At a dose of 100mg/kg the anti-inflammatory effect of the ethyl-acetate fraction was more pronounced than that of indomethacin (8mg/kg; p&lt;0.01).

Antinociceptive Profile of 2,3,6-Trisubstituted Piperidine Alkaloids: 3-O-Acetyl-spectaline and Semi-synthetic Derivatives of (-)-Spectaline

In early studies, we have reported the antinociceptive profile of (-)-spectaline, a piperidine alkaloid from Cassia spectabilis. The present study describes the synthesis, the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of a series of 2,3,6-trialkyl-piperidine alkaloids: the natural (-)-3-O-acetyl-spectaline (LASSBio-755) and ten semi-synthetic spectaline derivatives. Structure-activity relationship (SARs) studies were performed. The structures of all synthesized derivatives were confirmed by means of nuclear magnetic resonance. Compounds were evaluated for their analgesic (acetic acid-induced mouse abdominal constrictions, hot-plate test, formalin-induced pain test) and some of them for the anti-inflammatory activities (carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test). The pharmacological results showed that several of the new compounds given orally at a dose of 100 micromol/kg significantly inhibited the acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions, but they were less active than (-)-spectaline. LASSBio-755 and LASSBio-776 were the most actives with 37% and 31.7% of inhibition. In the formalin-induced pain only LASSBio-776 was able to inhibit by 34.4% the paw licking response of the inflammatory phase, (-)-spectaline and LASSBio-755 did show any activity. In the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, only (-)-spectaline exhibited an anti-inflammatory profile, showing an ED(50) value of 56.6 micromol/kg. Our results suggest different mechanisms of action for the analgesic activity observed for LASSBio-776 (3-O-Boc-spectaline), LASSBio-755 (3-O-acetyl-spectaline) and (-)-spectaline (LASSBio-754). The antinociceptive profile of some of the semi-synthetic spectaline derivatives extends our research concerning the chemical and pharmacological optimization of isolated natural products in the search of new drug candidates from Brazilian biodiversity.

Synthesis of 1-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-3-[5-(substituted aryl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]propan-1-ones as safer anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents

A novel series of 1-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-3-[5-(substituted aryl)-1,3,4-oxa- diazol-2-yl]propan-1-one was synthesized by reaction of 3-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)propionic acid with several aryl acid hydrazides in phosphorus oxychloride. The structures of the compounds were supported by IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR, MS data and elemental analysis results. These compounds were tested for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, ulcerogenic and lipid peroxidation actions. A few compounds were found to have very good anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test, while a fair number of the compounds showed significant analgesic activity in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. These new compounds showed very low ulcerogenic action with reduced malondialdehyde content (MDA), which is one of the by-products of lipid peroxidation.

Non‐carboxylic Analogues of Naproxen: Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of some 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole/Thiadiazole and 1,2,4‐Triazole Derivatives

A series of substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole (2-7 and 14-19), 1,2,4-triazole (20-25), and 1,3,4-thiadiazole (26-31) derivatives of naproxen have been synthesized by cyclization of 2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)propanoic acid hydrazide 1 and N(1)[2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl) propanoyl]-N(4)-alkyl/aryl-thiosemicarbazides (8-13) under various reaction conditions. All the compounds were screened for their anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test method. Compounds showing high anti-inflammatory activity were also tested for their analgesic, ulcerogenic, and lipid peroxidation. Few of the synthesized compounds showed significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities along with reduced ulcerogenic effect and lipid peroxidation.

Investigation Of Anti-Inflammatory Activity Of Bergamot Oil

Aim: Essential oil of Bergamot (BO) was investigated for anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test. Methods: For the anti-inflammatory activity measurement six different groups were established and BO was administered in three different doses: 0.025, 0.05 and 0.10 mL/kg. Indomethacin was used as a reference agent. Results: It was found that reduction in the inflammation was 95.70% with indomethacin, 27.56% with 0.025 mL/kg BO, 30.77% with 0.05 mL/kg BO and 63.39% with 0.10 mL/kg BO. Indomethacin showed the strongest anti-inflammatory activity among the drugs used. The strongest anti-inflammatory activity of BO was seen with 0.10 mL/kg dosage. Median effective dose (ED50) value of BO was found to be 0.079 mL/kg. Conclusion: The results showed that BO posseses promising anti-inflammatory effect.

Antinociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Viburnum lantana.

Water extract of Viburnum lantana. L. (Caprifoliaceae) (VL) leaf was investigated for antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in mice and rats. The tail-flick test, acetic acid–induced writhing test, and the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test were used to determine these effects. Our findings show that VL causes dose-related inhibition in acetic acid–induced abdominal stretching in mice. VL inhibited abdominal stretching at 100 mg/kg, which is similar to that of aspirin, but this extract exhibited stronger antinociceptive activity than aspirin at a 200 mg/kg dose. VL showed powerful antinociceptive activity, which was quantified by a tail-flick test in 100 mg/kg dose. The anti-inflammatory activity of VL was not found to be significantly different at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. As a result, VL had shown slight anti-inflammatory activity compared with indomethacin. The LD50 of VL was determined as 2.169 g/kg.