Carpet Research Articles

Recycled Jute Non-Woven Material Coated with Polyaniline/TiO2 Nanocomposite for Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Water.

Growing volumes of textile waste and heavy metal pollution of water are emerging environmental challenges. In an attempt to tackle these issues, a non-woven sorbent based on jute fibers was fabricated by recycling the textile waste from the carpet industry. The influence of contact time, concentration, pH and temperature on the sorption of lead and copper ions from aqueous solutions was studied. In order to enhance the sorption capacity of the non-woven material, in situ synthesis of polyaniline (PANI) in the presence of TiO2 nanostructures was performed. The contribution of TiO2 nanoparticles and TiO2 nanotubes to the uniformity of PANI coating and overall sorption behavior was compared. Electrokinetic measurements indicated increased swelling of modified fibers. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy revealed the formation of the emeraldine base form of PANI. FESEM confirmed the creation of the uniform nanocomposite coating over jute fibers. The modification with PANI/TiO2 nanocomposite resulted in a more than 3-fold greater sorption capacity of the material for lead ions, and a 2-fold greater absorption capacity for copper ions independently of applied TiO2 nanostructure. The participation of both TiO2 nanostructures in PANI synthesis resulted in excellent cover of jute fibers, but the form of TiO2 had a negligible effect on metal ion uptake.

Effect of borosilicate residue as flame retardant and reinforcement filler in polypropylene/natural fiber composites

AbstractThis study evaluated the influence of adding borosilicate residue (BS) as a flame retardant in polypropylene (PP) and natural fiber composites. The natural fibers used in this study come from the residue of the carpet industry, which is composed of PP and jute fibers (JT), while the PP used as the polymer matrix is postindustrial recycled material. The composites were produced by corotational twin‐screw extrusion and injection molding to obtain the test specimens. A coating process was carried out to add the water‐soluble fraction of BS to the surface of the compositions that did not receive it through incorporation during processing. To characterize the composites, flammability tests, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile strength test, and morphological analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM) were performed. The addition of only 2 wt% BS content induces an increase in thermal stability of 32 and 109°C for composites with and without natural fibers, respectively. The addiction of 20 wt% BS elevates the elastic modulus up to 27% of the composites with and without natural fibers. The BS characterization indicates that it could be applied as a flame retardant when applied as coating methods using the water‐soluble fraction of BS, reducing the burning rate up to 92%. Flammability results are similar for formulations with and without natural fibers, indicating that the natural fibers did not influence the proposed flame retardant. The findings suggest that BS coating is a potential solution to improve the properties of natural fiber‐reinforced polymer composites while also promoting waste recycling. This approach produces composites with improved flammability, thermal stability, and mechanical properties, making them suitable for various end applications.

Postindustrial Jute Waste as a Support for Nano-Carbon Nitride Photocatalyst: Influence of Chemical Pretreatment.

Non-woven jute (NWJ) produced from carpet industry waste was oxidized by H2O2 or alkali-treated by NaOH and compared with water-washed samples. Changes in the structure of the NWJ, tracked by X-ray diffraction (XRD), showed that both chemical treatments disrupt hydrogen bond networks between cellulose Iβ chains of the NWJ fibers. Thereafter, nano-carbon nitride (nCN) was impregnated, using a layer-by-layer technique, onto water-washed jute samples (nCN-Jw), NaOH-treated samples (nCN-Ja) and-H2O2 treated samples (nCN-Jo). Analysis of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of the impregnated samples revealed that nCN anchors to the water-washed NWJ surface through hemicellulose and secondary hydroxyl groups of the cellulose. In the case of chemically treated samples, nCN is preferentially bonded to the hydroxymethyl groups of cellulose. The stability and reusability of prepared nCN-jute (nCN-J) samples were assessed by tracking the photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 (AO7) dye under simulated solar light irradiation. Results from up to ten consecutive photocatalytic cycles demonstrated varying degrees of effectiveness across different samples. nCN-Jo and nCN-Ja samples exhibited declining effectiveness over cycles, attributed to bond instability between nCN and jute. In contrast, the nCN-Jw sample consistently maintained high degradation rates over ten cycles, with a dye removal percentage constantly above 90%.

Major handicrafts of Uttar Pradesh and various institutions and schemes for their development

Uttar Pradesh is a state that is rich in various arts and crafts. Uttar Pradesh is home to many unique and diverse crafts that make it one of the most culturally rich states. Being home to various cultures, there are diversities in the crafts of Uttar Pradesh. The same legacy of arts and crafts has been carried forward by the people of Uttar Pradesh till date and that is why the crafts and handicrafts of Uttar Pradesh are world famous. Uttar Pradesh is famous for its unique arts and crafts that tell its rich heritage, traditions and culture. Uttar Pradesh is famous for various types of crafts, silk sarees, pottery, woven carpets, perfumes etc. Agra and Kanpur are known for their leather goods, Moradabad for its metal artifacts and Lucknow for its chikankari embroidery. The present research paper makes us aware of the various handicrafts of Uttar Pradesh and the various institutions and schemes involved in their development.

The Global Competitiveness of Turkish Carpet Industry: Comparative Advantages of Tufted and Woven Carpet

Countries with scarce resources should specialize in industries in which they are more productive. The carpet industry is an industry where Turkey is at the top of the list in exports. The woven and tufted carpet industry has a large part of the world carpet trade. The aim of this study is to analyze the competitiveness of Turkey in the weaving and tufted carpet industries and to compare it with China, Belgium and India. As a result of the study, Turkey has a comparative advantage in the weaving and tufted carpet sector. It has a comparative advantage in both sectors in Belgium and India. However, China's comparative advantage is not found in both sectors.

The Impact of Brand Reputation on Industries in Saudi Arabia on Mada Carpet

This research investigates the impact of brand reputation on the Mada Carpet industry in Saudi Arabia. The study aims to examine the relationship between brand reputation and customer trust, as well as the subsequent effects on customer outcomes. A theoretical model is proposed, wherein brand reputation serves as the independent variable, customer trust acts as the mediating variable, and customer outcomes represent the dependent variable. The research employs a quantitative and qualitative research design, utilizing survey questionnaires to collect data from a sample of customers and employees in the Mada Carpet industry. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of the significance of brand reputation and customer trust in the carpet industry, providing insights for practitioners to enhance customer outcomes. Theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed based on the results obtained.

Understanding the best practices of cradle to cradle in furnishings, carpet, and textile industries–A case studies analysis and conceptual model

Cradle to Cradle (C2C) is a shift in the furnishing, carpet, and textile industries, aiming to minimize environmental impact through closed-loop production. This study explores the best practices for C2C implementation using deductive qualitative coding. Case studies of H&M, Levi’®, DESSO, and Herman Miller reveal challenges such as high initial costs, limited C2C material availability, and scalability of closed-loop recycling. However, the study identifies C2C adoption best practices: prioritizing safe materials, research and development investment, closed-loop systems, stakeholder education, and supportive policies as keys to overcoming challenges and achieving circularity. Theoretically, the study connects C2C strategy with real-world critical industry sector implementation in furnishings, carpets, and textiles and identifies best practices and challenges for C2C success in these industries. Practically, the study offers actionable recommendations for manufacturing companies and policymakers to implement C2C principles, reducing their environmental footprint, gaining a competitive advantage, and contributing to a more sustainable future.

The carpet industry and its impact on the Iranian economy During the Qajar period (1796-1899)

The topic of this research is considered one of the important historical subjects; its significance lies in the fact that carpet weaving is an industry that enjoys a special status compared to common industries, crafts, and known artistic specializations. The use of various artistic decorations and patterns on carpets has added charm and beauty to this industry, making it an active attraction for European tourists and foreign investors at the time. In our research, we have chosen to address the development of this industry and how it transformed from a craft practiced in homes and villages to an important urban industry, whose products formed the largest portion of the country’s exports. We shed light on the role of kings in establishing and developing carpet weaving workshops, especially those established in royal palaces and mosques. We also highlighted the contribution of the wealthy and courtiers in this field, and the extent of the connection that art of painting had with this industry, after weavers introduced silk flowers they wove using hand looms. In addition, we focused on the intellectual and cultural atmosphere that surrounded the artists during that era, their influence by Western culture, and its reflection on the carpet industry in particular, and on architecture and other arts in general. Thus, our research includes a brief study of the topic, with an analysis of some related details, relying on numerous Persian sources.

A STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF POLYPROPYLENE CARPETS PRODUCED WITH DIFFERENT FILAMENT FINENESS AND SLIP ADDITIVE RATIOS UNDER STATIC LOADING

Polypropylene, which is one of the most used polymers in machine carpet production as pile yarn, has some disadvantages need to be developed, such as lower resilience, flattening, matting etc. For this reason, there are so many studies in order to improve the inferior properties of polypropylene in carpet industry. In this study, eight carpet samples were produced by polypropylene BCF yarns with two filament fineness (3.7 and 9.5 dpf) and four ratios of slip additive (0 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 1 wt%, 2 wt%). In order to determine the effects of different filament fineness and additive percentage on thickness loss and resilience, carpet samples were exposed to short-term static loading test. According to the results, samples with 9.5 dpf filament fineness had lower thickness loss values compared to those of samples with 3.7 dpf filament fineness. Besides, the resilience behaviours of samples with 9.5 dpf filament fineness were also obtained to be better than samples with 3.7 dpf filament fineness. In consideration with slip additive percentages, although a trend was not observed between the increased additive ratio and mechanical responses of carpets, a difference was obtained between pure and 2 wt% additive blended samples. The blended samples with 2 wt% additive had shown lower thickness loss and higher resilience compared to neat samples.

International organizations and the question of child labor in the Iranian carpet industry

ABSTRACT This article examines child labor in the Iranian carpet industry, from around 1890 to 1930. During this period, child labor was shaped by a combination of local and global factors, including the involvement of international organizations of various kinds. Whereas European carpet firms, under the protection of British diplomats in Iran, employed and exploited Iranian children, British missionaries attempted to alleviate the physical harm that befell child laborers and treated them in missionary hospitals. In the years following the First World War, the International Labour Organization approached the Iranian government with a direct request to curb the practice, and British diplomats supervised and reported on what they saw as an improvement in the working conditions of these children. I argue that both child labor and the attempts to curb it were intrinsically linked to children’s bodies – their abilities, health, and protection. Children’s supple fingers were considered ideal for carpet knotting, and the damage this labor caused young bodies was central to the discourse on improving their labor conditions. This article uses the lens of childhood history to shed light on some of the intricacies of the attempts to regulate child labor in Iran and to analyze Western observers’ views on this issue.

Automated classification of hand-woven and machine-woven carpets based on morphological features using machine learning algorithms

As a cultural heritage, hand-woven carpets engender trust and admiration in individuals who recognize their authenticity. It is the expertise of experts who determine whether a carpet is hand-woven or machine-woven based on authenticity criteria. A total of 48 morphological features were extracted by three carpet experts from 359 handwoven and machine woven carpets. Machine-learning algorithms were used to classify the extracted features. With an accuracy of 96.66%, the ANN algorithm achieved the best classification performance. Afterward, 28 morphological features were selected with the highest gain ratios and reclassified. Based on the selected features, SVM (Support Vector Machine) achieved the best classification accuracy of 96.66%. A carpet expert performed classification using the morphological features extracted by machine learning algorithms to evaluate the classification results obtained through machine learning algorithms. When 48 morphological features were used, the accuracy was 98.61%, and when 28 morphological features were used, the accuracy was 97.77%. Based on the results, artificial intelligence techniques are suitable for detecting morphological features in hand-woven and machine-woven carpets and for automatically classifying them.

Digitalization assessment features in the carpet industry of Kazakhstan

Object: Analysis of the digitalization assessment methods which can be used to evaluate the carpet industry of Kazakhstan. In turn such analysis requires to consider the modern trends in digitalization and global digitalization.Methods: Authors examine the social and economic aspects of the digital transformation of the carpet industry in Kazakhstan, associated primarily with the preparation, development and effective use of innovative human capital as a key factor to improve financial strength of an enterprise.Findings: Carpet industry has unique characteristics compared to other industries, mainly due to the quick changes in trends in the taste of the consumers and fast return of the investments. Digitalization of the carpet industry needs to be complex and cover all aspects in business cycle.Conclusions: Nowadays, digital transformation is becoming a crucial tool for improving the quality and financial return of the carpet production. Current methods of evaluating the digitalization became ineffective, as it covers only technical aspects. Thus, digitalization needs to cover all aspects in the business cycle. In turn, such a complex method, allows to improve financial performance and labor productivity of a carpet producing enterprise

Statistical Analysis of the Effect of Viscose Air-jet Spun Yarn Process variables on the Tensile properties of Plied yarns based on Taguchi Method

In this study, the effect of process parameters of 100% viscose air-jet spun yarns produced by Autoairo spinning machine on tensile properties of plied yarns were investigated. Spinning draft, delivery speed, and count of single yarn besides the twist of plied yarns were selected as process parameters. The count of plied yarn was Ne 7.5 which is one the most common yarns used as plied yarn in machine made carpet industry. The Taguchi L18 orthogonal array method was used to evaluate the effect of process parameters on physical and mechanical properties of plied yarns. The significance of independent variables on breaking strength and breaking elongation of plied yarns was evaluated statistically based on Taguchi and ANOVA method at 95% confidence level. Moreover, the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) method was used to evalute the longitudinal cross section of yarns. Our findings confirmed the aforementioned parameters have different effect on tensile properties of single and plied yarns.

TECHNICAL CONDITION OF THE FORMER LINEN SPINNING FACTORY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY IN VITEBSK

The analysis of space-planning and constructive solution of woven carpet products manufacturing building which was built at the beginning of the 20th century in Vitebsk was performed. On the basis of visual and instrumental examinations of building constructions, calibration calculations and obtained results the conclusions about technical condition of constructions were made. The recommendations for its further reconstruction and reliable operation are given. The reconstruction of the historical building of industrial architecture will help to preserve it for future generations.

Вклад Фан Сяньтина в изучение проблем индустриализации Китая (1920-е – 1930-е гг.)

The article examines the history of the searches for China’s industrialization strategy in the writings of Fang Xianting. The experience of studying the history of the industrial development of England and the influence of the German historical school became important components of his understanding of China’s economic prospects in the first half of the 20th century. The starting point for the study of Chinese economy was Bücher’s classification of types of industrial organization in their historical evolution. Analysis of data collected by Fang Xianting on the socio-economic characteristics of a number of industries (carpet industry, cotton industry) made it possible to identify the obstacles to industrialization. The scholar recommended focusing on the development of rural industry while avoiding following the Western model of concentration of large enterprises in the cities. Rural industry needed no large investments, resources and sophisticated equipment, it could use the labor of peasants and was not under the control of foreign powers. Although China’s rural industry suffered from reduction in sales to foreign markets during the global crisis, Fang Xianting hoped for its revival and transformation into a driving force for industrialization. In the development of small-scale decentralized production, he saw the possibility of counteracting foreign dumping, preserving the family as a production unit and maintaining social stability. The scholar recommended developing a system of rural cooperatives that can protect the economic interests of producers and increase the competitiveness of Chinese goods. It is concluded that Fang Xianting’s research has become an important part of the advancement of Chinese economists towards a deeper understanding of the prospects of China’s industrialization that take into account national specifics. His research method combined the collection of objective economic information with the study of political, social and legal institutions for the sake of identifying the impact of industrialization on Chinese society. Emphasis on the priority of rural industry reveals the historical origins of the economic strategy in the initial stage of Chinese reforms in the 1980s that was aimed at improving the living standards of peasants through the development of rural industries.

Supply chain design and planning for the carpet industry considering recycling processes

This paper introduces a mixed-integer linear programming model to tackle the design and planning problem of Closed Loop Supply Chains in the carpet industry. A distinctive feature of the approach is handling different recovery processes involving dissimilar activities and flows of recovered materials. Moreover, the reverse network facilities and logistics are completely integrated with the forward network structure, in order to obtain a high level of customer supply while considering economic goals. In addition, the economies of scale for the recycling facilities are also explicitly handled. The model allows to determine the products and quantities to be manufactured, transported, stored, and recycled to cover the demand of a set of customers. The objective function is to maximize the profit of the whole life-cycle of products. An example based on an industrial case that involves the recovery of raw materials is presented to show the relevance of the method.

Treatment of carpet and textile industry effluents using Diplosphaera mucosa VSPA: A multiple input optimisation study using artificial neural network-genetic algorithms

The wastewater treatment efficiency of Diplosphaera mucosa VSPA was enhanced by optimising five input parameters and increasing the biomass yield. pH, temperature, light intensity, wastewater percentage (pollutant concentration), and N/P ratio were optimised, and their effects were studied. Two competitive techniques, response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN), were applied for constructing predictive models using experimental data generated according to central composite design. Both MATLAB and Python were used for constructing ANN models. ANN models predicted the experimental data with high accuracy and less error than RSM models. Generated models were hybridised with a genetic algorithm (GA) to determine the optimised values of input parameters leading to high biomass productivity. ANN-GA hybridisation approach performed in Python presented optimisation results with less error (0.45%), which were 7.8 pH, 28.8 °C temperature, 105.20 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensity, 93.10 wastewater % (COD) and 23.5 N/P ratio.

Textured Polyester Fiber in Three-Dimensional (3D) Carpet Structure Application: Experimental Characterizations under Compression-Bending-Abrasion-Rubbing Loading.

In this article, textured polyester fiber was used as pile yarn in three-dimensional woven carpet structures. The properties of developed polyester carpets under various mechanical loading were studied. A statistical method was used to analyze the experimental data. Regression models were proposed to explain the relationships between carpet pile height and density. The study showed that the bending rigidity and curvature of dry and wet polyester pile fiber carpets were influenced by pile height and pile density (indirectly weft density) in that the downward concave large bending curvature was obtained from very dense carpet structures. In addition, the average dry bending rigidity of the carpet was over eight times higher than the average wet bending rigidity of the carpet. The thickness loss (%) and resilience (%) for each recovery period of various polyester carpets were proportional depending on the pile density. It was broadly decreased when the pile density was increased due to the compression load carrying capacity per polyester fiber knot, which was higher in carpets having dense knots compared to sparse knots per area. On the other hand, the polyester pile density and height largely affected the carpet mass losses (%) of all textured polyester carpets under an abrasion load. The number of strokes received after completely fractured polyester pile yarns during a rubbing test were increased when the pile heights for each pile density were increased. Findings from the study can be useful for polyester carpet designers and three-dimensional dry or impregnate polyester fiber-based preform designers in particularly complex shape molding part manufacturing.

Study on Fibre Reinforced Composites Developed by using Recycled Fibres from Garment Cut Waste

Garment cut wastes from apparel industries are used for various applications in various industries. Normally garment cut wastes and recycled fibres from garment cut wastes are used in textile, furniture, carpet, paper, automobile, construction, and agricultural industries in low mechanical performance applications. In this research, composites are developed by using recycled fibres obtained from garment cut wastes as reinforcement and with different types of matrices. Recycled fibres used as reinforcements are obtained from garment cut wastes of cotton, polyester and cotton/polyester fabrics to develop these composites. These composites are developed by using Epoxy resin, Kaolinite, Polypropylene sheet as matrices. Reinforcements and matrices have used in different compositions and combinations to develop these composites. The main advantages of this type of composites are to combine the different properties of different materials to obtain unique and high-performance material. Technical properties like thickness, mass per unit area, Tensile strength, Flexural strength, Impact strength, Water absorbency and Scanning Electron Microscope of developed composites were tested and analyzed. The outcome of the results demonstrates that many of the composite proportions with different blend, reinforcement and matrcies show superior mechanical performances when compare it with each other, and it can be recommended for many potential applications.

Non-woven sorbent based on recycled jute fibers for efficient oil spill clean-up: From production to biodegradation

Loose assemblies of cellulose fibers could be employed in the clean-up of oil spills, but the difficulty to separate them from the spill after use makes them impractical. In an effort to tackle this issue, a non-woven sorbent based on recycled jute fibers from the carpet industry was developed. To enhance the porosity and hydrophobicity/oleophilicity of the sorbent, carbonization in an inert atmosphere was carried out. A comparison in oil sorption performance between non-carbonized and carbonized sorbents was made by evaluating the oil capacity in a water medium, buoyancy, oil retention and reusability. Carbonization of sorbent resulted in more than doubled oil sorption capacity independent of oil viscosity. Oil viscosity did not affect the oil sorption capacity of non-carbonized sorbent. Carbonized sorbent showed superior buoyancy in water even after 24 hours, oil retention of approximately 60–80% after 3 hours and only 12–20% decline of oil sorption capacity after five repeated sorption/desorption trials. However, the ability of oiled non-carbonized sorbent to efficiently biodegrade in model compost (up to 45% weight loss after 10 weeks) makes it a sustainable candidate for oil spill clean-up.