Care Of Young Children Research Articles

Care of Young Children With Diabetes in the Childcare and Community Setting: A Statement of the American Diabetes Association.

Diabetes management in children extends from the home to other settings where children spend a significant portion of their waking hours. For young children (generally, aged <5 years) with diabetes, this includes childcare centers. Given their age and developmental stage, young children require a carefully thought-out, proactive diabetes care plan for the childcare setting, developed jointly by the health care provider and parents/guardians, and implemented by childcare staff. In the U.S., federal laws and some state laws protect the rights of children with diabetes in childcare and other settings to ensure they receive appropriate assistance with the diabetes management and care. This American Diabetes Association (ADA) Statement addresses the legal rights of children in the childcare setting, outlines the current best practices for diabetes care, and provides resources and responsibilities for parents/guardians, childcare providers, and health care providers. The ADA intends for these tools and information to support the health and well-being of young children with diabetes and offer helpful guidance to those caring for them.

Eye Care in Young Children: A Parents' Perspective of Access and Barriers.

To evaluate parental perspectives of accessing eye care for children aged under seven years. The survey was conducted during September 2020 to March 2021 using online applications and distributed to parents whose children were between the ages of three and seven years. The survey included parents' background, their knowledge of the provision of eye-care services, and the possible barriers that existed to access eye-care services. The relationship between parents' knowledge, barrier scores, level of parental education, and demographic or socioeconomic status was assessed using nonparametric tests. In total, 1037 questionnaires were completed. The respondents were from 50 cities across Saudi regions. The participants' age was 39 7.5 years, and 54% of them had at least one child under the age of seven (n = 564). Further, 47% had not taken their children for vision screening at reception/year one (n = 467). In addition, 65% of them were not aware of the mandatory screening program at reception/year 1; whereas, only 20% (n = 207) knew how to access eye-care services; and only 39% of the children had undergone any kind of eye or vision test. The pathways to eye care and the cost of eye services/glasses were the main limitations. The parents' responses were significantly influenced by their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics (Kruskal Wallis, P 0.05). There was a need for enhancing parent information on how to access eye care for young children and the currently available vision screening programs. Finally, a national protocol to cover the cost of the eye exam as well as spectacle prescription shall be proposed as a mean of incentive.

PEGASE Program: Identification of babies in the child protection system at risk of developmental delays or disorders and the implementation of a ‘supra‐optimal’ care pathway

AbstractThe importance of the first three years of life for children's development and the consequences for their general health in adulthood have been widely documented in the international literature, including the benefits of early identification and intervention programs. Additionally, convergent research has highlighted wide‐ranging negative trajectories attributable to both the short and long‐term consequences of abuse and neglect and their neurobiological impact on health and development. However, formal identification processes and the use of standardised screening tools in child protection remain relatively rare despite the potential societal impact of child maltreatment in terms of public and economic health. Moreover, delays between the initial identification of mental health problems and health and developmental disorders, and the introduction of appropriate interventions persist. Abused and neglected infants risk an exacerbation of the consequences of early maltreatment due to insufficient access to prompt assessment and treatment, including appropriate responses to their health needs.The aim of this article is to present the PEGASE program, an innovative French program for very young children in care, which is modelled on the care of premature babies. By setting up an early care pathway, it aims to ensure adequate medical follow‐up – both somatic and psychiatric – through standardised examination and tailored interventions in order to limit the adverse health and developmental consequences of abuse. The presentation of the PEGASE program is supplemented by a case study.

Physical health of care-experienced young children in high-income countries: a scoping review protocol

IntroductionCare-experienced children have poorer health, developmental, and quality of life outcomes across the lifespan compared to children who are not in care. These inequities begin to manifest in the early...

PREVENTING THE APPEARANCE OF PROFESSIONAL DEFORMATIONS OF FUTURE PRESCHOOL INSTITUTIONS TEACHERS

The article deals with the problem of preventing occupational burnout, the appearance of professional deformations, counteraction to the negative professiogenesis of future childcare teachers of preschool institutions at the stage of their professional training. It describes specific features of preschool education including high degree of responsibility and psychological stress of childcare teachers’ work, complexity and a significant number of job tasks, intensity of communication, a high probability of emergency situations, etc. By interviewing 54 young childcare teachers (their work experience being up to 3 years) from different regions of Ukraine (Kyiv and Ternopil regions), the author brought into sharp focus the practical urgency of the issue of professional deformation of a specialist. The author has come to the conclusion, that yesterday’s graduates of higher education institutions are not ready for full-fledged professional activities, and, most importantly, they are not able to work effectively and ecologically for themselves, and the issues mentioned by the respondents can be considered prerequisites for the appearance of professional deformations and early occupational burnout. Having generalized scientific representations, the author defines professional deformation of a specialist as an integrative concept covering numerous personal changes caused by specialist’s activities, and which subsides due to this by the appearance of professional destructions in the specialist. The author highlights the essence, causes and consequences of professional burnout of preschool education institutions teachers, their early professional deformation, caused by a number of destructive external and internal factors. The author offers ways to update the content and technologies of professional training, to strengthen partnerships with the best practitioners. The essence and specific features of preparation for early professional adaptation of future childcare teachers are treated as factors of activation of purposeful professional development of an individual, their professional self-disclosure and personal fulfillment, the key to preventing stagnation, deformation and burnout. The author has concluded, that the dynamics of professiogenesis of a specialist is not always positive. Therefore, future preschool institution teachers should be prepared for professional challenges, constructive overcoming of crises, negative factors and deformations. Training of future teachers of preschool education institutions involves not only the development of a sustainable set of competencies, but also the ability to continuously improve themselves, activate their own professional approach, which will ensure the professional effectiveness and reliability of childcare teachers and form a constant, conscious need for this. So, a specially developed system of training applicants for the prevention of professional deformations will intensify the professional purposeful development of an individual. It will ensure the gradual professional self-realization of the future specialists and will be the key to preventing them from stress-induced diseases, destructive changes and breakdowns.

‘I was putting her first’: Birth parents' experiences of ‘consent’ to adoption from care in England

AbstractAdoption is the preferred form of permanence for young children in care in England who are unable to live with their birth family or relatives. However, there have been growing concerns about the use of adoption, particularly in cases where birth parents have not given their consent. Despite concerns, there has been little research into birth parents' views of consent in adoption. This article reports on the experiences of 12 birth mothers and 2 birth fathers whose children were adopted from care in England. Birth parents' views on consent changed throughout the adoption process. They reported that care proceedings could be traumatic, and they did not always understand what was happening. There was a disparity in the quality of legal advice and social work support that birth parents received. The findings raise questions for practice around the level of support birth parents receive during and after care proceedings and highlight the importance of good quality support.

Death and Dying in Hospitalized Pediatric Patients: A Prospective Multicenter, Multinational Study.

Background: For hospitalized children admitted outside of a critical care unit, the location, mode of death, "do-not-resuscitate" order (DNR) use, and involvement of palliative care teams have not been described across high-income countries. Objective: To describe location of death, patient and terminal care plan characteristics of pediatric inpatient deaths inside and outside the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Design: Secondary analysis of inpatient deaths in the Evaluating Processes of Care and Outcomes of Children in Hospital (EPOCH) randomized controlled trial. Setting/Subjects: Twenty-one centers from Canada, Belgium, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, and New Zealand. Measurement: Descriptive statistics were used to compare patient and terminal care plan characteristics. A multivariable generalized estimating equation examined if palliative care consult during hospital admission was associated with location of death. Results: A total of 365 of 144,539 patients enrolled in EPOCH died; 219 (60%) died in PICU and 143 (40%) died on another inpatient unit. Compared with other inpatient wards, patients who died in PICU were less likely to be expected to die, have a DNR or palliative care consult. Hospital palliative care consultation was more common in older children and independently associated with a lower adjusted odds (95% confidence interval) of dying in PICU [0.59 (0.52-0.68)]. Conclusion: Most pediatric inpatient deaths occur in PICU where patients were less likely to have a DNR or palliative care consult. Palliative care consultation could be better integrated into end-of-life care for younger children and those dying in PICU.

Fathers’ Job Flexibility and Mothers’ Return to Employment

Abstract One of the main drivers of gender inequality is the unequal distribution of paid work between men and women, in particular, after the birth of a child. In this study, we examine how a man’s employment flexibility, specifically his weekly hours of employment and schedule autonomy, influence his female partner’s return to employment after the birth of a first child using the German Socio-Economic Panel. Given women’s placement as primary but not solitary carers of young children, it is plausible that women’s attachment to the labour force will increase if their male partner is in a position to take on more of the responsibility for unpaid work. Results indicate that a father’s employment flexibility facilities a mother’s part-time employment. A return to full-time hours, however, is less contingent on the father’s employment circumstances or other external factors. The findings highlight the importance of employing couple-level analyses in examinations of the gender division of labour.

‘I’m not managing it; it’s managing me’: a qualitative investigation of Australian parents’ and carers’ alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic

The coronavirus pandemic has brought significant changes to people’s lives. Research indicates parents and carers faced particular challenges and were one of the few groups reported in survey data to increase their alcohol consumption during the pandemic. Drawing on interviews with 30 Australian parents and carers of young children, and using a family practices approach, we explore how participants considered their alcohol practices as entangled with, or affected by, their family dynamics and their role as carers during the pandemic. Drinking practices during COVID-19 vary across the sample, with some participants increasing their consumption and others reducing it. Participants' accounts show how drinking was constructed as rewarding, pleasurable, and relaxing, while for others it was associated with guilt and heightened stress. The complex reflections on alcohol consumption were shaped by circumstances unique to the pandemic, including an absence of alternative leisure options, new stresses, increased bodily density and sharing of space, and new forms of care/emotional responsibilities. Findings highlight the ways the pandemic aggravated existing tensions, which in turn were shaped by and entangled with their alcohol consumption, and illustrate how consumption may have been productive, potentially with few repercussions for them and their families.

What Mothers of Young Children Care about: A Grounded Theory Study

Mainstream psychology of parenting styles minimizes the wisdom of mothers in being able to navigate parenting within a complex ever-changing system. This empirical study involves in-depth interviews conducted in two different contexts. This paper explores the major concerns mothers have about their child-rearing experiences, their children&amp;rsquo;s welfare, and the impact that these concerns have had on their personal wellbeing. The paper will outline some ways in which mothers attempt to address the barriers to a fulfilling mother-child relationship.

The Role of Trust in the Care of Young Children with Type 1 Diabetes.

Using the theoretical framework of Guido Möllering conceptualising trust as a mental process composed of three elements—expectation, interpretation and suspension—we examined the role of trust in relation to young children’s (age ≤ 7 years) psychosocial needs when diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Based on qualitative interviews with health care professionals (HPCs) from paediatric diabetes clinics in all regions of Denmark, we identified four main themes: trust through meaningful interaction, trust as a key factor at the time of diagnosis, trust in a long-term perspective and caregivers as the bridge to trust. We conclude that trust between young children and HCPs is central to children’s psychosocial experience, as well as a primary need, when children are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Trusting relationships counteract children’s experience of fear, anxiety and needle phobia and reinforce HCPs’ experience of providing good psychosocial as well as medical care. The present study offers insights into how trust can positively affect young children’s experience of diagnosis. This study also points out some key barriers to and facilitators of creating trusting relationships. This research is a first step towards a greater understanding that can inform collective future guidelines on the psychosocial care of young children.

A Pre-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Basic Training Programme in Terms of Knowledge and Practice regarding Care of Young Children among Day Care Workers Working in Selected Day Care Centers of New Delhi

A day care is a childcare center where care is provided by adults who are not their parents. Day care workers should have adequate knowledge regarding the care of young children. The study aimed to assess the knowledge and practice regarding care of young children in day care centers. Quantitative descriptive research approach was adopted for the study with one group pre-test post-test pre-experimental research design. The study included 30 day care workers working in a day care centre of New Delhi, using purposive sampling. Structured knowledge questionnaire and observation checklists were used for data collection and data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that before administration of basic training programmes, 18 (60%) of day care workers had average knowledge scores, 9 (30%) had good knowledge scores and 3 (10%) of day care workers had poor knowledge regarding care of young children. After the administration of the basic training programme, 30 (100%) were having good knowledge. It can be concluded that participants ranked highest (I) in knowledge score of Prevention of infections knowledge’ followed by rank II of ‘Growth and development of child’, rank III of ‘Nutrition for a child’, rank IV ‘Personal hygiene’, rank V of ‘Safety and security’ followed by rank VI - ‘Qualities of personnel in day care center’. In terms of practice before administration of basic training programme 23 (77%) of study subjects had average practice scores, 4 (13%) had good practice scores and 3 (10%) of day care workers had poor practice scores regarding care of young children. After the administration of the basic training programme, 27(90%) were having good practice and 3 (10%) were having average practice. There was no significant association found between the knowledge and practice score with demographic variables of day care workers.

COVID-19 She-Cession: The Employment Penalty of Taking Care of Young Children

The COVID-19 outbreak and the measures to contain the virus have caused severe disruptions to labor supply and demand worldwide. Understanding who is bearing the burden of the crisis and what drives it is crucial for designing policies going forward. Using the U.S. monthly Current Population Survey data, this paper analyzes differences in employment responses between men and women. The main finding is that less educated women with young children were the most adversely affected during the first nine months of the crisis.The loss of employment of women with young children due to the burden of additional childcare is estimated to account for 45 percent of the increase in the employment gender gap, and to reduce total output by 0.36 percent between April and November 2020.

COVID-19 She-Cession: The Employment Penalty of Taking Care of Young Children

The COVID-19 outbreak and the measures to contain the virus have caused severe disruptions to labor supply and demand worldwide. Understanding who is bearing the burden of the crisis and what drives it is crucial for designing policies going forward. Using the U.S. monthly Current Population Survey data, this paper analyzes differences in employment responses between men and women. The main finding is that less educated women with young children were the most adversely affected during the first nine months of the crisis.The loss of employment of women with young children due to the burden of additional childcare is estimated to account for 45 percent of the increase in the employment gender gap, and to reduce total output by 0.36 percent between April and November 2020.

Early correctional and pedagogical assistance to children with autism as a means of improving their quality of life

The present article deals with the organization and implementation of correctional care for younger children with autism spectrum disorders. The authors reveal key aspects of the problems underlying the speech and nonspeech difficulties of this category of children, as well as consider the topic of the only generally accepted method (applied behavior analysis) that is widely used when working with these children, and prove the expediency of a different approach to the complex correction of speech problems in children with communication disorders. The approach is based on the identified peculiarities of the speech and nonspeech problems of children with autism. The authors justify the choice of contemporary foreign methods (Tomatis, Floortime, and Sensory Integration) in the correction of speech and behavior of children with communication disorders based on the results of the conducted ascertaining experiment. Based on a comparative analysis of the results of ascertaining and forming experiments in the control and experimental groups, it has been proved experimentally that establishing an emotional and communicative component of the mental development of the child, as well as improving the processing of auditory, tactile, vestibular, and proprioceptive sensation speed up the corrective process that plays a crucial role in speech development and the development of nonlanguage functions. The significance of this study concerns the evidence-based use of a comprehensive approach to the correction of children with autism in the sensitive period of their development (from two to four years). Early comprehensive care provides a chance to achieve success in the social and speech development of these children by the beginning of school education (from seven to eight years), which will significantly improve the quality of their lives and contribute to the best integration into society.

Elementary School-Aged Children in Therapeutic Residential Care: Examining Latent Classes, Service Provision, and Outcomes

BackgroundApproximately one-third of children in residential care are elementary-school aged. Yet, little is known about the subset of younger children in residential care and the nature of these placements. ObjectiveThis study identified latent classes of younger children in residential care and compared the purposes for placement, treatment processes, and outcomes across classes. Participants and settingThe sample included 216 children (ages 5-10) placed in therapeutic residential care. MethodsA three-step latent class model was used to estimate conditional effects of class membership on impairment at discharge, length of stay, and discharge placement. A content analysis of a randomly selected sample of case records from each class was used to explore placement processes. ResultsThere were three classes identified (class 1: child welfare/multi-problem families; class 2: mental-health/angry-oppositional; class 3: strong families/attachment). All classes experienced large improvements in functioning. Children in class 3 were in care longer (CI95% 1.72, 15.48) and experienced greater reductions in impairment (CI95% -11.17, -32.06) than class 2. Classes did not differ in rates of discharge to family-based care, however, more children in classes 1 (20.9%) and 3 (21.6%) discharged to group-based placements than class 2 (11.1%). The content analysis revealed similarities in reasons for placement and treatment processes across classes with some distinctions. Service goals were similar across classes and focused on emotional management, social skills, and developing trust. ConclusionThe results supported individualized approaches to facilitate discharge to stable, family-based care and reduced risks for re-entry and prolonged out-of-home care for younger children.

"The child's got a complete circle around him". The care of younger children (5-11 years) with CFS/ME. A qualitative study comparing families', teachers' and clinicians' perspectives'.

Society needs to improve the care of children with complex needs. Guidelines recommend integrating care across health and educational settings, however, there is little research on whether this is achieved or how this can be done in practice. Our aim was to address this gap by examining how the care of children (aged 5-11 years) with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/ Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is shared across home, education and health settings, in order to generate recommendations for integrating care. We undertook semi-structured interviews with families (22 participants), teachers (11 participants) and healthcare providers (9 participants), analysing the data thematically and comparatively. Our analysis of the data was informed by a socio-ecological perspective as we sought to understand the complexity of the relationships and systems around the child. The first theme focuses on the child ("individual level"); child-centred care is seen as essential whilst acknowledging that the child has limited capacity to manage their own care. The second theme presents the distinct roles of parents, teachers and clinicians ("interpersonal and organisational levels"). The third describes how these three levels interact in the management of the child's care, in the context of the health and education systems and policies ("policy levels"). The fourth explores optimal ways to integrate care across home, school and clinical settings. In conclusion, there is opportunity to support a child with complex health needs by targeting the systems around the child; parents, teachers and clinicians, as well as education and health policy that can enable shared-care. Involving schools in assessment, communicating diagnosis across settings and using a stepped-care approach to integrated care may be beneficial. Further work is needed to explore these recommendations, with attention to the policy factors that may act as barriers and enablers.

Proverbs and Narratives: An Inherited Knowledge System of Child Rearing and Caring in Rural Cultural Setting

This paper aims to write a research proposal on ‘Archaeology of inherited wisdom: interpreting proverbs and narratives related to infants and young childcare in rural Bangladesh..

A New Public Conceptualisation of Education and Care for Younger Children: bridging the public–private divide

Over the past two decades there has been substantial expansion of Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) provision. This has led to significant expansion of the role of the private sector. Alongside this, there is a substantial evidence base about the importance of high-quality, pedagogically appropriate provision, delivered by highly skilled practitioners. This article argues that to provide high-quality ECEC a reconceptualisation of provision for young children within public education is needed. These changes would allow developments to build on previous reforms through an increased role for public provision as a distinct education phase, creating a more highly skilled workforce with clear career pathways and offering a pedagogically appropriate curriculum.

Observation and attention in professional network meetings for children in care

ABSTRACTThis paper gives an overview of some theoretical ideas about attention to introduce case examples illustrating the contribution of attention in observation-based therapeutic interventions to the work and thinking of professional networks for young children in care. In conclusion, the theoretical ideas of Freud and Bick are linked with observational therapeutic support and the value of work discussion in supporting practitioners is highlighted.