Carpentry Workshops Research Articles

ПРОБЛЕМА АТРИБУЦИИ ИЗДЕЛИЙ ТОРГОВО-ПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО ТОВАРИЩЕСТВА «П.И. ОЛОВЯНИШНИКОВА СЫНОВЬЯ» В СВЕТЕ НОВЫХ СВЕДЕНИЙ О ПРЕДПРИЯТИИ

The article is devoted to the problem of attribution of individual works of the commercial and industrial partnership “P.I. Olovyanishnikov's sons”. The article describes for the first time previously unknown divisions of the Partnership, such as the icon painting studio, painting, embroidery and carpentry workshops, brocade factory, and indicates sources confirming their existence. The date of creation of the Church utensils factory in Moscow has been revealed. For the first time, the structure of the Partnership, its staff and their qualifications are analyzed. The relationship between the Partnership and the Stroganov school is revealed. The article analyzes the relationship between Olovyanishnikov and other manufacturers of art products and the artist M.V. Nesterov. The article describes the principles of product separation depending on its artistic merits. We consider the profile reference materials printed publications of the enterprise, which contain information about the types of products of the Partnership.

The “Dilettantism” of Savva Mamontov in Russian Art

Abstract This article examines questions related to dilettantism, typically defined in negative terms as engagement in an activity without proper professional training. However, this concept can also prompt a positive association, connoting freedom from inertia, ossified techniques, and professional stereotypes and clichés. The present article contends that dilettantism is especially necessary in transitional periods of art history. At such moments, innovations may arise more readily in intimate and amateur circles, rather than in professional contexts. Such a circle developed in the 1870s-90s among the community of artists who gathered around the prominent industrialist and philanthropist Savva Mamontov, a man of diverse talents, who astutely intuited new trends in art. This group of artists came to be known as the Abramtsevo artistic circle, after the name of Mamontov’s country estate located just outside of Moscow, where the vast majority of their artistic activities took place. In Abramtsevo’s informal, creative atmosphere ideas for new aesthetic projects spontaneously materialized across a range of different artistic spheres—theater, architecture, decorative, and applied arts—in which members of the circle were essentially amateurs. But it is precisely in these areas that the artists would make their most significant contributions. Thus, the first seeds of a novel understanding of theatrical production as a single immersive entity were initially sown on the amateur stage of the Abramtsevo estate and subsequently fully blossomed in Mamontov’s Private Opera (1885-91; 1896-99), which played a foundational role in the development of Russian musical theater. The Church of the Spas nerukotvornyi [Savior Not Made by Human Hands], built by members of the Abramtsevo circle (1881-82), became the first exemplar of the Neo-Russian style in the history of Russian architecture, an important constituent of stil modern or Russian Art Nouveau. The activities of the kustar workshops in Abramtsevo—the carpentry workshop (1885) and the Abramtsevo ceramic studio (1890)—made a significant contribution to the development of the applied arts and industrial design in Russia, leading to their “rebirth” on a national level.

\u2018Work Conquers All\u2019: psychiatry, agricultural labor, and the Juliano Moreira Colony in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1890\u20131958)

This article explores the varied forms of labor used at the Juliano Moreira Colony in Rio de Janeiro during the first half of the twentieth century. It investigates the ideological justification psychiatrists made about the therapeutic value of work, and in particular, agricultural work, as a dominant medical regimen in the Colony. It is suggested that the Colony’s elision with labor resonated with a state that placed work and the worker as socio-political and cultural national centerpieces. Its appeal to the state was most likely the reason why the colony model became the predominant hospital structure when a muscular public health structure reorganized mental health services throughout the nation. The labor of the mentally ill in the Colony had no great generative use-value since their efforts were not sufficient to make the Colony sustainable. Moreover, labor therapy was not able to fully rehabilitate the majority of patients so that they could leave the institution and enter the labor force. Indeed, the presidency of Getúlio Vargas (1930–1945, 1951–1954), with its championing of the working classes, inflected the idea of labor with new significance. Therefore, the performance of labor in the Colony, in and of itself, had potent symbolic value. The work of the mentally ill in agricultural fields or carpentry workshops, although non-productive, can be understood as repertoires of social and political claim-making.

Towards A Better Chronology of Basque Heritage Using Time-Series from Renovation Waste

Abstract Dendroarchaeology in the Basque country is directed at improving our understanding of the cultural heritage preserved in, or originating from, northwestern Spain. To this end the emphasis is on the compilation of absolutely-dated tree-ring chronologies that can serve as a reference for accurately dating ancient structures such as buildings and shipwrecks. The current study focuses on 41 samples from radially-split oak planks that were mostly stored for reuse in a carpentry workshop in this region. The general consensus among historians is that these planks, and hence the buildings they are part of, date from the 15th and 16th Centuries. Our results show that the trees from which the planks were derived were cut down in the 15th to 19th Centuries, thus refuting this narrow time frame. The similarity of the planks’ growth patterns to the annual variations of Basque chronology ARAB4 (AD 1277–1819), which we reworked slightly and renamed ARAB8, confirms that this chronology is well-suited for establi...

Migration, Labor Scarcity, and Deforestation in Honduran Cattle Country

INTRODUCTIONCattlemen in Olancho, Honduras typically carry a cell phone in one pocket and a pistol in the other- the former a link to national and international livestock markets and family members living abroad and the latter reflecting the threat of cattle theftin a region on the southern fringe of a dangerous frontier. Catacamas, the second largest city in Olancho, is at the end of the road to the Honduran capital of Tegucigalpa, beyond which stretches a forest often used for drug and arms traffic between inland regions and the country's Caribbean coast. It is a region historically dependent on mixed crop-and-livestock production. Until recently, most rural inhabitants in small peasant communities near Catacamas raised cattle for milk, cheese, butter, and meat and produced corn, beans, and sorghum-rounding out diets with melons, squash, poultry, eggs, and a variety of other foods (PNUD 2014).Honduras is one of the poorest countries in the Western hemisphere-the fourth most poor, behind Haiti, Nicaragua, and Guyana. Incomes are low and people engage in multiple livelihoods to survive. Approximately 57% of rural families in Olancho are either landless or have access to less than one hectare of land, which is inadequate for household subsistence needs (PNUD 2014:8-9).Dire economic circumstances have resulted in the development of a number of minor but important economic alternatives to the peasant agriculture, including experimenting with commercial crops, expanding aquaculture and poultry production, and opening retail stores. The most important, however, have been carpentry workshops to meet migrants' demands for house and furniture construction, which has grown in importance since the turn of the 21st century as labor migration to the United States has been integrated into local survival strategies (Endo, et al. 2010; Reichman 2011).Profiling how local production systems have changed with increasing emigration, we argue here that migration, the development of carpentry workshops, and increasing negative sentiments toward farming among youth have contributed to a labor scarcity in agriculture. This, in turn, has encouraged local farmers to shiftfrom mixed crop-and-livestock farms to less labor intensive cattle ranching. Further, this shifthas led to an expansion of pastureland at the expense of local forests and former multi-cropped fields, exacerbating an already chronic problem with deforestation in Olancho, the Honduran state with not only the most forested land but with the most poorly managed forests and also the most susceptible to loss from illegal logging, expansion of croplands and pastures, and other sources (McSweeney 2015; Murillo 2011; PNUD 2014; Tucker 2008).METHODSBeginning in the fall of 2008, we conducted fieldwork over a period of twenty months in four communities near one another in central Olancho, Honduras, spending more than a month per community in direct fieldwork that was supplemented by a longerterm (>5 years) presence in each of the communities by the Red de Desarrollo Sostenible (RDS - Network for Sustainable Development), the non-governmental organization who partnered with us and provided us local research assistance. In all communities, we utilized local research assistants, who were a great assistance in the sampling process. We randomly sampled a total of 60 migrant households-or households that had sent one or more migrants to the United States-and 60 non-migrant households (N=120), taking care that all households came from similar class backgrounds. Our sampling universe was based on previous survey and ethnographic work conducted by the the Red de Desarrollo Sostenible following Hurricane Mitch; the Red de Desarrollo Sostenible continues to work in the region today and provided feedback on this paper to assure its relevance to contemporary developments.Focusing on local production systems, we asked household heads to describe their contemporary livelihoods and tell us how they had changed over the course of their lives, taking every opportunity to accompany family members as they tended livestock, worked in their fields, sawed boards for tables and chairs, and performed other economic activities. …

Interests of therapeutic education for motor disabled adolescents

The Motor Education Institute (IEM) of Couzeix set up in June 2015 workshops of therapeutic education, with the aim of helping adolescents to better understand their motor disabilities and to reinforce their motivation for the rehabilitation. Between March and April 2015, the educational supports of this workshop entitled “understanding my motor disability” were elaborated in collaboration by the paramedical and the educative staffs, with the participation of volunteer teenagers. An interactive virtual support, with video animations, was realised in informatics course and a wooden mannequin was built in the carpentry workshop. Next, from June 2015, workshops of therapeutic education were proposed to the IEM volunteer customers. These sessions lasted one hour and were led by a PRM doctor, a physiotherapist and an occupational therapist. Anonymous questionnaires were delivered to the young participants at the beginning and the end of each session in order to evaluate their perceived interest. Between June 2015 and March 2016, 4 workshops “understanding my motor disability” were performed, among 12 adolescents, from 13 to 18 years old. The questionnaires filled before the session showed that a quarter of them are unable to explain their disability and that a third of them was poorly motivated by rehabilitation. The questionnaires filled at the end of the session revealed that all participants showed an important interest to the workshop and learnt something about their disability and that some of them rediscovered some motivation to participate to their rehabilitation. For the caregivers, the interest of these workshops was to facilitate the free expression of the young customers, to offer supports allowing to deal with personal problematic difficult to evocate spontaneously and to generate a peer group dynamic. Consecutively, they observed an improvement of the implication of the customers in their rehabilitation. The supports of therapeutic education developed in our IEM appear useful to help adolescents to better understand their motor disability and to improve their participation to their rehabilitation.

LOS ISERN. UNOS EBANISTAS MALLORQUINES AL SERVICIO DE JOVELLANOS. The Isern. Some Majorcan Cabinetsmakers that Served Jovellanos.

The article investigates the carpentry workshop of Isern. A family of Mallorcan cabinetmakers who were active from the late eighteenth century to the early nineteenth century. Among his clients had private clients, public institutions as well as the illustrated Jovellanos.This workshop was one of the manufacturer of furniture for your stays of detention as well as for the development of parts that were given to his nephews.

Sawdust in carpentry workshops in rural areas of developing countries

During a door-to-door survey performed by our group for the assessment of neurological disorders in Atahualpa, a rural village of coastal Ecuador where most men work as carpenters, we noticed...

Common Causes of Traumatic Ventriculitis in Free range and Intensively Managed Poultry in Zaria, Nigeria

The gizzard or ventriculus in birds is susceptible to mechanical damage or traumatic injuries referred to as traumatic ventriculitis when subjected to the causative agents. The condition affects both intensively and extensively managed birds. Palm kennel cake is commonly used as a chief source of protein and fat in poultry rations, most poultry that are kept intensively on deep litter system in the study area use wood shavings collected from carpentry workshops as litter material while poultry on extensive system of management have access to refuse dumps where sharp objects are commonly found. Traumatic ventriculitis can hardly be detected and managed clinically. From our clinical records, nails of various sizes, bolts and nuts, sharp objects like pieces of wood, palm kennel shells and wires of various sizes are the major causes of traumatic ventriculitis. Major causes of traumatic ventriculitis or hardware disease in poultry in the study areas are hereby discussed and three cases presented in chickens as case studies. Locally and manually compounded poultry feeds, access to refuse dumps, litter materials to be used in poultry houses and litters in poultry houses were renovation works had occurred should be screened for metallic and hard sharp objects to prevent or reduce risk of ingesting and the occurrence of hardware disease.

GENOTOXICITY AND OXIDATIVE STRESS DUE TO EXPOSURE TO WOOD DUST AMONG CARPENTERS

Background: Genetic material is known to be one of the sensitive targets of wood dust. Objectives: This study aimed at measurement of the concentration of the respirable fraction of wood dust generated by different wood operating processes. In addition, the study investigated DNA damage among wood dust exposed carpenters and its relationto oxidative stress (OS) induced by exposure to wood dust. Methods: Several air samples were collected from 4 carpentry workshops dealing with soft and hard types of unpolished wood and the respirable wood dust concentration was calculated. The study population consisted of an exposed group (n=28) and a matched control group (n=26).Every participant underwent occupational questionnaire, assessment of chromosomal aberrations (CAs) (as an index for DNA damage) and serum glutathione peroxidase enzyme (GPX) as one of the antioxidant enzymes. Results: The highest respirable wood dust concentration was that generated by sawing operations. Laboratory investigations revealed statistically significantly higher frequency of CA which was associated with significant decrement in serum GPX among the exposed workers. Increased CA was positively correlated with the duration and the degree of exposure. Conclusion:Occupational exposure to wood dust is associated with genotoxicity and oxidative stress. This could be due to lack of protective measures, so there is a need to educate the carpenters about the potential hazard of occupational exposure and the importance of using protective measures.

Genetic damage in wood dust-exposed workers

Exposure to wood dust is common in carpentry workshops. Wood dust is known to be a human carcinogen, with a very high relative risk of adenocarcinoma of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses. The goal of this investigation was to conduct genotoxicity monitoring of carpenters involved in wooden furniture industry in order to test possible wood dust-induced genotoxic effects due to occupational exposure. The level of genetic damage was determined by comet, micronucleus and chromosomal aberration (CA) assays in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of 60 carpentry workers. In addition, the micronucleus test in buccal epithelial cells was carried out in the same subjects. Total antioxidant enzyme activities were measured by the indices: superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase. A group of 60 non-exposed subjects matched by age, smoking and alcohol consumption habits were chosen as controls. The effect of age, smoking, alcohol consumption and duration of exposure was also analysed in the subjects of the present study. The results showed a statistically significant increase in mean DNA damage by comet assay, micronuclei frequency in buccal cells as well as PBL and frequency of CA in the exposed workers when compared to controls (P < 0.05). Analysis of the data showed that all the confounding factors had a significant effect on DNA damage and micronucleus frequency in buccal epithelial cells and PBL. Smoking and alcohol consumption did not have any significant effect by chromosomal aberration test. Antioxidant enzyme levels significantly decreased in the exposed subjects. Our findings indicate enhanced levels of genotoxicity in carpenters. Hence, these workers may have an increased cancer risk.

Avaliação da cadeia produtiva madeiro-moveleiro no Distrito Federal utilizando a análise de fluxo de substância

A diagnosis is made of the chain of production of the wood products sector in the Federal District, including the origin of the raw material, existing lines of production, main inputs, final destination of the products, main types of residues, and residue disposal. The Substance Flow Analysis tool was used in the diagnosis, where the substance evaluated was lumber, divided into composition boards and residues (fine and and coarse residues). The primary data were collected in 43 companies located in the Federal District and subsequently processed and analyzed using the Sebrae &ndash; DF software &ldquo;Five Less which are More&rdquo;. Two distinct lines of production were identified: firstly, the sawmills that supply lumber and carpentry workshops that produce doors and windows for the civil construction industry; and secondly, the cabinetmaking hub being established in the Federal District. Most residues came from the first line of production because of the large volume of sawlogs processed, outmoded machinery used and low levels of skill of the workers. The second line of production had less waste, as a result of the optimization of production through productivity improvements associated with gains in the environmental behavior of the production chain as a whole.

The Rise of Mental Health Nursing: A History of Psychiatric Care in Dutch Asylums, 1890-1920 (review)

Reviewed by: The Rise of Mental Health Nursing: A History of Psychiatric Care in Dutch Asylums, 1890-1920 Hans-Peter de Ruiter Geertje Boschma . The Rise of Mental Health Nursing: A History of Psychiatric Care in Dutch Asylums, 1890-1920. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2003. 324 pp. Ill. $30.00, €25.75, £19.00 (paperbound, 90-5356-501-9). The Rise of Mental Health Nursing brings the reader back to Dickensian times. Geertje Boschma describes the complex forces that led the Dutch mental health care system to evolve at the turn of the century—changes that are, to a large extent, representative of events in most northern European countries as well as in the United States. Boschma's work is predominantly a result of researching the archives of four Dutch asylums. It covers the time when psychiatric patients started being seen as people with mental illnesses, rather than as people with "a loss of reason that supposedly kept the afflicted in a bestial stage and legitimized their enchainment" (p. 31). The author describes heart-wrenching cases of human suffering that resulted from the unscientific psychiatry of the day and a care system that was just starting to evolve. Both patients and staff, predominantly psychiatric nurses, had to endure many hardships. Forces within Dutch society as well as within the mental health institutions led to this situation. Some of the predominant societal forces on the mental health system were rooted in the belief systems of the Catholic and Protestant churches, both of which were trying to protect and expand their turf and were skeptical of evolving medicine. Political and social movements, changing gender roles, and the existing political and judicial system all played important roles in the development of a new mental heath system, as did the birth of scientific psychiatry, the lack of nursing education, staff with workloads exceeding their capabilities, and limited options for the treatment of patients. [End Page 727] The story of mental health nursing is brought to life by the multiple, powerful, and graphic descriptions of patients and caregivers during this period of change. Using data from patients' hospitalization records and institutional reports written during this period, Boschma makes clear that, in spite of improvements being made, it was still a time with many challenges for the mentally ill and their caregivers. For instance, a patient with delusions "heard voices scolding him, and he beat nurses, behaving aggressively for over a month . . . and often refused food. The nurses regularly force-fed him. He weakened . . . 5 months after his admission he caught pneumonia and died within a week" (p. 136). Another example occurred in "Veldwijk when an otherwise quiet patient impulsively attacked a housefather who came to pick up the patient from the carpentry workshop. The patient stabbed the father in the chest with a chisel, and he died several days later in the hospital" (p. 137). Boschma emphasizes that changing gender roles were an important factor in the development of mental health nursing. Women were considered the ideal caregivers because of their superior moral capabilities; this was at a time when the value of women to society was beginning to be acknowledged, thanks to the women's movement. During this same time, males began to enter the profession of mental health nursing, yet they were received with much skepticism and were at times marginalized and discriminated against, a fact that is well illustrated in the case of the nurse P. N. Bas. Bas's experiences motivated him to become one of the leaders in organizing mental health nurses—beginning with males, but later extending to all mental health nurses. Boschma's in-depth descriptions of the difficulties that male nurses had in obtaining recognition and a place in nursing is a welcome addition to the body of literature discussing gender equality in medicine and health care. This book is a great asset for historians of psychiatry, mental health nurses, and people interested in gender issues in health care. Hans-Peter de Ruiter University of Minnesota and Fairview University Hospital Minneapolis Copyright © 2004 The Johns Hopkins University Press

Dermal exposure to terpenic resin acids in Swedish carpentry workshops and sawmills.

The aim of this study was to evaluate dermal exposure to the resin acids abietic acid, dehydroabietic acid and 7-oxodehydroabietic acid during collecting in sawmills and during sawing in carpentry workshops, respectively. Sampling was performed by fastening patches at 12 different areas on a sampling overall, one patch on the front of a cap, one patch on the chest inside the clothing and one patch on the inner lower right leg. Exposure of the hands was assessed by fastening patches on cotton gloves representing the dorsal sides and the palms of the left and right hands. Sampling was performed on 30 different occasions in the sawmills and in the carpentry workshops with mean sampling times of 120 and 59 min, respectively. The acids were solvent desorbed from the patches. Identification and quantification of the resin acids was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The geometric means (GMs) of the potential body exposures to abietic acid, dehydroabietic acid and 7-oxodehydroabietic acid during sawing and collecting of wood from pine and spruce were 3346 and 17 247 micro g/h, respectively. The GM of the potential exposure on the hands was 3020 micro g/h in the carpentry workshops and 4365 micro g/h in the sawmills. Resin acids were detected on the inner chest and inner lower front right leg, respectively. There is a potential dermal exposure to terpenic resin acids in carpentry workshops as well as in sawmills. The hands have the highest exposure during sawing as well as during collecting. There is a spatial distribution of contaminants, with the outer chest, arms and legs showing the highest exposures. Resin acids also contaminated the inner chest and inner lower leg. It is necessary to take action to reduce dermal exposure to these allergenic substances.

Training on the job in Istanbul: a study of skills acquisition in carpentry and car-repair workshops

This article describes a study of income generation and vocational skill acquisition in small workshops in Istanbul, Turkey. Car-repair and carpentry workshops were chosen as the focal point of the study, which involved collecting data on 88 master craftsmen, 55 journeymen and 38 apprentices. In addition in-depth interviews were conducted with the carpentry and car-repair artisans. The descriptive data from the survey study show that the artisans in Istanbul are in general migrants and primary school graduates, who usually acquire their vocational skills on-the-job. The analysis of the interviews suggests that the apprentices, journeymen, and masters in the car-repair and carpentry trades are content with their vocational skills acquired on-the-job.

A Material Evaluation of the Gropius House: Planning to Preserve a Modern Masterpiece

Despite Walter Gropius's international reputation as an architect and teacher, when he and his wife, Ise, arrived in the United States in 1937 they were virtually destitute. In 1934 they left their furnishings, artwork, and personal belongings in the care of Ise's sister and escaped the increasingly hostile Nazi regime for the safety of an architectural partnership in London, England. In 1937 Gropius responded to an invitation to become a professor of architecture at the Graduate School of Design, Harvard University. Soon thereafter, Henry Shepley, a prominent Boston architect, convinced Mrs. Helen Storrow, an elderly philanthropist, to provide the land in rural Lincoln, Massachusetts, and funding for Walter to design and build a house for himself and Ise. Gropius sited the house at the top of a rise, with a long drive leading up through an old orchard. Ground was broken in March 1938. Gropius was intimately involved in all aspects of the design, including the selection of materials. Marcel Breuer, an architect and former colleague at the Master of the Carpentry Workshop of the Bauhaus, arrived in the U.S. soon after the Gropiuses, also to join the Harvard faculty. Mrs. Storrow provided an adjacent lot on the same terms, and the two architects worked as partners to plan and build their houses. Their modern, flat-roofed houses became tangible advertisements for their work but clashed with the Colonial Revivalstyle house of their neighbor James Loud. The Loud family complained about being surrounded by chicken ,, 1 coops. In fact, Gropius's design combined many traditional materials (pine clapboards, brick, fieldstone, and redwood sheathing) with industrial materials (glass blocks, welded steel, acoustic plaster, and chromed metal). It was a laboratory for Gropius's ideas, as well as an effective teaching tool for Harvard students who saw the house under

Grupo escolar de la «Grande Borde», en Lausana

This educational manifold comprises two parts: one devoted to professional training, and the other to physical culture. It is built on a steep slope, and the various sections are set at different levels. The main building, at the lowest elevation, houses installation, services, an underground bomb shelter (at present being fitted out as a cinema), and other ancillaries. At a higher level, through two entrances, there is access to a gymnasium, dressing rooms, shower room, monitor room, and then to the school zone itself. The latter is made up of a hall, professional training classrooms and accessories. Above this level, the next storey is taken up with a classroom for manual operations of a light kind, and a workshop for metals. The second floor is equipped with a carpentry workshop. To the north of the building, there are sports grounds suitable for various outdoor activities, such as jumping, throwing the weight, discus, etc., and playgrounds for volley ball, and other ball games.