Trachyspermum Ammi Research Articles

Inhibition of proliferation of human osteosarcoma cell line (MG63) by ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) plant extract

Trachyspermum ammi L. (TA), popularly called ajwain, is a well-known spice plant, with fruit pods that are used in Indian traditional medicine. Fruits of this plant were scientifically investigated for medicinal properties, but no studies are reported on the vegetative parts of the plant. Hence, the present investigation is aimed to evaluate the aerial parts of the plant for anti-proliferative and antioxidant effects. Methanolic extract (Me) of TA was subjected to sequential fractionation using the solvents in the increasing order of polarity viz. hexane (He), dichloromethane (Dcm), ethyl acetate (Ea), n-butanol (n-Bu), and water (Aq). Phytochemical analyses, DPPH radical scavenging assay, and in vitro antiproliferative activity on the MG63 osteosarcoma cell line (MTT assay) were performed. Preliminary phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of reducing and non-reducing sugars, amino acids, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, and saponins. Ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest amount of total phenolics (367.90±0.02), followed by n-Bu (287.50±0.04), Dcm (193.56±0.07), Me extract (190.14±0.07), Aq (142.20±0.02) and He (80.74±0.01) fractions. Ethyl acetate fraction exhibited higher DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 =116.74 μg/mL) followed by n-Bu (IC50=133.81 μg/mL) fraction with a correlation to the higher amount of phenolics and flavonoids. However, maximum antiproliferative activity was exhibited by hexane fraction on MG 63 human osteosarcoma cell line which can be attributed to the presence of thymol, a monoterpenoid phenol present in ajwain. The current study indicates that the aerial parts of T. ammi Linn. can be considered as potential antioxidants and therapeutic against osteosarcoma.

Therapeutic potential of Nankhawah/Ajwain (Tracyspermum ammi Linn): A comprehensive review article

Background: Trachyspermum ammi Linn., commonly known as ajwain, is a widely recognized spice and medicinal plant originating from Egypt but cultivated across regions such as Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. Belonging to the Apiaceae family, this species offers diverse pharmacological benefits due to its rich chemical constituents.
 Objectives: This review aims to summarize the traditional and contemporary applications of Trachyspermum ammi, focusing on its ethnobotanical description, chemical composition, and pharmacological aspects.
 Methodology: The literature search encompassed scientific databases and publications covering the historical usage, chemical profiling, and biological activities of Trachyspermum ammi.
 Results: Trachyspermum ammi exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities, including antifungal, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antinociceptive, antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, aphrodisiac, and anthelmintic properties. Traditionally, it has been employed to treat conditions such as flatulence, atonic dyspepsia, diarrhea, abdominal tumors, abdominal pain, piles, bronchial issues, lack of appetite, galactogogue, asthma, and amenorrhea as it possesses properties of Muhallil, Mudirr-i-Bawl-o-Hayd, Dafa e Tafun, Jali, Habis etc. Modern research supports these claims while also revealing its potential in treating kidney stones, abortion, and aflatoxin detoxification.
 Conclusion: Trachyspermum ammi holds great promise as a natural resource for novel therapies, owing to its extensive array of bioactive components and established pharmacological effects. Further investigation into its mechanisms of action and optimization of extraction techniques could lead to more efficient utilization of this valuable medicinal plant.
 Keywords: Ajwain, Nankhawah, Trachyspermum Ammi Linn, Mudirr-i-Bawl-o-Hayd, Hazim, Thymol, Appetizer.

Medical Constituents of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) for Human Benefits

Ajwain seed analysis has revealed it to contain fiber (11.9%), carbohydrates (38.6%), tannins, glycosides, moisture (8.9%), protein (15.4%), fat (18.1%), saponins, flavone and mineral matter (7.1%) containing calcium, phosphorous, iron and nicotinic acid. Ajwain fruits yield 2% to 4% brownish essential oil, with thymol as the major constituent (35% to 60%). The non-thymol fraction (thymine) contains para-cymene, γ-terpenine, α- and β-pinenes, diketene, α-terpinene, and carvacrol. Minute amounts of camphene, myrcene, and α-3-carene also have been found in the plant. Alcoholic extracts contain a highly hygroscopic saponin. From the fruits, a yellow, crystalline flavone and a steroid-like substance has been isolated and it also contains 6-O-β-glucopyranosyloxythymol, glucoside and yields 25% oleoresin containing 12% volatile oil (thymol, γ-terpinene, para-cymene, and α- and β-pinene). The principal oil constituents of T. Ammi are carvone (46%), limonene (38%), and dillapiole (9%). Ajwain is administered for curing stomach disorders, a paste of crushed fruits is applied externally for relieving colic pains; and a hot and dry fomentation of the fruits is applied on chest for asthma. Therapeutic uses of T. Ammi fruits include; stomachic, carminative and expectorant, antiseptic and amoebiasis, antimicrobial. Seeds soaked in lemon juice with P runs Amygdalus (badan) are given in curing amenorrhea and it is also used as antipyretic, febrifugal and in the treatment of typhoid fever. The antihypertensive effect of T. Ammi administered intravenously in vivo, and the antispasmodic and bronchodilation actions in vitro showed that calcium channel blockade has been found to mediate the spasmolytic effects of plant materials and it is being considered that this mechanism contributed to their observed result and supported the traditional use of T. Ammi in hyperactive disease states of the gut such as colic and diarrhea as well as in hypertension. Ajwain seeds revealed significant reduction of cough number which may be a result of its potent antitussive effect. The bronchodilator effect of decocted extract of Ajwain on the asthmatic patients’ airways was examined in a subsequent trial study. According to the results, the extract has a relatively bronchodilator effect on asthmatic airways compared to the effect of Theophylline at concentrations used. Ajwain was attributed to have diuretic and antilithiatic activity in ethnopharmacological reports. Accordingly, a human study was performed and in which, seeds of Ajwain were decocted in milk and given orally to volunteers suffering from urinary stone for a nine days period. The results were reported satisfactory against pure ca-oxalate stone. Another activity which has been proved for Ajwain is the antihyperlipidemic property. An in vivo study revealed that Ajwain seeds powder is extensively effective on lipid profile and can decrease total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and total lipids. Moreover, organic extract of seeds reduced atherogenic index and increased the level of HDL-cholesterol in albino rabbits. Ajwain was evaluated for the potentiality of antihypertensive and antispasmodic activity. In the related investigation, the aqueous-methanolic extract of the seeds caused a dose dependent decrease in arterial blood pressure in anaesthetized animal models. Furthermore, inhibitory effect on the K+-induced contractions was seen in isolated rabbit aorta and jejunum preparations during the application of Ajwain extract. These findings prove the potential antihypertensive and antispasmodic activity of Ajwain.

Interaction of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with PVC-microplastics and chromium counteracts oxidative injuries in Trachyspermum ammi L. by modulating antioxidants and gene expression

The emergence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics (MPs) as pollutants in agricultural soils is increasingly alarming, presenting significant toxic threats to soil ecosystems. Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.), a plant of significant medicinal and culinary value, is increasingly subjected to environmental stressors that threaten its growth and productivity. This situation is particularly acute given the well-documented toxicity of chromium (Cr), which has been shown to adversely affect plant biomass and escalate risks to the productivity of such economically and therapeutically important species. The present study was conducted to investigate the individual effects of different levels of PVC−MPs (0, 2, and 4 mg L−1) and Cr (0, 150, and 300 mg kg−1) on various aspects of plant growth. Specifically, we examined growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange attributes, oxidative stress responses, antioxidant compound activity (both enzymatic and nonenzymatic), gene expression, sugar content, nutritional status, organic acid exudation, and Cr accumulation in different parts of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) seedlings, which were also exposed to varying levels of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) (0, 25, and 50 µg mL−1). Results from the present study showed that the increasing levels of Cr and PVC−MPs in soils significantly decreased plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange attributes, sugars, and nutritional contents from the roots and shoots of the plants. Conversely, increasing levels of Cr and PVC−MPs in the soil increased oxidative stress indicators in term of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and electrolyte leakage, and also increased organic acid exudation pattern in the roots of T. ammi seedlings. Interestingly, the application of TiO2−NPs counteracted the toxicity of Cr and PVC−MPs in T. ammi seedlings, leading to greater growth and biomass. This protective effect is facilitated by the NPs' ability to sequester reactive oxygen species, thereby reducing oxidative stress and lowering Cr concentrations in both the roots and shoots of the plants. Our research findings indicated that the application of TiO2−NPs has been shown to enhance the resilience of T. ammi seedlings to Cr and PVC−MPs toxicity, leading to not only improved biomass but also a healthier physiological state of the plants. This was demonstrated by a more balanced exudation of organic acids, which is a critical response mechanism to metal stress.

Antibacterial Effect of Eight Essential Oils against Bacteria Implicated in Bovine Mastitis and Characterization of Primary Action Mode of Thymus capitatus Essential Oil.

During the current investigation, eight essential oils (EOs) were tested for their antimicrobial activity against six species, belonging to the genus of staphylococcus, multi-resistant to antibiotics (S. epidermidis, S. cohni, S. wareneri, S. scuiri, S. chromogenes, S. pasteuri), three methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains (MRSA) and two strains of Escherichia coli, producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) responsible for bovine mastitis. Our results indicated that the antimicrobial activities of eight EOs varied significantly among the types of EOs and bacterial species. Thymus capitatus and Trachyspermum ammi EOs display important antibacterial activity against all tested strains, with the inhibition zone diameters situated between 20 and 45 mm, while EOs of Artemisia absinthium, Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Myrtus communis and Mentha pulegium exerted an intermediate activity. For Cymbopogon citratus, this effect depends on bacteria species. In fact, an important effect was observed against S. warneri, S. epidermidis, S. cohenii, S. pasteuri and MRSA (EC 39+) strains. In addition, the important lytic effect was observed against MRSA strains, showing that Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to T. capitatus EO than Gram-negative ones. Concerning the characterization of the mode action of T. capitatus, experiments of kill-time, bacteriolytic, loss of salt tolerance and loss of cytoplasmic material showed that the used EO was able to destroy cell walls and membranes followed by the loss of vital intracellular materials. In addition, it inhibits the normal synthesis of DNA, causing the bacterial death of E. coli and MRSA strains. This study shows the potential of using of EOs, particularly T. capitaus, to inhibit the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria multi-resistant to antibiotics causing bovine mastitis.

Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, Phytochemical and Chromatographic Characterization of Vaividanga Choornam, A Siddha Polyherbal Formulation

Standardization of herbal formulations as determined by the concentration of their activecomponents is essential to appraise the quality of drugs. The current study intends to investigate the phytochemical and physicochemical analyses of Vaividanga Choornam, a traditional Siddha polyherbal composition. This Vaividanga choornam contains the ingredients like Vaividangam (Embelica ribesBurm.), Milagu (Piper nigrumL.), Chukku (Zingiber officinale Rosc.), Omam (Trachyspermum ammi (L) Sprague), and Nilavaagai leaves (Cassia angustifolia Vahl. - syn. Cassia senna). It treatspitha diseases, constipation, indigestion, flatulence, burning sensation, bronchial asthma, and Kapha diseases. It is also an effective medicine for treating intestinal helminths caused by heavy worm burdens in young children. This study aims to estimate the quality of Vaividanga Choornam by performing pharmacognostic studies, preliminary phytochemical analysis, physiochemical parameters like ash value, extractive value, and loss on drying as per pharmacopoeial laboratory for Indian medicine guidelines, and also with the help of tests done with High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), FTIR Spectroscopy, and UV -Vis spectrometric analyses. The results obtained fromthose analyses showed the presence of various phytochemicals. The results indicate that the drug is of adequate quality and may be used to establish pharmacopeial standards of the medicine.

A Polyherbal Mixture with Nutraceutical Properties for Ruminants: A Meta-Analysis and Review of BioCholine Powder.

BioCholine Powder is a polyherbal feed additive composed of Achyrantes aspera, Trachyspermum ammi, Azadirachta indica, and Citrullus colocynthis. The objective of this study was to analyze published results that support the hypothesis that the polyherbal product BioCholine Powder has rumen bypass choline metabolites through a meta-analysis and effect size analysis (ES). Using Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and university dissertation databases, a systematic search was conducted for experiments published in scientific documents that evaluated the effects of BioCholine supplementation on the variables of interest. The analyzed data were extracted from twenty-one publications (fifteen scientific articles, three abstracts, and three graduate dissertations available in institutional libraries). The studies included lamb growing-finishing, lactating ewes and goats, calves, and dairy cows. The effects of BioCholine were analyzed using random effects statistical models to compare the weighted mean difference (WMD) between BioCholine-supplemented ruminants and controls (no BioCholine). Heterogeneity was explored, and three subgroup analyses were performed for doses [(4 (or 5 g/d), 8 (10 g/d)], supplementation in gestating and lactating ewes (pre- and postpartum supplementation), and blood metabolites by species and physiological state (lactating goats, calves, lambs, ewes). Supplementation with BioCholine in sheep increased the average daily lamb gain (p < 0.05), final body weight (p < 0.01), and daily milk yield (p < 0.05) without effects on intake or feed conversion. Milk yield was improved in small ruminants with BioCholine prepartum supplementation (p < 0.10). BioCholine supplementation decreased blood urea (p < 0.01) and increased levels of the liver enzymes alanine transaminase (ALT; p < 0.10) and albumin (p < 0.001). BioCholine doses over 8 g/d increased blood glucose, albumin (p < 0.10), cholesterol, total protein, and globulin (p < 0.05). The ES values of BioCholine in retained energy over the control in growing lambs were +7.15% NEm (p < 0.10) and +9.25% NEg (p < 0.10). In conclusion, adding BioCholine Powder to domestic ruminants' diets improves productive performance, blood metabolite indicators of protein metabolism, and liver health, showing its nutraceutical properties where phosphatidylcholine prevails as an alternative that can meet the choline requirements in ruminants.

A survey into the utilization of probiotics and medicinal plants among individuals afflicted with gastrointestinal disorders in healthcare institutions in Saïda, Algeria

ABSTRACT Aim: Functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are recognized as a major public health concern worldwide. These disorders involve persistent digestive symptoms indicative of digestive tract dysfunction. Materials and Methods: A survey examining the utilisation of probiotics and medicinal plants as supplementary treatments was conducted on 160 patients with GI disorders at healthcare institutions in Saïda from March to April 2023 using questionnaires that had been previously adapted and tested for reliability with Cronbach’s alpha test. Raw data collected through the questionnaires were transferred to a database and analysed using SPSS software. Results: Overall, 49.38% of participants possessed knowledge of or actively utilised probiotics; such awareness was strongly associated with the participants’ educational attainment (p = 0.029). The noteworthy probiotic supplements were Biocharbon (36.09%), Lactocil (15.38%), Smebiocta (13.61%), Ultrabiotic Adult (12.43%), Effidigest (12.43%), and Ultralevure (7.69%). During crisis, individuals tended to consume natural goods rich in probiotics, including yoghurt (13.26%) and fermented milk (8.60%), as well as foods rich in prebiotic fibre, including vegetables (18.99%), fruits (13.26%), wheat (9.67%), bran (7.52%), rye (6.81%), and oat flakes (6.45%). Additionally, 77.56% of patients used medicinal plants during crises, with Mentha spicata (12.2%), Thymus vulgaris (11.3%), Pimpinella anisum (8.5%), Cuminum cyminum (8.0%), Punica granatum (7.8%), Trachyspermum ammi (7.5%), and Senna acutifolia (7.0%) being the more commonly favoured options in phytotherapy. The main focus of these herbs was to alleviate bloating (57%), constipation (30.12%), and diarrhoea (12.87%) (p < 0.001). The most frequently utilised plant parts were leaves (47.30%), seeds (25.21%), and bark (13.21%). Most patients (82.91%) favoured infusion as their preferred consumption method, and approximately 85.43% believed in phytotherapy’s ability to extend symptomatic relief. Conclusion: The understanding of probiotics is still in its infancy, whereas phytotherapy is more widely accepted by patients. Nonetheless, patients are open to the exploration of natural alternatives to conventional medicines.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial effect of sodium alginate nanoemulsion coating enriched with oregano essential oil (Origanum vulgare L.) and Trachyspermum ammi oil (Carum cupticum) on food pathogenic bacteria.

Today, microbial contamination in food is one of the major problems of the food industry and public health in general around the world. Foodborne illnesses, such as diarrheal diseases, kill many people around the world each year. The general objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of sodium alginate nanoemulsion coating incorporated with oregano essential oil (Origanum vulgare L.) and Trachyspermum ammi oil (Carum cupticum) on Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. To achieve this study, fresh chicken meat was used for this experiment. Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19111 and Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). After the preparation of the essential oil, the chemical composition of this essential oil was determined by using (GC-MS). The physicochemical properties of the nanoemulsion essential oil prepared were characterized and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated. The results showed that the GC-MS analysis of the volatile constituents of the Origanum vulgare essential oil compounds allowed the identification of 19 compounds representing 93.72% of the total oil. The major components detected in Origanum vulgare essential oil were pulegone (49.25%), eucalyptol (18.23%), and menthone (12.37%). About the Carum cupticum essential oil, 21 compounds representing 98.5% of the total oil were identified. The major components detected in Origanum vulgare essential oil were thymol (23.3%), p-cymene (17.5%), and γ-terpinene (16.8%). The best z-average (d.nm) is 483.4 nm (Carum cupticum essential oil + nano) followed by 470.1 nm (nanochitosan). The results of the antimicrobial test showed that the different preparations have a good inhibitory activity for the invitro growth of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. According to the MIC and MBC results of this study, the nanoemulsion also presented a good bacteriostatic activity against the two pathogenic bacteria tested in this study.

Exploring the Efficacy of Four Apiaceae Essential Oils against Nine Stored-Product Pests in Wheat Protection.

The Apiaceae family, known for aromatic plants producing bioactive essential oils (EOs), holds significance across sectors, including agrochemicals. This study evaluated the insecticidal potential of four Apiaceae EOs from Crithmum maritimum L., Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill, Smyrnium olusatrum L., and Elwendia persica (Boiss.) Pimenov and Kljuykov against various significant storage pests (Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Trogoderma granarium Everts, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), T. confusum Jacquelin du Val, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), Acarus siro L., and Tenebrio molitor L.) on wheat. Insect mortality rates were monitored at intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days. Smyrnium olusatrum EO exhibited the highest efficacy, followed by T. ammi, C. maritimum, and E. persica EOs, although efficacy varied by species, developmental stage, and concentration. Notably, complete mortality occurred for several pests at 1000 ppm of S. olusatrum and T. ammi EOs. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed key compounds in these EOs, including myrcene, germacrone, and curzerene in S. olusatrum EO, and thymol, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene in T. ammi EO. These findings emphasize their potential as botanical insecticides. Smyrnium olusatrum and T. ammi EOs emerge as promising eco-friendly pest management options due to their efficacy, highlighted compound composition, and availability of biomass from both wild and cultivated sources.

Investigation the effect of a herbal composition based on blackseed on patients with primary hypothyroidism: A randomized controlled trial.

Hypothyroidism is characterized by insufficient production of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. Levothyroxine may not fully alleviate patients' symptoms. This study aimed to assess the impact of a herbal product on weight, body mass index (BMI), thyroid hormones, lipid profile, fasting blood sugar (FBS), depression, and quality-of-life scores in patients. 72 patients with primary hypothyroidism, aged between 20 and 65years old, participated in the trial and they were randomly allocated into two groups. The intervention group received the herbal powder containing Trachyspermum ammi L., Nigella sativa L., and Citrus aurantifolia L. while the control group received Avicel for 8 weeks. Treatment with the herbal product resulted in statistically significant reductions in anthropometric variables such as BMI (p=0.03), hip circumference (HC) (p=0.008), waist circumference (WC) (p<0.001), and waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WHR) (p=0.003) in the intervention group in comparison between intervention and control groups. However, the decrease in weight was not statistically significant (p=0.08) in the intervention group compared the control group. In comparison between two groups, the depression score exhibited a statistically significant decrease in the intervention (p=0.001) and control groups (p=0.01), while there was a statistically significant increase in the quality-of-life score only in the intervention group (p<0.001) in comparison between intervention and control groups. The results indicate the potential beneficial effects of the herbal product on anthropometric variables in patients. Furthermore, the intervention yielded significant improvements in depression symptoms and quality-of-life scores among the patients.

Assessment of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxin B1 contamination, and post-harvest quality of Sorghum bicolor

The present investigation explored the antifungal effectiveness of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil (TAEO) against Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination, and its mechanism of action using biochemical and computational approaches. The GC–MS result revealed the chemical diversity of TAEO with the highest percentage of γ-terpinene (39 %). The TAEO exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration against A. flavus growth (0.5 µL/mL) and AFB1 (0.4 µL/mL) with radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 2.13 µL/mL). The mechanism of action of TAEO was associated with the alteration in plasma membrane functioning, antioxidative defense, and carbon source catabolism. The molecular dynamic result shows the multi-regime binding of γ-terpinene with the target proteins (Nor1, Omt1, and Vbs) of AFB1 biosynthesis. Furthermore, TAEO exhibited remarkable in-situ protection of Sorghum bicolor seed samples against A. flavus and AFB1 contamination and protected the nutritional deterioration. Hence, the study recommends TAEO as a natural antifungal agent for food protection against A. flavus mediated biodeterioration.

DRUG REVIEW OF YAVANI (TRACHYSPERMUM AMMI)

Mahabhaishaja is used for ahara dravya, which is crucial in treating different diseases. The traditional system of medicine plays an essential role in providing health care to mankind. Trachyspermum Ammi Possesses a great restorative value in Ayurveda medicine and culinary practices. Yavani is an annually growing plant widely distributed all over India has katu tikta rasa, laghu Deeksha, ruksha guna, ushna veerya katu Vipaka helps to cure diseases like grahani, gulma, Kasa, Anaha .yavani having Anti-spasmodic, Broncho-dilating, Hepatoprotective, Abortifacient, Anti-inflammatory, Antitussive effect, Anti-filarial, Gastroprotective, Hypo lipidemic pharmacological activities. Thymol is a dietary monoterpene phenol that is abundantly found in respect of Trachyspermum ammi; it averts menstrual cramps, enhances digestion by relaxing smooth muscles, devaluates respiratory problems, and is an active ingredient used in food flavorings, toothpaste, topical ointments, various soaps, deodorants and shampoos, mouthwashes.

Medical Constituents of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) for Human Benefits

Ajwain seed analysis has revealed it to contain fiber (11.9%), carbohydrates (38.6%), tannins, glycosides, moisture (8.9%), protein (15.4%), fat (18.1%), saponins, flavone and mineral matter (7.1%) containing calcium, phosphorous, iron and nicotinic acid. Ajwain fruits yield 2% to 4% brownish essential oil, with thymol as the major constituent (35% to 60%). The non-thymol fraction (thymene) contains para-cymene, γ-terpenine, α- and β-pinenes, dipentene, α-terpinene, and carvacrol. Minute amounts of camphene, myrcene, and α-3-carene also have been found in the plant. Alcoholic extracts contain a highly hygroscopic saponin. From the fruits, an yellow, crystalline flavone and a steroid-like substance has been isolated and it also contains 6-O-β-glucopyranosyloxythymol, glucoside and yields 25% oleoresin containing 12% volatile oil (thymol, γ-terpinene, para-cymene, and α- and β-pinene). The principal oil constituents of T. ammi are carvone (46%), limonene (38%), and dillapiole (9%). Ajwain is administered for curing stomach disorders, a paste of crushed fruits is applied externally for relieving colic pains; and a hot and dry fomentation of the fruits is applied on chest for asthma. Therapeutic uses of T. ammi fruits include; stomachic, carminative and expectorant, antiseptic and amoebiasis, antimicrobial. Seeds soaked in lemon juice with P runus amygdalus (badam) are given in curing amenhorroea and it is also used as antipyretic, febrifugal and in the treatment of typhoid fever. The antihypertensive effect of T. ammi administered intravenously in vivo, and the antispasmodic and bronchodilating actions in vitro showed that calcium channel blockade has been found to mediate the spasmolytic effects of plant materials and it is being considered that this mechanism contributed to their observed result and supported the traditional use of T. ammi in hyperactive disease states of the gut such as colic and diarrhea as well as in hypertension. Ajwain seeds revealed significant reduction of cough number which may be a result of its potent antitussive effect. The bronchodilatory effect of decocted extract of Ajwain on the asthmatic patients’ airways was examined in a subsequent trial study. According to the results, the extract has a relatively bronchodilatory effect on asthmatic airways compared to the effect of Theophylline at concentrations used. Ajwain was attributed to have diuretic and antilithiasis activity in ethnopharmacological reports. Accordingly, a human study was performed and in which, seeds of Ajwain were decocted in milk and given orally to volunteers suffering from urinary stone for a nine days period. The results were reported satisfactory against pure ca-oxalate stone. Another activity which has been proved for Ajwain is the antihyperlipidemic property. An in vivo study revealed that Ajwain seeds powder is extensively effective on lipid profile and can decrease total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and total lipids. Moreover, organic extract of seeds reduced atherogenic index and increased the level of HDL-cholesterol in albino rabbits. Ajwain was evaluated for the potentiality of antihypertensive and antispasmodic activity. In the related investigation, the aqueous-methanolic extract of the seeds caused a dose dependent decrease in arterial blood pressure in anaesthetized animal models. Furthermore, inhibitory effect on the K+-induced contractions was seen in isolated rabbit aorta and jejunum preparations during the application of Ajwain extract. These findings prove the potential antihypertensive and antispasmodic activity of Ajwain.

Polylactic acid films incorporated with nanochitosan, nanocellulose, and Ajwain essential oil: Synthesis, characterizations, with in-vitro and in-vivo antimicrobial properties for infected wound healing

Nowadays developing wound dressing with higher antimicrobial properties which is accelerates healing, considered an emerging issue. In this study, we designed polylactic acid (PLA) films incorporated with different concentrations of nanochitosan (NCH), nanocellulose (CNC), and Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain) essential oil (AEO) with in-vitro and in-vivo antimicrobial properties, for infected wound healing. In this study, AEO was extracted and the components were analyzed. The appearance, thickness, release of AEO, and the in-vitro antimicrobial properties of films were evaluated and the films with higher antimicrobial properties were used as dressing the wounds of rats. The mechanical properties of selected films with higher healing properties were analyzed. The results showed that thymol, P-cymene, and γ-terpinene were the main components of AEO. Also, all PLA films with AEO had antimicrobial properties, especially gram-positive bacteria. Finally, PLA films incorporated with 4 % NCH and 3 % AEO showed the highest antibacterial and wound healing properties. According to the results obtained in the tensile strength test, the PLA/NCH films had good strength and NCH improved the mechanical properties of the films. According to the results obtained in this study, the PLA films incorporated with NCH and AEO oil can be a suitable option for new wound dressings.

Exploring the Effectiveness of Ajwain Cream in Treating Taxane-induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Cancer Patients: A Pilot, Randomised and Double-blind Clinical Trial.

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is a common disorder among cancer patients receiving various chemotherapeutic protocols. The present study aimed to explore the feasibility of ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi [L.] Sprague) cream in treating peripheral neuropathy symptoms triggered by taxane chemotherapeutic agents. This was a pilot, double-blind, and randomised clinical trial on patients with peripheral neuropathy attributable to chemotherapy with taxane drugs during 2021-2022 in Tehran. Patients received ajwain or placebo cream for four weeks and filled out the chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy assessment tool (CIPNAT) at the start and end finale of the trial. Side effects were also noted. Thirty patients suffering from breast, lung, gastro-intestinal, or prostate cancer were allocated to each of the drug and placebo groups. The mean difference in CIPNAT score between the groups was 0.83, demonstrating the statistical ineffectiveness of the drug compared with the placebo (P = 0.372). The safety profile showed promising outcomes at the end of the trial. Although the effectiveness of ajwain cream was unacceptable in treating chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy symptoms, multicentre controlled trials with ample sample size are mandatory for an all-inclusive inference.

Effect of Seed Priming Treatments on Germination, Growth and Yield of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.)

Aim: To discern the most effective seed priming treatment among several priming treatments, which provide early and maximum germination, prosperous growth, and prodigious yield.&#x0D; Study Design: Nine treatments with one control treatment in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Chilli and Vegetable Research Unit, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola (M.S), during the rabi season of 2022.&#x0D; Methodology: The ajwain seeds were primed with treatments comprised of, Gibberellic acid at 100 ppm and 200 ppm, Monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4) at 2% and 3%, moringa leaf extract at 5% and 7.5%, tulsi leaf extract at 5% and 7.5%, hydro-priming (soaking in water), control (without soaking), for 24 hours before sowing. After that, primed seeds shade-dried for 4-5 hours. Then, the seeds were sown in the field.&#x0D; Results: The outcomes unveiled fascinating insights. Notably, treating the seeds with 7.5% moringa leaf extract (T6) revealed remarkable results, exhibiting the swiftest germination at 11.67 days, a staggering initial plant stand of 99.38%, and an impressive germination percentage of 93.33%. Meanwhile, the utilization of 200 ppm GA3 led to a maximum plant height of 89.70 cm. Furthermore, the application of 7.5% moringa leaf extract (T6) observed the minimum days to 50% flowering at 92.98 days and days to harvesting at 156.17 days and boasting the maximum primary branches plant-1 at 11.55. Among the myriad treatments, the application of 7.5% moringa leaf extract (T6) emerged as a standout, showcasing unparalleled results with a maximum number of umbels and umbellets at 200.72 and 18.03, respectively. A prodigious yield of 10.49g plant-1, 2.67 kg plot-1 and 11.86q ha-1.&#x0D; Conclusion: These findings underscore the potency of specific seed priming treatments, particularly, the 7.5% moringa leaf extract (T6) and 200 ppm Gibberellic acid (T2), in fostering robust ajwain seed germination, growth, accelerated plant development, and prodigious yield.

Insecticidal activity, Chemical Constituents of Trachyspermum ammi, Withania coagulans and Murraya koenigii ethanloic extracts against Bemisia tabaci.

Whitefly is one of the most widespread agricultural pests in the world. Essential oils might be used to control this insect in an environmentally responsible way. The fumigant, repellent, and anti-oviposition activity of ethanol-extracted essential oils of Trachyspermum ammi, Withania coagulans, and Murraya koenigii against Bemisia tabaci was investigated in this study. In the experiment, three essential oil concentrations (2.5 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, and 10 mg/mL) were used. Trachyspermum ammi had the highest percentage of whitefly death in laboratory experiments due to its fumigant toxicity; the same tendency was found in contact toxicity and repellent effect. Mortality percent rises as the concentration of essential oil increases with bioassay time. As the concentration of essential oil grows with bioassay time, so does the mortality rate. The most adult whiteflies escaped from the treated plants' greenhouse due to the highest essential oil concentration. The greatest repellency was found with Trachyspermum ammi essential oil at 10 mg/mL. The essential oil had the greatest anti-oviposition efficacy against whiteflies. Trachyspermum ammi possessed the most potent anti-oviposition deterrent, followed by Withania coagulans in second place. Murraya koenigii finished third with moderate anti-oviposition, which affects the number of eggs produced in comparison to the control. As a consequence, these three oils might be used as an effective and environmentally acceptable bio-insecticide to control B. tabaci.

Seed yield and its characteristics studies variability correlation and a path coefficient ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.)

Seed yield and its characteristics studies variability correlation and a path coefficient ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.)

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis to Identify Putative Genes Involved in Thymol Biosynthesis Pathway in Medicinal Plant Trachyspermum Ammi L

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis to Identify Putative Genes Involved in Thymol Biosynthesis Pathway in Medicinal Plant Trachyspermum Ammi L