Behavioral Care Research Articles

Relationship between diabetes health literacy, distress, burnout, social support, complications, self-care behaviors, and quality of life among patients with type 2 diabetes: a path analysis study

IntroductionImproving the quality of life (QOL) is the most important goal of early diagnosis and treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Numerous studies have indicated the positive effects of health literacy, social support and self-care behaviors and the negative effects of diabetes distress and burnout on the QOL of patients with T2D. Understanding these factors is crucial for people with diabetes. However, no study has investigated the simultaneous effects of these variables on QOL. In this study, our goals were to find out how these variables are related to each other, in addition, which variables play the role of mediating variables, and finally, what is the cumulative effect of these variables in predicting the QOL of patients with T2D. So, this study aimed to examine the relationship between diabetes health literacy (DHL), distress, burnout, social support, complications of diabetes, self-care behaviors, and QOL among patients with T2D by application Path analysis method.MethodsIn this study 929 participants were entered to study by cluster sampling method and finally, data were analyzed among 820 participants. Data were gathered by self-report and with seven tools of Demographic section, DHL Scale, Diabetes distress scale, Diabetes Burnout scale, Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ), Perceived social support, Diabetes Quality of Life (DQOL) Questionnaire. The software’s of SPSS version 24 and AMOS version 24 were used for analysis.ResultsThe variables of DHL, social support, diabetes distress, and complications of diabetes predicted 38% variance in diabetes burnout (R2 = 0.38). Greatest impact on diabetes burnout was related to diabetes distress (estimate total effect = 0.539). The variables of DHL, social support, diabetes distress, complications of diabetes, and diabetes burnout predicted 24% variance in self- care behaviors (R2 = 0.24). Greatest impact on self- care behaviors was related to DHL (estimate total effect = 0.354). The variables of DHL, social support, diabetes distress, diabetes burnout, complications of diabetes, and self- care behaviors predicted 49% variance in DQOL (R2 = 0.49). Greatest impact on DQOL was related to variables of diabetes distress (estimate total effect = -0.613), DHL (estimate total effect = 0.225), diabetes burnout (estimate total effect = -0.202), complications of diabetes (estimate total effect = − 0.173), social support (estimate total effect = 0.149), and self -care (estimate total effect = 0.149), respectively.ConclusionTo improve QOL in patients with T2D, health care providers must develop interventions that increase DHL of diabetic. Because DHL can decrease distress and burnout, enhance self -care skills, create supportive networks, and ultimately improve QOL in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Emergency triage nurses’ perceptions of caring behaviors and the safety of the patient during triage encounters: a grounded theory study

BackgroundTriage is a dynamic process prioritising the patient coming to the emergency department. Caring behaviour and patient safety during the triage process are essential for ensuring a good care experience and treatment outcome.ObjectiveTo describe triage nurses’ perceptions on caring behaviors and patient safety in the triage area.DesignStrauss and Corbin’s Grounded theory method was used to develop the model.MethodsThe study was conducted in the emergency department in northeastern Slovenia. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection, and 19 triage nurses were selected by theoretical sampling, guided by emerging categories between November 2021 and July 2022. The data analysis was conducted according to Strauss and Corbin’s coding framework.ResultsThe analysis of the interviews generated one category: The process of creating a caring and safe triage encounter for the patient, together with two categories that explain the key phenomenon: (1) Triage caring and (2) Safety in the triage process. Within the category “Triage caring”, four subcategories were developed: (1) Assurance of triage nurses’ presence, (2) Connectedness, (3) Respectful attitude, and (4) Knowledge and skills. The category Safety in the triage process consists of three identified subcategories: (1) Conception and perception of safety, (2) Factors influencing patient safety, and (3) Improving the triage safety.ConclusionsThe triage nurses’ perceptions about caring for the patient and his safety in the triage area show that caring and safety are inseparably linked and coincide when triaging a patient. Namely, caring for the patient means ensuring the patient’s safety at the same time.Implications for the nursing fieldA better understanding of the importance of triage nurses’ caring behavior and patient safety emerges from the findings, highlighting the challenges faced in a busy emergency department where nurses must balance providing care and responding to patients’ needs while ensuring safety. Findings in the study show that patient care and safety are inseparably linked and coincide when triaging a patient. Moreover, applying caring behaviour during triage encounter results in greater patient safety.No patient or public contributionThe study’s design, evaluation of the findings, and execution did not need the involvement of patients or the general public. Participants were triage nurses working in the emergency department. Triage nurses were interviewed about their perceptions of triage nurses on caring behaviors and patient safety during triage encounter.

The knowledge, attitude and behavior on the palliative care among neonatal nurses: what can we do

BackgroundNeonatal nurses should provide timely and high-quality palliative care whenever necessary. It’s necessary to investigate the knowledge, attitude and behavior of palliative care among neonatal nurses, to provide references and evidences for clinical palliative care.MethodsNeonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurses in a tertiary hospital of China were selected from December 1 to 16, 2022. The palliative care knowledge, attitude and behavior questionnaire was used to evaluate the current situation of palliative nursing knowledge, attitude and behavior of NICU nurses. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the influencing factors.Results122 nurses were finally included. The average score of knowledge in neonatal nurses was 7.68 ± 2.93, the average score of attitude was 26.24 ± 7.11, the score of behavior was 40.55 ± 8.98, the average total score was 74.03 ± 10.17. Spearman correlation indicated that score of knowledge, attitude and behavior of palliative care in neonatal nurses were correlated with the age(r = 0.541), year of work experience(r = 0.622) and professional ranks and titles(r = 0.576) (all P < 0.05). Age (OR = 1.515, 95%CI: 1.204 ~ 1.796), year of work experience (OR = 2.488, 95%CI: 2.003 ~ 2.865) and professional ranks and titles (OR = 2.801, 95%CI: 2.434 ~ 3.155) were the influencing factors of score of knowledge, attitude and behavior of palliative care (all P < 0.05).Public contributionNICU nurses have a positive attitude towards palliative care, but the practical behavior of palliative care is less and lack of relevant knowledge. Targeted training should be carried out combined with the current situation of knowledge, attitude and practice of NICU nurses to improve the palliative care ability and quality of NICU nurses.

Developing care behaviors and ethical attitude in nursing education

AimThis study aims to determine the effect of education based on the Theory of Human Caring on nursing students' caring behaviors and ethical attitudes. BackgroundIt is crucial to plan nursing education holistically, addressing cognitive, psychomotor and affective domains for the comprehensive development of caring behaviors and ethical attitudes. DesignThis study employed a convergent mixed-methods approach with randomized pretest-posttest comparisons and qualitative analysis. MethodsThis study was conducted with third-year nursing students at a state university in Ankara, Turkey, in 2021. It comprised a total of 95 participants, with 47 students in the case group and 48 students in the video group. Theoretical education based on the Theory of Human Caring was simultaneously provided to both groups. Following this, one group received practical training using a video-supported teaching method, while the other group received it through a case analysis method. The research used the 'Descriptive Characteristics Form', 'Caring Nurse Patient Interaction Scale (CNPIS)', 'Scale for Attitudes of Ethical Principles (SAEP)' and 'Student Opinion Form on Care Behaviors Education' to collect data. Quantitative data were analyzed using t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, Wilcoxon paired two-sample tests and Linear Regression Analysis, with a significance level of p<0.05. Qualitative data were evaluated through document analysis. Permissions were obtained before the research. ResultsAfter the education provided, significant differences were found between the pre-test and post-test scores of both groups (p<0.05). It was determined that there was a statistically significant, positive and generally moderate relationship between the caring behaviors and ethical attitudes of the students. Additionally, participating students reported that they were satisfied with the education provided, stating that the teaching methods increased their motivation and positively influenced their perspectives on caring and its ethical dimensions. ConclusionsThe research findings show significant improvements in nursing students' care behaviors and ethical attitudes following education based on the Human Care Theory, with both case analysis and video-supported teaching methods yielding notable results. Integration of care theories into the nursing undergraduate curriculum, alongside the use of holistic teaching methods, is recommended, along with further randomized controlled trials to assess teaching effectiveness.

Assessment of Health Literacy and Self- Care Behavior with Arteriovenous Fistula among Hemodialysis Patients

Assessment of Health Literacy and Self- Care Behavior with Arteriovenous Fistula among Hemodialysis Patients

Intergenerational care and rural childhood obesity in the digital era: Based on screen exposure perspective

BackgroundRural Chinese children are experiencing increasing obesity rates, yet studies often neglect the impact of IT and screen media growth on obesity risks in the context of intergenerational care, leading to incomplete strategies for the digital era. MethodsBy comprehensively utilizing the data on rural children aged 6–17 from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) and the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), this study aims to test the logical chain and specific mechanisms regarding “intergenerational care - screen exposure - rural childhood obesity”. We employ the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Generalized Propensity Score Matching (GPSM) methods to respectively address the self-selection biases associated with inter-generational care and children's screen exposure behaviors. Results1) Intergenerational care significantly increases screen exposure among rural children. 2) Gender bias increases the risk of screen exposure for rural boys under intergenerational care. 3) Children with higher screen exposure levels are more affected by intergenerational care, which further undermines parental supervision. 4) Children's screen exposure leads to increased sedentary time and higher probability of purchasing unhealthy foods, thereby exacerbating obesity. This process is facilitated by enhancing preferences for snacks, fast food, and beverages, and weakening preferences for physical activity. 5) GPSM analysis indicates that children's screen exposure has an inverted “U"-shaped impact on unhealthy dietary preferences and a “U"-shaped impact on activity preferences. It results in a nonlinear positive impact of screen exposure on obesity. This study reveals a positive association between screen exposure and obesity, offering new insights into how intergenerational care in the digital era may elevate obesity prevalence through excessive screen time for rural children.

Incorporating verbal and nonverbal aspects to enhance a model of patient communication in cancer care: A grounded theory study.

High-quality communication is essential to patient-centered care. Existing communication models and research tends to focus on what is said verbally with little attention to nonverbal aspects of communication. In sensitive and emotionally intensive healthcare encounters, such as in cancer care, provider and patient nonverbal behavior may be particularly important for communicating with empathy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a conceptual model of communication that accounts for nonverbal behavior. We followed a systematic grounded theory design that involved semi-structured interviews with 23 providers, including nurse practitioners, physicians, surgeons, and physician's assistants. Using constant comparative analysis, we analyzed transcripts and developed a grounded theory model of communication accounting for nonverbal behavior. The major themes included building rapport, gauging how patients will take bad news, ensuring patients' understanding of their conditions, staying honest but hopeful, centering but guiding patient through cancer care, conveying empathy while managing heightened emotions, and ensuring patient understanding. Throughout the process, providers synthesize both verbal and nonverbal information and apply what they learn to future encounters. The results extend existing models of patient-centered communication and invite communication intervention and research that incorporates nonverbal behavior. The model contributes an understanding of the full process of communication in clinical encounters.

Association between achieving adequate antenatal care and health-seeking behaviors: A study of Demographic and Health Surveys in 47 low- and middle-income countries.

Antenatal care (ANC) is essential for ensuring the well-being of pregnant women and their fetuses. This study models the association between achieving adequate ANC and various health and health-seeking indicators across wealth quintiles in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We analyzed data from 638,265 women across 47 LMICs using available Demographic and Health Surveys from 2010 to 2022. Via multilevel logistic regression analyses adjusted for a series of confounding variables and country and wealth quintile fixed effects, we estimated the projected impact of achieving adequate ANC utilization and quality on a series of health and health care indicators: facility birth, postnatal care, childhood immunizations, and childhood stunting and wasting. Achieving adequate levels of ANC utilization and quality (defined as at least 4 visits, blood pressure monitoring, and blood and urine testing) was positively associated with health-seeking behavior across the majority of countries. The strongest association was observed for facility birth, followed by postnatal care and child immunization. The strength of the associations varied across countries and wealth quintiles, with more significant ones observed in countries with lower baseline ANC utilization levels and among the lower wealth quintiles. The associations of ANC with childhood stunting and wasting were notably less statistically significant compared to other indicators. Despite rigorous adjustments for potential confounders, a limitation to the methodology is that it is possible that unobserved variables may still impact outcomes. Strengthening ANC is associated with improved use of other health care in LMICs. ANC could serve as a critical platform for improving health outcomes for mothers and their children, emphasizing its importance beyond direct impact on maternal and neonatal mortality.

Determining the Health Care Behavior Needs of Older Adults Based on the Omaha System

This study aimed to identify the health behavioral needs of older adults based on the Omaha System. This descriptive study was conducted in Northern Cyprus between May and October 2021. The sample comprised 400 older adults who resided in the Gecitkale municipality. The problem-classification scheme of the Omaha system was used for data collection. The main behavioral health problems concerned nutrition (100%), physical activity (87.25%), and medication regimen (87.25%). In addition, all behavioral health problems defined by the Omaha system were evident in participants who were 75 years and older, female, single, childless, educated, and with incomes that did not cover expenses ( p &lt; .05). This study identified the basic healthcare needs of older adults, which increased in parallel with age. The Omaha system may help health professionals deliver services focusing on older people’s needs.

Function-Focused Care for Cognitive Impairment Training Among Formal Caregivers in Long-Term Care Facilities in Taiwan: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

To examine behavior changes among formal caregivers in Taiwanese long-term care facilities (LTCFs) after receiving training in function-focused care for cognitive impairment (FFC-CI). The current study was a clustered randomized controlled trial. Formal caregivers (i.e., RNs and nursing assistants) (N = 98) from four LTCFs were randomly assigned to experimental or control groups. Training was based on four components of FFC-CI. Data were collected four times within 9 months using five observational outcome measurements: Self-Efficacy for Restorative Care (SERCS), Outcome Expectations for Restorative Care Scale (OERCS), Restorative Care Knowledge Scale (RCKS), Restorative Care Behavior Checklist (RCBC), and Job Attitude Scale (JAS). Statistically significant changes were noted in each activity of restorative care behavior among the four observational measurements. Results also indicated that job satisfaction was a statistically significant main effect for the experimental group; however, SERCS, OERCS, and RCKS scores were not statistically significant. To eliminate gaps between translating research outcomes to clinical practice, this study applied a theory-based caring model for caregivers to improve knowledge and skills in caring for older adults with dementia. Caregivers who received training in FFC-CI not only had higher job satisfaction but could also provide specific FFC activities for residents during their daily care. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 50(7), 42-50.].

Relationship Between Nurses' Caring Behavior And The Level Of Spirituality Of Patients In The Lidwina And Yosef Hospital Rooms Santa Elisabeth Medan

Background: Spirituality is one of the things that affects the health of patients, unmet spiritual needs will make patients unable to overcome their health problems, and can even slow down the healing process in these patients. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between nurses' caring behavior and the level of spirituality of patients in the Lidwina and Yosef rooms of Santa Elisabeth Hospital Medan in 2023. Methods: This study used a cross sectional design. Sampling using purposive sampling technique with a total sample size of 60 respondents. The instruments used in this study were caring behavior questionnaire and DSES. Results: The results showed that the majority of nurses' caring behavior was in the excellent category as many as 50 respondents (83%) and the majority of patients' spirituality level was in the high category as many as 58 respondents (97%). Conclusions: Based on the Spearman rank statistical test, the p-value is 0.000 (p &lt;0.05) with a correlation index of 0.547. This means that there is a moderate and positive relationship (unidirectional) between the caring behavior of nurses and the spirituality of patients in the Lidwina and Joseph rooms of Santa Elisabeth Hospital Medan in 2023. It is expected that nurses can improve and maintain the level of spirituality of patients through caring behavior and empathy provided by nurses.

Emergence and Transformation of K-Smart Beauty Care

Purpose: K-smart beauty is securing an important position in the global beauty industry through innovation based on a scientific approach and the latest technology. This satisfies consumers' diverse appearance management needs and conveys the positive values of the new K-culture. In this study, we aim to examine changes in Korean beauty care behavior for the pursuit of health interventions and aesthetics that meet consumer requirements and preferences. Method: This study investigated academic research published by the Korea Research Information Sharing Service(www.riss.kr), data from Korea's government-funded research institutes, and media articles to investigate the recent change process of K-beauty. Purpose of the study a literature review was conducted by organizing the contents that corresponded to the above. Results: The beauty industry in Korean society is going through a process of specialization, segmentation, and cutting-edge technology, and is transforming into smart beauty through continuous innovation. Changing consumer awareness of beauty care was at work on this basis, and various factors such as technological development and distribution of beauty equipment, diversification of service provision to consumers, and globalization of K-culture were confirmed to have a complex synergistic effect. Conclusion: In Korean society, the perception of beauty care is changing beyond simple appearance care to the concept of smart beauty, which includes health interventions. It has been confirmed that these changes enable the provision of efficient and economical services and are gradually moving towards data-based customized services for everyone while protecting the environment.

Oral Care Behavior according to Orthodontic Treatment Experience: Use of the 9th National Health and Nutrition Survey

Oral Care Behavior according to Orthodontic Treatment Experience: Use of the 9^th National Health and Nutrition Survey

Relationship Between Consumers&amp;apos; Hair Care Behavior, Hair Salon Worker Selection Attributes, and Customer Satisfaction

In the beauty service industry, quality of life has improved along with economic development, and consumers' lifestyles have become more diverse. Unlike in the past, customers with rapid knowledge and diverse experiences place importance on individuality and have increased aesthetic desires. Accordingly, this study investigated the relationship between consumers' hair care behavior, preferences for beauty salon staff, and customer satisfaction. The limitations of this study are as follows. First, considering that there are more consumers in the study who do not visit regularly than there are consumers who visit regularly, generalizations may not be accurate. Second, because there is no designated hair salon and data on consumer satisfaction while traveling was collected together, the results of worker preference may be limited. To overcome the above limitations, we suggest that future research consider the following directions. First, it is necessary to equally compare consumers who visit beauty salons regularly and those who do not visit regularly, or conduct research targeting regular consumers. Second, worker preference and satisfaction data should be collected from consumers who have designated hair salons and studied separately or compared. Based on the results of this study, it is judged that continued research is necessary to identify the tendency of consumers to follow the style of the worker and to find ways to attract designated customers.

The Effects of MZ Generation Sociocultural Attitude on Beauty Care Behavior and Psychological Utility

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of the MZ generation’s sociocul tural attitudes on beauty care behavior and psychological effectiveness. 904 survey data for MZ generation women at the center of consumption culture were analyzed using SPSS WI N 20.0. As a result, first, there was a correlation between socio-cultural attitudes, beauty c are behaviors, and psychological utility variables. Second, it was confirmed that the MZ ge neration’s sociocultural attitudes (media influence, appearance influence) affect beauty care behavior (hair, skin, nails, makeup). Third, it was confirmed that beauty care behavior (hai r, skin, nails, makeup) affects psychological utility (self-satisfaction, self-confidence improv ement). Therefore, it was confirmed that the sociocultural attitude of the MZ generation aff ects beauty care behavior and psychological effectiveness, and beauty care behavior affects psychological effectiveness. Based on the results of this study, it is hoped that it will be h elpful as basic data to help establish marketing strategies to respond to the MZ generation, which is a major consumer class, and to develop the beauty industry.

Assessment of multidimensionality determinants of eye care adherence among type 2 diabetic patients in Shiraz, Iran

AimThis study explores the diverse factors influencing the eye care adherence of individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Shiraz. The lack of effective strategies in Iran to improve eye care behaviors and reduce retinopathy incidence in diabetes patients necessitates this research. The goal is to assess factors that affect this adherence. MethodA cross-sectional survey was conducted in Shiraz, Iran during 2022–2023. This study's primary data collection tool was an exhaustive questionnaire. This was carefully designed to include various sections, each focusing on different aspects relevant to the study's aim. ResultThe study found that being female, married, literate, and overweight resulted in more annual ophthalmology visits. Possessing additional insurance and adhering to diabetic controls and care were positively correlated with ophthalmology visits. Less reliance on family income or loans led to better eye care. The shorter duration of diabetes and proximity to a diabetic care unit were crucial factors for improved eye protection. ConclusionThis study offers insights into the various factors affecting eye care utilization patterns among individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Shiraz. The study's findings underscore the significance of demographic factors in influencing individuals' engagement in self-care practices and their access to eye care services. Further research is needed to delve into the cultural and sociodemographic determinants underlying these trends, which will aid in developing treatments that cater to the diverse needs of individuals with diabetes.

The role of Empathy in the relationship between emotional support and caring behavior towards patients among intern nursing students

BackgroundThe empathic relationship between nursing students and patients allows them to understand and address caring behavior for patients. Appropriate emotional support equips them to overcome the complexities and difficulties inherent in patient care. This support cultivates resilience and self-awareness, enabling students to manage their emotions effectively and establish meaningful connections and caring with their patients.ObjectivesTo investigate the role of empathy in the association between emotional support and caring behavior toward patients among intern nursing students at Alexandria and Damanhur University.SubjectsThe study subjects were 200 intern nursing students in their internship years of 2022–2023, randomly selected from an equal sample size from Alexandria and Damanhur University, Egypt.ToolsA questionnaire of social information& academics from students, the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire, the Caring Dimension Inventory, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support are used to collect participants’ data.ResultsEmpathy was associated with caring behavior and emotional support among nursing students (P < 0.001), and higher levels of empathy indicated increased levels of caring behavior and emotional support. The caring behavior significantly increased when intern nursing students received more emotional support and among those who were not working in private hospitals (p < 0.001,&p = 0.023 respectively). Empathy acts as a mediating role in the relationship between emotional support and caring behavior.ImplicationsImplementing strategies to assist interns in navigating challenges and promoting a culture of support can facilitate the cultivation of caring behaviors. Shedding light on the interconnectedness of empathy, emotional support, and caring behavior can inform the design of interventions to strengthen empathy as a pathway to improving patient outcomes.ConclusionEmpathy is a mediating factor in the relationship between emotional support and caring behavior. This suggests that interventions promoting empathy may serve as a pathway to enhancing caring behavior among nursing students and strategies for improving patient care outcomes by strengthening empathy skills among healthcare professionals.

Factors effecting on health-promoting behaviors in iranian pregnant women and their husbands: the actor-partner interdependence model (APIM)

IntroductionPregnancy is an important period of life for women and their husbands as the couple’s health is essential. The present study evaluated the impact of some factors (marital adjustment with depressive symptoms) on health-promoting behaviors in pregnant women and their husbands based on the actor-partner interdependence model (APIM).Materials and methodsThis descriptive study examined 211 couples (pregnant women and their husbands) in pregnancy clinics of Babol University of Medical Sciences using a convenience sampling method. The participants completed Spanier’s Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) (1979), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) (1987), and Walker’s Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLPII) questionnaire (1997). The relationships between women and their husbands were also evaluated using structural equation modeling with R software according to the Lavaan (latent variable analysis) package based on APIM-SEM.ResultsThe pregnant women’s marital adjustment positively affected their health-promoting behaviors (β = 0.456, 95% Cl: 0.491–0.998, p < 0.001) and their husbands’ (β = 0.210, 95% Cl: 0.030–0.726, p = 0.048). Pregnant woman’s depressive symptoms also negatively affected their health-promoting behaviors (β=-0.088, 95% Cl: -0.974–0.074, P = 0.236) and their husbands’ health-promoting behaviors (β=-0.177, 95% Cl: -0.281 – -0.975, P = 0.011). Furthermore, the husband’s marital adjustment only positively affected his studied behaviors (β = 0.323, 95% Cl: 0.0303–0.895, P < 0.001) but did not affect the pregnant woman’s health behaviors. The husband’s depressive symptoms had a negative impact on his studied behaviors (β = 0.219, 95% Cl: -0.122 – -0.917, P = 0.001) and did not affect the pregnant woman’s depressive symptoms. Our findings confirmed the mediating role of depressive symptoms in pregnant women and their husbands on the association of marital adjustment and health-promoting behaviors. According to the actor-partner study, a pregnant woman’s marital adjustment scores positively affected her studied behaviors and her husband (β = 0.071, 95% Cl: 0.042–0.278, P = 0.015) by decreasing her depression score. Therefore, the husband’s marital adjustment score positively affected his studied behaviors by decreasing his depression score (β = 0.084, 95% Cl: -0.053 -0.292, P = 0.005), and it did not affect his wife’s health-promoting behaviors.Discussion and conclusionThese findings suggest healthcare providers, obstetricians, and psychologists evaluate the husbands’ symptoms of depression and health-promoting behaviors in the routine pregnancy care of pregnant women. They also pay great attention to marital adjustment as a determinant of reducing depressive symptoms in pregnant women and their husbands.

Women's skin care behaviors: how to influence sunscreen use

BackgroundIt is well known that women have been plagued by various skin problems. However, research on the characteristics of women's skin at different ages is still inadequate. In addition, there is a lack of research on the extent of women's skincare habits and skin care awareness. MethodsA cross-sectional survey on skin was carried out in Shanghai, China, which was conducted by means of a questionnaire. 3,678 women, aged 18-59 years, participated in the study. The information collected focused on the importance they place on their skin, the skin problems they have, and their use and perception of skin care products. ResultsBefore the age of 25, the most common skin problems that women face are dryness and oiliness, while after the age of 30, skin-ageing issues begin to appear and worsen with age. In addition, the higher the level of education, the higher the frequency of and compliance with sunscreen use, and the economy also affects women's use of sunscreen. Importantly, the importance women place on their skin and the level of sunscreen awareness affects women's use of sunscreen. ConclusionsThis study was conducted to understand the skin characteristics of women of different age groups as well as to determine the factors that influence the use of sunscreens, which will not only promote women's skin care practices and product development, but also provide important clues for future activities on sunscreen use and health promotion.

Nurse caring in Iran and its relationship with patient satisfaction

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between patients’ reports of nurse caring and patient satisfaction with nursing care. Design: The study used a cross sectional design. The Persian versions of the Revised Caring Behaviors Inventory (CBI) and the Patient Satisfaction Instrument (PSI) were used to establish the strength of association between nurse caring and patient satisfaction with nursing care. Data were analysed using SPSS version 10. Setting: The setting was the educational hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS). Heavy workloads and severe staff shortages are common characteristics of Tehran educational hospitals and the time that nurses previously allotted to direct care has been reduced. Subjects: Two hundred and fifty patients who were hospitalised for medical conditions or surgical procedures were selected through a quota sampling method during 2007. Results: The findings indicated a statistically significant relationships between patient reports of nurse caring and satisfaction with nursing care (r=0.72, p=0.000; CI 95%; 178.31‑189.99 for the CBI and 82.81‑86.71 for the PSI). Male patients were more satisfied with nursing care than female patients. Admissions to hospital during the last five years were positively correlated with patients’ perceptions of nurse caring and satisfaction with nursing care. Conclusion: This study which was carried out in Tehran, Iran supports earlier western evidence that nurse caring is associated with patient satisfaction with nursing care. It is important to reflect on the impact of the current health care environment and cultural religion of Iran on caring behaviors of nurses and patient satisfaction with nursing care. Heavy workloads and severe staff shortages are common characteristics of Tehran educational hospitals and the time that nurses previously allotted to direct care has been reduced which may contribute to changes in patients’ perceptions of nurse caring and satisfaction with nursing care possibly reducing the effects of nursing care services. Iranian nurse managers need to consider the religious and cultural barriers to nurse caring and recompense it by providing more human resources.