Carotene-linoleic Acid Assays Research Articles

Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin-Based Helichrysum italicum Extracts: Antioxidant and Cosmeceutical Activity and Biocompatibility.

Two Helichrysum italicum extracts, OPT-1 (rich in phenolic acids) and OPT-2 (rich in total phenols and flavonoids), were prepared using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD)-assisted extraction. The prepared extracts were rich in phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids. GC-MS analysis of the extracts identified neryl acetate, neo-intermedeol, β-selinene, γ-curcumene, italidione I, and nerol as the main volatile components of the extracts, as well as plant sterols, γ-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol. The antioxidant (DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power, and a carotene linoleic acid assay) and cosmeceutical (anti-hyaluronidase, anti-tyrosinase, anti-lipoxygenase, ovalbumin anti-coagulation, and a UV-absorption assay) activity of the extracts in most of the assays was better than the activity of the applied positive controls. Especially low were the IC50 values of the extracts in the anti-hyaluronidase (14.31 ± 0.29 μL extract/mL and 19.82 ± 1.53 μL extract/mL for OPT-1 and OPT-2, respectively) and the anti-lipoxygenase (0.96 ± 0.11 μL extract/mL and 1.07 ± 0.01 μL extract/mL for OPT-1 and OPT-2, respectively) assays. The extracts were non-toxic to HaCaT cells in concentrations of up to 62.5 µL extract/mL assuring their status as excellent candidates for cosmeceutical product development appropriate for direct use in cosmetic products without solvent evaporation.

Chemical Composition and Evaluation of Anti-tyrosinase and Anti-Oxidative Effects of Topical Cream Formulation from Acacia sieberiana, Vitellaria paradoxa and Beeswax

Skin diseases can get natural therapies from medicinal plant-based products. In this study, a topical cream was formulated from ethanol extract of Acacia sieberiana, beeswax and Vitellaria paradoxa (shea) butter. GC-MS characterization with co-injection of the topical cream revealed Stearic acid (31.43%), Palmitic acid (23.15%), Oleic acid (21.44%) and Linoleic acid (16.20%) as the major components. Seven phenolic conpounds were identified and quantified by HPLC- DAD and Ferulic acid (12.81±0.26 mg/g) was the most abundant. The cream showed good antioxidant properties evaluated through ?-Carotene-linoleic acid assay, DPPH• radical scavenging, ABTS•+ assay, CUPRAC assay, and metal chelating assay. The cream had higher activity in the DPPH• assay (IC50 = 32.10±0.84 µg/mL), ABTS•+ assay (IC50 = 22.49±0.62 µg/mL) and CUPRAC assay (IC50 = 49.27±0.79 µg/mL) than ?-Tocopherol. The antioxidant effects are an indication that the cream can reduce oxidative stress on the skin including aging, carcinogenesis and inflammation. At 100 µg/mL, the topical cream showed tyrosinase inhibition of 48.23±0.87% regarded as relatively good compared to the standard tyrosinase inhibitor kojic acid, which showed 79.50±0.32% inhibition at the same concentration. The cosmetic cream was able to inhibit the melanin production rate-limiting enzyme, tyrosinase, indicating that it can control hyperpigmentation and skin spots.

Chemical composition, antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activities of Ixora scheffleri subspecies keniensis essential oil

Background: Essential oil (EO) obtained from Ixora scheffleri subspecies (subsp.) keniensis has valuable biological properties and can play a possible therapeutic role because of its antimicrobial and antioxidant nature. Aim: In this article, the chemical constituents, antimicrobial activity and antioxidant capacity of the EO obtained from Ixora scheffleri subsp. keniensis were determined using standard procedures. Setting: Plant material collection, essential oils extractions and antimicrobial assays were performed at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Department of Botany Laboratories. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry (GC/MS) analysis was carried out at the Physical Science Laboratory, MacEwan University, Canada. Methods: The chemical constituents were determined using GC/MS. The total phenol content was evaluated using the Folin–Ciocalteu procedure. The antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β -carotene linoleic acid assays. The antimicrobial assay was performed using the disc diffusion method. Results: The total phenol content of the EO was estimated to be 91.6 µ g/mg ± 0.5 µ g/mg. The antioxidant activity of EO obtained from Ixora relative to ascorbic acid was found to be 52% using the β -carotene linoleic acid assay. The DPPH scavenging activity of 30 µ g/mL EO obtained from Ixora and 30 µ g/mL ascorbic acid was 81.65% and 97.0%, respectively. The EO was found to have significant susceptibility against Escherichia coli , and intermediate susceptibility against Candida albicans . However, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed complete resistance. Conclusion: The in vitro chemical compositional analysis of EO obtained from Ixora scheffleri subsp. keniensis confirms the presence of phenolic compounds attesting to the antioxidant properties and antimicrobial properties.

Investigatıon of Antioxıdative, Cytotoxic, Membrane-Damaging and Membrane-Protective Effects of The Essentıal Oil of Origanum majorana and its Oxygenated Monoterpene Component Linalool in Human-Derived Hep G2 Cell Line.

The aim of our work was to compare cytotoxic and membrane-damaging effects of O. majorana L. essential oil and linalool on Hep G2 and to investigate their possible protective (antioxidant) effects against H2O2 induced membrane damage. The oils were investigated by GC and GC-MS and antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and -carotene–linoleic acid assays. Assessment of cell viability was made by The CellTiter-Blue® Cell Viability Assay. Also, malondialdehyde levels in Hep G2 cells were assayed after IC10, IC50 and IC70 essential oil and linalool concentrations treated for 24 h.Five components were identified in the essential oil and the major components of the oil were carvacrol (52.5%) and linalool (45.4%). After 24, 48 and 72 hours incubations IC50 values were calculated respectively, for essential oil 100, 80 and 63 μg/mL, for linalool 81.5, 72.7 and 64.7 μg/mL. The essential oil was able to reduce the stable free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with an EC50 of 170 μg/mL. Inhibition value of linoleic acid oxidation was calculated as 40% for the oil. Preincubation with the essential oil and linalool increased cell viability against H2O2 cytotoxicity. The essential oil and its oxygenated monoterpene component linalool significantly decreased membrane-damaging on H2O2 treated Hep G2 cells.

Evaluation of Crataeva nurvala extracts as antioxidant, antiproteolytic and cytotoxic against hepato-carcinoma and mouse melanoma cell lines

Triterpenoids and phytosteroids from stem bark of Crataeva nurvala buch ham.Shumaia Parvin, Md. Abdul Kader, Md. Abdul Muhit, Md. Ekramul Haque, Md. Ashik Mosaddik, Mir Imam Ibne Wahed

Antioxidant Potential of the Polyphenolics in Grewia asiatica, Eugenia jambolana and Carissa carandas

The fruits G. asiatica, E. jambolana and C. carandas were extracted with methanol and the extracts were partitioned into four polyphenolic fractions: Flavanols, flavonols, phenolic acids and anthocyanins using solid phase extraction. Each fraction was then analyzed for total phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant activity by DPPH, beta-carotene-linoleic acid assay and total reducing power. Total phenolics ranged 6.64-107, 56.20-398, 33.38-315 and 20-201 mg/100 g in phenolic acid, flavanol, flavonol and anthocyanin fractions respectively of these fruits which explained the order of their antioxidant activity and reducing power as flavanols > flavonols > anthocyanins > phenolic acid. Total phenolics were highest in E. jambolana fractions (107-398 mg/100 g) but the maximum antioxidant activity (62-85% in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 58-89% in ?-carotene-linoleic acid assay) was shown by the fractions in G.asiatica (total phenolics, 67-151 mg/100 g). At all concentrations, the DPPH scavenging activity of flavanol fraction in G. asiatica (85% at 20 ppm) was comparable to BHA (89%).

English

Water-distilled essential oil from the leaves of Artemisia absinthium L. collected from Ardabil, north-western Iran, was analyzed by Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC and GC-MS). In the leaf oil of A. absinthium, 19 components, which represented 100% of the total composition were identified. 1,8-Cineole (36.46%), borneol (25.99%) and camphor (10.20%) were the major components in this oil. The leaves of A. absinthium was investigated to analyze their antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. The present study revealed that the leaf essential oil of A. absinthium indicated significant activity against Candida albicans. Killing kinetics of various microorganisms treated with leaf oil of A. absinthium indicated that C. albicans is the most vulnerable. The total phenol contents of the leaf oil of A. absinthium was determined to be 168.67 ± 9.50 μg gallic acid equivalent/mg sample. Antioxidative properties of the leaves essential oil of A. absinthium was determined by 3 methods: The Ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), radical-scavenging capacity of the oil or bleaching of 2,20-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-Carotene-linoleic acid assay. The ferric reducing power of the essential oils was determined to be 10.67 ± 0.45 gallic acid equivalent (mg/g). The leaf essential oil of A. absinthium reduced the concentration of DPPH free radical (61.4 ± 1.4%, 10 mg/ml of essential oil) with an efficacy lower than that of reference oil Thymus x-porlock (69.3% inhibition). IC50 for DPPH radical-scavenging activity was 5.85 μg/ml. In β-carotene-linoleic acid test system, oxidation of linoleic acid was effectively inhibited by A. absinthium oil (58.56 ± 2.5%, amount of essential oil 0.625 mg/ml). The results suggest application of A. absinthium oil as a natural antioxidant agent.   Key words: Artemisia absinthium, essential oil, 1,8-cineole, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant, total phenolic content.

In vitroandin vivoevaluation of antioxidant activity ofTrichosanthes cucumerinaaerial parts

The present study was conducted to determine whether aerial parts of Trichosanthes cucumerina extracts can exert significant antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of a hot water extract (HWE) and a cold ethanolic extract (CE) of T. cucumerina aerial parts was evaluated by assessing its (a) radical scavenging ability and prevention effect of lipid peroxidation in vitro, and (b) effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities, in vivo.In vitro antioxidant assays (DPPH, TBARS and carotene-linoleic acid assays) clearly demonstrated the antioxidant potential of HWE and CEE. Moreover, HWE increased SOD: by 91.2% and GPX by 104.4% while CEE increased SOD: by 115.5% and GPX by 96.4%) in CCl4-induced rats. Treatments with HWE and CE prevented the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products by 30.5% and 33.8%, respectively, in liver tissues compared to the rats exposed only to CCl4. In conclusion, the present investigation demonstrates for the first time that components in T. cucumerina aerial parts can exert significant antioxidant activity in vivo and in vitro.

Antioxidant activity of Pseudolysimachion spicatum (L.) Opiz (Scrophulariaceae)

The purpose of this study was to investigate radical scavenging properties and antioxidant activity of leaf, stem, and flower of Pseudolysimachion spicatum (L.) Opiz (= Veronica spicata L.). P. spicatum is a perennial herb with erect or ascending stem up to 60 cm high and blue flowers arranged in dense, many flowered terminal raceme up to 30 cm long. P. spicatum was collected in Velebit Mountain and methanolic extracts of leaf, stem, and flower were prepared by ultrasonication. Content of total phenols were determined by using Folin Ciocalteu reagent, content of flavonols using aluminium chloride and content of phenolic acids with nitrite-molybdate reagent. Antioxidant activity was established using following methods: radical scavenging activity of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical, reducing power, chelating activity and -carotene-linoleic acid assay. The extracts were rich in polyphenols (211831 mg/g), phenolic acids (227 mg/g) and flavonoids (1637 mg/g). In all the analyses the extracts were found to possess marked antioxidant activities. The activity of extracts in -carotene-linoleic acid assay was significantly higher then the activity of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (ANOVA, p<0.05). In most of the assays, activity of stem and leaf extracts was somewhat less pronounced then the activity of flower extract. However, leaf extract demonstrated strongest reducing properties. DPPH radical scavenging activity correlated well with content of total phenols (r2=0.89, p<0.0001). That suggests that phenolic compounds play an important role in antiradical activity of investigated plant organs.

Antioxidant capacity, phenol and flavonoid contents in Eryngium amethystinum L. (Apiaceae)

The role of reactive oxygen species in many pathological conditions such as cardiovascular diseases or diabetes has been in the focus of research interests in the past decade. Eryngium amethystinum L. (= E. glomeratum Lam.) is a Mediterranean herb, light blue to purple in color. Its young shoots and roots are used as vegetables. Quantity of phenolic substances (total phenol and flavonoid) was determined in methanolic extracts of leaves, stems and flowers of E. amethystinum. In order to estimate reactivity of the extracts with free radicals, their reducing effects, as well as their ability to chelate Fe2+ ions and inhibit lipid peroxidation, antioxidant activity was established using following methods: radical scavenging activity of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical, reducing power, chelating activity and -carotene-linoleic acid assay. Antiradical activity of the extracts in reaction with DPPH free radical was rather modest in comparison with butylated hidroxianisol (BHA). On the other hand, reducing power and chelating activity of the extracts were comparable to the activities of positive controls, BHA and quercetin, respectively. The activity of the extracts was most prominent in reaction with -carotene and linoleic acid. In that assay, there was no difference in activity of stem, flower and BHA, while the activity of leaf was significantly higher (p<0.01). The antioxidant activity of the extracts in most of the performed assays correlated well with the quantity of phenols (0.74<r2< 0.99, p<0.05) and flavonoids (0.57<r2<0.90, p<0.05). The results of this study indicate that E. amethystinum might be a beneficial source of dietary antioxidants.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oil and methanol extract of Jasminum sambac from Djibouti

The essential oil was subjected to screening for their possible antioxidant activity by two complementary test systems, namely DPPH free radical scavenging and -carotene-linoleic acid assays. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was used as positive control in both test systems. In the DPPH test system, the IC

Chemical composition and antioxidant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic activities of the essential oil of Thymus fallax Fisch. Mey.

The aim of this study was to investigate radical scavenging, antimicrobial and antiospasmodic activities in vitro and the composition of Thymus fallax Fisch. Mey. (labiatte) essential oil. The oil of T. fallax was analyzed by the GS-MS method. The sample was subjected to screening for possible antioxidant activity by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and �-carotene-linoleic acid assays. Antimicrobial activities of the essential oil were determined on 9 micro-organisms using the agar-disc diffusion method. In rat ileum, direct effect of T. fallax essential oil was investigated on spontaneous contractions. GS/MS analysis of the oil resulted in the identification of 18 compounds, representing 92.41% of the oil; carvacrol (46.15%) was the main component. The essential oil exhibited strong antioxidant activity. It has antimicrobial activity on 8 of 9 microorganisms using the agar-disc diffusion method. T. fallax oil exhibited spontaneous contractions in rat ileum at 100% level at 0.1 mg/mL level. The essential oil of T. fallax has a strong antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antispazmodic activities as studied in our laboratory settings. T. fallax may therefore be regarded as a resourceful plant that can be used in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the essential oil of Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) H. J. Lam from Gabon

The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the resin of Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) H. J. Lam was simultaneously analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty four components were identified in the essential oil and the main components were sabinene (21.8%), terpinene-4-ol (19.8%), α-pinene (17.5%) and p-cymene (11.3%), respectively. The antioxidant capacity of the essential oil was examined using an in vitro radical scavenging activity test and �-carotene-linoleic acid assays. In the 2.2-Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test system, the IC50 value of D. edulis oil was 68.5 ± 2.29 µg/ml. In the �-carotene-linoleic acid test system, oxidation of linoleic acid was effectively inhibited by D. edulis (70.0%). The oil was less effective than butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Furthermore, the essential oil was evaluated for its antimicrobial activity using disc diffusion and microdilution methods. The essential oil showed better activity against bacterial species than against yeast.

Antioxidant activity of extracts from &lt;i&gt;Sclerocarya birrea&lt;/i&gt; kernel oil cake

The antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from Sclerocarya birrea kernel oil meal, extracted using two different methods was evaluated. The extraction was carried out using magnetic stirring of the material in methanol/water (80:20 v/v) overnight followed by two ultra-sonic treatments for 45 min. (Overnight extract, ONEXT) and three ultra-sonic treatments for 45 min. only (Ultra-sonic extract, USEXT), respectively. Three fractions were obtained from each extract and the contents of total phenolic compounds were determined in each fraction according to the Folin-Ciocalteau method as 34.6, 54.8, and 58.6 mg/g of dry product in ONEXT and 29.6, 84.8, 143.9 mg/g in USEXT, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated according to the β -carotene-linoleic acid assay, where the extracts and their fractions showed significant effect (p