Carpinus Caroliniana Research Articles

Redescription of Acrobasis caryae Grote and Descriptions of Three New Species of Acrobasis (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae)1,2

The name Acrobasis caryae Grote is restricted to populations of Acrobasis that feed within shoots of several species of hickory: Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet., C. pallida Ashe, C. cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch, C. ovata (Mill.) K. Koch, and C. tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. Populations of Acrobasis associated with shoots of pecan, Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch in spring and with the nuts of pecan during later generations (the pecan nut casebearer of economic literature) are not A. caryae , but a distinct taxon which is designated A. nuxvorella , n. sp. Additional species described as new are A. elyi , which feeds principally in the rachis of C. tomentosa , and A. carpiniyorella , which feeds on the leaves of Carpinus caroliniana Walt.

Elm as Deer Browse

Sprouts and tops of American elm (Ulmus americana) were preferred woody deer browse on the Allegheny National Forest in northwestern Pennsylvania. More than 90 percent of the succulent sprouts and two-thirds of the available twigs in the tops of trees felled in winter were utilized in the growing season after cutting. Elm was found to sprout vigorously from stumps, and from the boles of trees that were successfully hinged to the stumps. These results are in general contrast to reports in the literature on deer browse in which elm is listed as low in use. The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virgianus) has the reputation of being a highly selective feeder, browsing heavily on some plants, nibbling lightly or not at all on others. This paper reports on heavy utilization of American elm twigs as browse in northwestern Pennsylvania during spring and summer. Observations of the use of elm by deer were made in the late summer of 1964 in a northern hardwood poletimber stand, 40 to 60 years old, on the Allegheny National Forest in northwestern Pennsylvania. About 12 acres had been thinned the previous winter in one of the blocks used to study a method for increasing deer-browse production in poletimber stands (Jordan et al. 1965). Before cutting, elm was common in the stand, comprising up to 10 percent of the stems. Associated species were sugar maple (Acer saccharum), black cherry (Prunus serotina), basswood (Tilia americana), white ash (Fraxinus americana), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), and blue beech ( Carpinus caroliniana). Slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), beech (Fagus grandifolia), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), black birch (Betula lenta), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), red maple (Acer rubrum), and striped maple (A. pensylvanicum) were less common, occurring mainly as isolated trees. Under the stand-improvement method used, all stems except selected future crop trees were cut to produce browse. Wellformed sugar maple, white ash, and black cherry were favored in the residual stand. In the late summer following cutting, a randomized sample of woody browse production and utilization yielded the following number of twigs per acre and percent of browsing by species: sugar maple 183,900, 6.4; yellow birch 52,900, 15.7; hophornbeam 28,800, 6.6; basswood 14,400, 59.0; white ash 11,000, 23.6; black cherry 8,700, 21.8; blue beech 6,800, 0.0; beech 1,700, 11.8; and striped maple 300, 0.0. In felling, an effort was made to hinge the stem to the stump so that the top would remain alive to produce browse in succeeding years. Thus browse was produced by both the stumps and tops, and in many instances along the bole of the tree. American elm was found to sprout vigorously from the stumps, and from the boles of trees that were successfully hinged. To determine the extent to which American elm was browsed, individual trees accessible to deer were selected, and all browsed and unbrowsed twigs 2 inches or more in length to 5 ft in height were recorded. The twigs were grouped into three categories: stump sprouts, stem sprouts, and tops.

A Device for Determining Duck Brood Hatching Dates

A circular calculator is described for determining duck brood hatching dates. The inexpensive device, which was found to be accurate and time saving, is easy to operate and construct. Biologists working with large volumes of brood data have found that special devices expedite back-dating for constructing hatching curves. Schroeder (1957) developed a series of calculators for dealing with large numbers of duck broods. Kabat et al. (1950) described a modified slide rule used for back-dating natural events in game animals. Another modified slide rule was used by Reeves (1952) for back-dating quail broods. With the exception of Schroeder's (1957) device, the aids to back-dating broods involve modifying a standard slide rule. Unfortunately, to do this accurately is difficult, and the cost of a slide rule to be modified is considerable. Schroeder's device for duck brood data consists of a set of circular calculators; one is required for each species of duck. The device described here is a single c lculator developed for determining hatching dates of duck broods in conjunction with Gollop and Marshall's (1954) field guide to aging. The hatching dates of other species, of course, can be determined where aging criteria are available. 195 also. There was no animal material in any of the stomachs. My data suggest that leading sources of food for wood ducks in the Southeast are water oak, pin oak, baldcypress, sweetgum, water hickory, ash (Fraximus sp.), green hawthorn (Crataegus viridis), and American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana). Where wood ducks are important, I recommend that these trees be left when timber stand improvement is being conducted on areas managed for both timber and wildlife.

Notes on the Habits and Siphonapterous Parasites of the Mammals of Welland County, Ontario

Over a period of several years, pertinent data were gathered on the life histories of several species of mammals at Point Abino, Welland County, Ontario. Observations and collections were made from November 24-26 and December 24-26, 1939; April 2-6, 1940; March 30-April 3, 1941; and August 23-September 22, 1942, at this locality and at irregular intervals elsewhere in Welland County. Several of the typical habitats of this part of Ontario are represented in the immediate vicinity of Point Abino. The area considered is approximately 700 acres of which 75 percent is woodland, the remainder being grassland and beaches. The dominant woody vegetation is deciduous. Black oak (Quercus velutina), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), black walnut (Juglans nigra), ironwoods (Ostrya virginiana and Carpinus caroliniana), beech (Fagus grandifolia), tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera), wild cherries (Prunus serotina, P. virginiana, and P. pennsylvanica), maples (Acer saccharum and A. rubrum), basswood (Tilia americana), white ash (Fraxinus americana), and white pine (Pinus strobus) and hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) are the trees most commonly seen. The dominant shrubs are spice bush (Lindera benzoin), witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), dogwoods (Cornus stolonifera, C. racemosa, and C. aiternifolia), wild black current (Ribes americana), and arrow-woods (Viburnum dentatum, V. acerifolium, and V. trilobum). The area was trapped regularly, using small snap-back traps, steel traps, and live traps. The specimens were placed in white flannel bags immediately upon removal from the traps, and the fleas were saved for later identification. Stomachs were preserved in every instance and, although the numbers are insufficient for statistical analysis, they are used here to indicate the important food items. In preparation of this paper I have received guidance from Dr. Edward C. Raney. Dr. Duane Isely gave me much assistance in the identification of the botanical material.

SAP PRESSURE AND EXUDATION

SAP PRESSURE AND EXUDATION