Carpet Production Research Articles

TRANSFORMATION OF ECONOMIC SPECIALIZATION OF DAGESTAN PEOPLES: GENDER ASPECT

Economic specialization of the peoples of Dagestan was conditioned by natural environment and it influenced the process of social differentiation of labor, thus, most peoples consider all kinds of work connected with agriculture and cattle breeding to be men’s occupations, and household chores and most domestic crafts (spinning, production of carpets, palaces, woolen cloth, cotton and silk fabrics, linen, felting, bagging, making of woolen socks, stockings and outdoor woolen footwear) to be women’s occupations. Men’s crafts were sheepskin processing and metalwork. In the mountainous area, there was no strict gender differentiation of labor, as women’s labor was used quite widely, and independence of women was conditioned by men’s leaving for seasonal work. The traditional regulation of the gender differentiation of labor, adopted in the pre-revolutionary Dagestan society, has gradually lost its positions. During the Soviet period, the gender stratification of labor was leveled: women’s labor was not limited to the household, but was widely used in enterprises. Accelerated transformation of economic specialization took place in the post-Soviet period. The boundaries between what men can do and what is not permissible for them have actually erased, and this process began in the 1990s - the time of total men’s unemployment. Men began to explore new spheres and successfully realized their potential in the areas that had been considered exclusively women’s occupations. Changes in economic specialization could not but affect the intra-family relations of the Dagestan people. In a traditional society, the head of the family was always the father as the breadwinner and provider of the family, but in the present circumstances the head of the family is the one whose share in the family budget is greater. Recently, there have been cardinal changes in the employment of the population and in the minds of the Dagestan peoples, and the changes have significantly affected the gender differentiation of labor and gender stratification.

ARTISTIC AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DAGESTANI FLAT-WOVEN CARPETS

The article provides an overview of the technical, ornamental and decorative characteristics of the Dagestani flat-woven carpets. It is noted that the Dagestani carpet-weaving both in terms of the technique of weaving and ornamental richness of carpets and rugs, - is the original phenomenon; that Lezgi Sumakhs, Avar flat-woven «Davagin» and «Supradum» rugs with their unique images, Kumyk «Dum» with their inimitable combination of Caucasian and Turkic ornamental motifs, have no analogues in the World. Dagestani carpet-weaving, with all the diversity and uniqueness of local types and shapes of carpet, contains signs that allow to characterize it as a General, the Dagestani tradition. As a result of the involvement of the Dagestan Republic in the political, economic and cultural life of the Caucasus, the Muslim East, Russia, the influences on and innovations in the carpet production were inevitable. These innovations were expressed in the formation of aesthetic preferences, «fashion» and the demand for certain types of carpets, carpet craft refocusing on the needs of the market, in the dissemination of technology and ornamentation of carpets outside the areas of their traditional existence.

The Pathology of Weaving and Production of the Hand-woven Carpets: Heriz Region Case Study

The carpet, as one of the most precious achievement of people, is a culture. The world’s recognition of Iranian carpet and its glorification originates from endeavor of people who have integrated artistic verve with mysterious attractions of national culture and arts. This study is descriptive-analytic. The data were collected through field research method and direct communication with people and workshops of drawing, weaving, and dyeing. In fact, the assessment tools were taken to the field, and data collection was completed by questioning, interview, observation, and shooting. Then, they were used for derivation, classification, and analysis. SPSS software also used to analyze collected data. . According to the result of this study, regarding the latest forecasts for Iranian hand-woven carpet industry, carpet exports will increase in the future. Therefore, it is better to consider the weaving and marketing of the carpet as a luxury product in order to achieve the profits maintaining the incentive of production in all units involved in the hand-woven carpet’s production and also to reduce poor quality carpets available in the market.

Circular Economy Potential in the Carpet Industry

The circular economy approach implies significant different potentials, hurdles and barriers according to different industries and products – so far without systematically taking into account differences between sectors. This paper takes the example of the carpet industry that due to its so far low material recycling rates and resource intensity is highly interesting with regard to further promote and strengthen circular economy activities and outlining barriers as well as approaches for overcoming these. Focussing on the EU market, it analyses current material flows including end-of-life (EoL) treatment patterns as well as existing policy frameworks. In this paper three scenarios of carpet production are compared with regard to the material footprints: a nylon carpet with 100% virgin fibres, another nylon carpet with 50% virgin and 50% recycled fibres and a third carpet made from 100% recycled fibres. Considering the economic and environmental potentials of circular alternatives, the paper argues that focussing on increased recycling rates alone will not be beneficial but could rather lead to higher environmental burdens, if no significant design changes take place. Such changes need furthermore be accompanied by altered policy frameworks in order to make a circular carpet industry a viable option. These conclusions are based on analyses of the regulatory framework and treatment patterns and an environmental impact analysis of primary and secondary carpets.

Contradiction and Change in the Carpet Industry of Bhadohi

The paper examines the changes in the carpet industry due to the effect of globalisation by highlighting the changes in the use of the technology at the three stages of the carpet production namely designing, dyeing and weaving. The proposed paper examines the technological change in the carpet production process. The paper examines that the traditional mode of production is replaced with a new mode of production in the carpet industry. The paper examines the replacement of kath with khaddi, nakshakari with computer-aided designing and bhatta with boiler-dyeing plant.

An Exhibition Full of Troubling Charms: The Aït Khebbach Carpets at Musée Bargoin, Clermont-Ferrand, France

An Exhibition Full of Troubling Charms: The Aït Khebbach Carpets at Musée Bargoin, Clermont-Ferrand, France

Social Exclusion: A Case Study of Bhadohi Carpet Industry

The proposed paper examines six case studies of the Bhadohi Carpet Industry within the framework of ‘social exclusion’. After defining the concept social exclusion, the researchers have emphasized its relevance on Indian society, in general, carpet industry, in particular; it has been pointed out that the process of social exclusion has started due to the introduction of new technology in the process for production of carpets in Bhadohi. If distinction is made between actors involved in traditional designing as opposed to new designing with the help of the new technology conceptualised as computer-aided design (CAD), the case studies highlight the vulnerability of the traditional designers involved with the carpet industry due to penetration of the computer-aided designing in Bhadohi. As far as dyeing is concerned, traditional manual dyeing was dominant; however, boiler dyeing is replacing the manual dyeing and this is another example of advancement in technology. Finally, at the stage of weaving, earlier manual practice was predominant but gradually tufted/hand guns are replacing the manual weaving in the process of advancement in the carpet making.

Research on Automatic Winding System of Coreless Package

In order to solve the revolutionary labor cost, carpet loom yarn waste and production efficiency problem, the author puts forward a kind of new intelligent creel which is based on coreless package storage device. This paper summarizes the automatic winding system of intelligent creel and originally proposes the concept coreless package. The automatic winding unit is responsible for coreless package winding and auxiliary industrial robot finishes gripping, clipping and getting the yarn on. The system designs distributed control system (DCS) of Multi-robot for Intelligent creel based on CAN bus.

1,3-propanediol production by Escherichia coli expressing genes of dha operon from Clostridium butyricum 2CR371.5.

1,3-propanediol is used as a monomer in the production of some polymers e.g. polytrimethylene terephthalate used in the production of carpets and textile fibers and in the thermoplastics engineering. However, the traditional chemical synthesis is expensive, generates some toxic intermediates and requires a reduction step under high hydrogen pressure. Biological production of 1,3-propanediol could be an attractive alternative to the traditional chemical methods. Moreover, crude glycerol which is a by-product of biodiesel production, can be used. We constructed a recombinant Escherichia coli strain producing 1,3-propanediol from glycerol by introducing genes of the dha operon from Clostridium butyricum 2CR371.5, a strain from our collection of environmental samples and strains. The E. coli strain produced 3.7 g of 1,3-propanediol per one litre of culture with the yield of 0.3 g per 1 g of glycerol consumed.

Study of rural women's access to the training program for the manufacture of handmade carpets, New Valley

Targeted research to identify the level of benefit respondents of thetraining program for the manufacture of handmade carpets, and determine therelationship between the independent variables studied and the level of thisbenefit, conducted this research New Valley Governorate, has been selected thevillage of the El Kaser from the center of Dakhla where he was theimplementation of a training program for the manufacture of carpets in thevillage, and that in the first week of October 2011, and follow the implementation of this program take a theoretical lectures and practicaltraining, has been collecting research data through personal interview for 35sample, through the questionnaire are met data after exposure to the trainingprogram, has been the use of certain methods of statistical metadata, which wasin percentages, and the degree to medium and frequency distribution tables todisplay and describe the data, by using the computer program PSSS, was alsoused Pearson's correlation coefficient to test hypotheses and determine thestatistical significance or not significant relationship between the dependentvariable and independent variables studied. The results show that 11.4% ofrespondents fall into the category of low utilization of theoretical lectures thetraining program for the manufacture of handmade carpets, and 31.4% of themfall into the category of average utilization, while 57.2% of them fall into thecategory of high benefit.The results indicate that 20% of the respondents fall into the category oflow utilization of the training program applied for the manufacture ofhandmade carpets, and 37.1% of them fall into the category of averageutilization, while 42.9% of respondents in the category of high benefit.The results show that contained 25.7% of respondents fall into thecategory of low utilization of the marketing methods of handmade carpets ofthe training program, and that 40% of them fall into the category of averageutilization, while 34.3% of respondents fall into the category of high benefit.The results showed that nearly two thirds of the respondents 42.9% fallin the category of those with low utilization of the total score to take advantageof the training program for the manufacture of handmade carpets, and thepercentage of 20.0% of them fall into the category of those with averageutilization, and 37.1% of them fall into the category of benefit high.The results indicated that the total degree of the level of benefitrespondents of the training program for the manufacture of handmade carpetswere significant at the level of 0.01 each of the age, degree of educationsurveyed, and the degree of exposure to sources of information on themanufacture of carpets, and the degree of the trend towards modernization,while the relationship was significant at the level of 0.05 with each of thevariables influenced by the degree of reference sources from the manufacture ofcarpets, and the degree of opinion leadership, while there were not significantrelationship with the variable size of agricultural holdings, and the degree ofopenness geographical location. It is recommended that research should beintensified and the implementation of those programs and activities for theadvancement of the process of manufacture of handmade carpets and marketingand give the rural experience in order to increase their skills in the industry, andthis requires the provision of facilities and equipment necessary for theimplementation of those activities and programs, and to increase the expertiseof staff training to see what's new and innovative in the manufacture of carpetsmanual and to connect these skills to the trainees of rural women and persuadethem to apply through the provision of persuasive techniques that help to apply all that is a novelty in the production of handmade carpets, to work onincreasing productivity to improve the quality of marketing possibilities.

Wool characteristics in the third generation of Arkharmerino × Ghezel and Arkharmerino × Moghani crossbreed sheep

This investigation was conducted to evaluate the comparative productive performances and effect of some environmental factors on wool characteristics of Arkharmerino × Ghezel (Ar × Gh) and Arkharmerino × Moghani (Ar × Mo) crossbreed sheep. The mid-side fleece samples taken from animals during 2years (2007-2008) were analyzed. Each sample was measured for average fiber diameter, fiber diameter variability, staple length, proportion of medullated fiber, proportion of kemp, and comfort factor. The comparative values for these fleece characteristics in F(3) generation Ar × Gh were 28.78 ± 0.48μm, 36.84 ± 1.16%, 11.94 ± 0.35cm, 7.07 ± 0.93%, 1.02 ± 0.23%, and 68.93%, respectively; while those traits were 29.79 ± 0.43μm, 41.86 ± 1.16%, 11.96 ± 0.37cm, 8.13 ± 1.06%, 2.71 ± 0.45%, and 63.33 ± 3.66% for Ar × Mo, respectively. The effects of genotype, sex, birth type, and year of birth were analyzed. Genotype had a significant (P < 0.01) effect on average fiber diameter and proportion of kemp, and Ar × Gh crossbreeds had lower diameter with less proportion of kemp. The two differences in fiber characteristics that were attributable to sex were fiber diameter variability and proportion of medullated fiber, and females had higher measure than males for both traits. Statistical analysis showed that crossbreeding with Arkharmerino generally had positive effects on the fleece favored to be used in the hand woven authentic carpet production.

How Interface innovates with suppliers to create sustainability solutions

AbstractBecoming a sustainable and restorative company can mean rethinking the basic components of your products. This leading carpet manufacturer's innovations, including those developed in collaboration with key suppliers, have changed the industry and moved the company closer to its sustainability goals. The author explains the company's seven areas of sustainability focus, and the role innovation plays in reducing its negative impact on the environment. He then describes Interface's approach for building supplier commitment and participation in these goals, and examines the firm's partnership with Universal Fibers, which led to the first commercially viable processes for incorporating postindustrial and postconsumer nylon in carpet facing and for salvaging old carpet from end‐of‐life disposal and recycling it into materials for new carpet production. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Computer-assisted image analysis for the comparison of sampling methods for assessing wool properties in Arkharmerino × Ghezel crossbreed sheep

Usually investigations on wool properties are carried out using classical instruments like a Projection Microscope at wool laboratories in Iran. It is readily acknowledged that the Projection Microscope is of limited usefulness. Firstly, it is a very slow and labour intensive technique. Secondly, it is very imprecise when a single operator conducts measurements within one laboratory. Image analysis presents a quick, reliable, unbiased technique for determining wool properties (Rose and Debra, 2001). The application of computer-assisted image analysis to the measurement of wool properties potentially enables a significant reduction in the counting time for each sample. Recently in Iran, coarse-mixed wools have been valued and used in similar areas as finer wools. Coarse-mixed wools can be blended with artificia1 fibres to produce high valued clothes. They are also used widely in carpet production. This is why, in Iran, carpet wool breeds of increasing fleece weight is a main selection target, with improvement of fineness and uniformity as the next most important. Typically small samples from the whole fleece are taken using a scissors. The samples can be taken from six regions, i.e. neck, back, hip, shoulder, flank and rump, however usually they are taken from three regions, namely the shoulder, last rib and rump, in breeds with coarse-mixed wools. These sampling methods cause loss of time and require more labour. In this research, two methods of sampling the Arkharmerino × Ghezel fleece were compared. Sampling from only over the right mid-side, as occurs in fine wool breeds was compared with taking samples from three regions (shoulder, last rib and rump).

The Marginalization of Globally-Born Businesses: Ethnically Divided Trade in Hamburg and the World Economy-The Case of Global Persian Carpet Trade through Ethnic Networks

Problem statement: Persian carpets have long been a major commodity in the world market, controlled by the Tehran Carpet Bazaar and the Hamburg Free Harbor. Today about 200 private traders in the Hamburg Free Harbor area export their carpets to about 10,000 private carpet traders throughout the world, these being mainly of Iranian origin. The case of Persian Carpet represents one of the most magnificent and powerful examples of ethnic enclave economy in contemporary world. Approach: This study brought about some in depth knowledge, qualitative as well as quantitative, of how such an ethnic enclave economy of scale operates, how it reproduced itself and how it met the challenges, be it political, demographical or others. Results: The study showed, that in spite of major political turbulence in Iran since 1979, the spreading of state controlled trading companies inside and outside of Iran and increasing international market pressure due to the growth of copying production of Persian carpets in other countries, the Tehran-Hamburg axis remains the core of this trade-with private Iranian traders occupying the dominant position on both sides of the transaction line. Taking a closer look it became obvious that in particular, it is Iranian traders of Azarbaidjan descent who speak Azari, a language similar to Turkish, who control the trade in both cities. Understanding the character and strategies of ethnic economy and ethnic enclave economy this study concludes, that it was necessary to look beyond and within the demarcation of national background and even ethnic boundaries in a broader sense according to which these phenomena mistakenly had been attempted to be explained. Conclusion: The engine of ethnic enclave economy cannot be upheld without a core, entrance into mainstream economy which required both more than common national and ethnic background. The challenge for this economy is how to dissolve from strong ties to more loose organization based on rationally structured mode of organization. So far, however, the limited group of traders stick together in order to remain in control of this world-wide billion dollars trade.

The wool properties and body weights of the indigenous Red Karaman and Karyaka sheep breeds of Turkey

Sheep breeding has an important role in animal production in Turkey. The diversity of animal genetic resources of Turkey have not been fully appraised and some indigenous farm animal breeds are in danger of disappearing even before being scientifically defined. An equilibrium is needed between the genetic improvement studies and the conservation of the genetic resources Ozcan et al (1994). The greatest part of the wool produced by the indigenous sheep breeds in Turkey is of coarse and mixed type of wool and most of it is used in the hand woven authentic carpet production Kizilay (1986). This paper reports body weights and wool production characteristics of the indigenous Red Karaman and Karayaka sheep breeds.

An investigation on the effects of heat-setting process on the properties of polypropylene bulked continuous filament yarns

Heat-set bulked continuous filament (BCF) polypropylene yarns constitute one of the most important pile yarns used in the production of machine-woven carpets. As carpets made from non-heat-set BCF polypropylene yarns lack resiliency and loss of appearance, heat setting of BCF yarns has proved to be very useful in overcoming these deficiencies. This work aimed to investigate the effects of dry steam heat setting on the structure, properties and structural–property relationship of industrially produced heat-set BCF polypropylene yarns. It was ascertained that while tenacity, initial modulus, bending rigidity, crimp contraction and shrinkage decrease as a result of heat setting process, there is an increase in the yarn linear density. Because of these mechanical changes, the resiliency of BCF polypropylene yarns is positively affected by heat-setting process, and as a result, a better wear and look for the carpet pile yarns. Changes in mechanical properties result from microstructural changes, namely, recrystallization induced by heat-setting process. Recrystallization leads to a higher overall crystallinity, with a higher number of smaller crystallites giving improved orientation. Lower initial modulus leads to a lower flexural rigidity or stiffness, thus giving rise to a better resiliency of heat-set BCF polypropylene yarns. This is related to the formation of smaller size crystallites in spite of the higher degree of crystallinity.

Ethnic identity and instrumentality in Tibeto-Nepalese carpet production

The invasion of Tibet by the People's Republic of China in 1959 was a disaster for that Himalayan society, as tens of thousands fled to India and millions more remained behind to endure cultural op...

Labor Markets and Migration in Nepal

Nepal is witnessing a transition from a predominantly agrarian economy to one where nonagricultural income opportunities are increasingly important. The significance of wage labor in (semi)industrial production and in the service sector is growing rapidly. Along with these changes, there is increasing labor migration as part of the population seeks work in labor markets in urban areas, both in Nepal and India or further abroad. Within the Nepalese urban labor market, carpet production evolved as one of the most prominent industries during the early 1990s, experiencing high annual growth rates. Yet this “gold rush” was followed by a dramatic decline in the mid and late 1990s that severely affected the industry and its workers. In order to analyze these processes, the author conducted an empirical study from 1996 through 1999 consisting of interviews with business people, workers, and officials from governmental and nongovernmental organizations. The study showed that declining income opportunities have drastically affected savings and remittances. As a consequence, those (male) workers with access to more attractive labor markets sought new destinations, particularly in the Gulf states, whereas women workers have been left behind.

Carpet Capital: The Rise of a New South Industry

After World War II, the carpet industry came to be identified with the Dalton region of northwest Georgia. Here, entrepreneurs hit upon a new technology called tufting, which enabled them to take control of this important segment of America's textile industry, previously dominated by woven-wool carpet manufacturers in the Northeast. Dalton now dominates carpet production in the United States, manufacturing 70 percent of the domestic product, and prides itself as the carpet capital of the world. Carpet Capital is a story of revolutionary changes that transformed both an industry and a region. Its balanced and candid account details the rise of a homegrown southern industry and entrepreneurial capitalism at a time when other southern state and local governments sought to attract capital and technology from outside the region. The book summarizes the development of the American carpet industry from the early nineteenth century through the 1930s. In describing the tufted carpet boom, it focuses on Barwick Mills, Galaxy Mills, and Shaw Industries as representative of various phases in the industry's history. It tells how owners coordinated efforts to keep carpet mills unorganized, despite efforts of the Textile Workers Union of America, by promoting a vision of the future based on individual ambition rather than collective security. Randall L. Patton and David B. Parker show that Dalton has evolved in much the same way as California's Silicon Valley, experiencing both a rapid expansion of new firms started by entrepreneurs who had apprenticed in older firms and an air of cooperation both among owners and between mills and local government. Their close examination of this industryprovides important insights for scholars and business leaders alike, enhancing our appreciation of entrepreneurial achievement and broadening our understanding of economic growth in the modern South.

Market Research for the Turkish Tufted Carpet Sector

Tufted carpet production in Turkey started in the 1980s and has since gradually increased. Today, one-fifth of the textile floorcoverings used are tufted carpets. Despite the rapid growth of the sector, there is no information about the structure of this very important market, from which possible investors as well as academics may benefit. To fill this gap, the market research reported in this paper was carried out such that private interviews were held with six producers, importers, wholesalers, and representatives of the tufting machine manufacturers in order to collect data such as capacity, current machinery lay-out, consumption, the technical specifications of the carpets preferred most in the market, etc. Furthermore, the factors affecting tufted carpet consumption were also studied and the main driver of the sector was found to be the construction industry. Accordingly, a statistical survey for this very sector was also done so that it could be possible to make projections for consumption, covering the next five years.